Historical Introduction to Studies Among the Sedentary Indians of New Mexico; Report on the Ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos / Papers Of The Archæological Institute Of America, American Series, Vol. I

University Press: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.
ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA.
Executive Committee, 1880-81.
CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, President . MARTIN BRIMMER, Vice-President . FRANCIS PARKMAN. W. W. GOODWIN. H. W. HAYNES. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. WILLIAM R. WARE. O. W. PEABODY, Treasurer . E. H. GREENLEAF, Secretary .
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
Part I.
The earliest knowledge of the existence of the sedentary Indians in New Mexico and Arizona reached Europe by way of Mexico proper; but it is very doubtful whether or not the aborigines of Mexico had any positive information to impart about countries lying north of the present State of Querétaro. The tribes to the north were, in the language of the valley-confederates, Chichimecas, —a word yet undefined, but apparently synonymous, in the conceptions of the Nahuatl -speaking natives, with fierce savagery, and ultimately adopted by them as a warlike title.
While it is impossible as yet to determine whether or not this legend exercised any direct influence on the extension of Spanish power into Northern Mexico, another myth, well known to eastern continents from a remote period, became directly instrumental in the discovery of New Mexico. This is the tale of the Amazons .
With the report about Cibola came the news that the said pueblo was only one of seven, and the Seven Cities of Cibola became the next object of Spanish conquest.
There can be no doubt that Cibola is to be looked for in New Mexico. From the vague indications of Fray Marcos, we are at least authorized to place it within the limits of New Mexico or Arizona, and the subsequent expedition of Coronado furnishes more positive information.
There are numerous other indications in favor of this assumption.
We cannot, therefore, refuse to adopt the views of General Simpson and of Mr. W. W. H. Davis, and to look to the pueblo of Zuñi as occupying, if not the actual site, at least one of the sites within the tribal area of the Seven cities of Cibola. Nor can we refuse to identify Tusayan with the Moqui district, and Acuco with Acoma.