Formation of the Union, 1750-1829
Produced by Anne Soulard, Charles Franks and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
FORMATION OF THE UNION 1750-1829
To the Memory
The second volume of the EPOCHS OF AMERICAN HISTORY aims to follow out the principles laid down for THE COLONIES, —the study of causes rather than of events, the development of the American nation out of scattered and inharmonious colonies. The throwing off of English control, the growth out of narrow political conditions, the struggle against foreign domination, and the extension of popular government, are all parts of the uninterrupted process of the Formation of the Union.
So mighty a development can be treated only in its elements in this small volume. Much matter is thrown into graphic form in the maps; the Suggestions for Readers and Teachers, and the bibliographies at the heads of the chapters are meant to lead to more detailed accounts, both of events and of social and economic conditions. Although the book includes three serious wars, there is no military history in it. To the soldier, the movement of troops is a professional question of great significance; the layman needs to know, rather, what were the means, the character, and the spirit of the two combatants in each case, and why one succeeded where the other was defeated.
To my colleague, Professor Edward Channing, I am indebted for many suggestions on the first four chapters.
ALBERT BUSHNELL HART. CAMBRIDGE, July 1, 1892.
During the five years since this volume of the Epochs of American History was first issued, the literature of the subject has made constant advances; and hence the Suggestions for Readers and Teachers and the bibliographies at the head of each chapter have been pruned, enlarged, and rewritten. The text has undergone fewer changes. The good-will of users of the book has pointed out some errors and inaccuracies, which have been corrected from time to time; and new light has in some cases dawned upon the author. I shall always be grateful for corrections of fact or of conclusions.
Albert Bushnell Hart
---
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.
SUGGESTIONS FOR READERS AND TEACHERS.
STUDENTS' REFERENCE LIBRARY.
SCHOOL REFERENCE LIBRARY.
LARGER REFERENCE LIBRARY.
SOURCES.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. THE AMERICANS IN 1750. 1. References—2. Colonial geography—3. The people and their distribution—4. Inherited institutions—5. Colonial development of English institutions—6. Local government in the colonies—7. Colonial government—8. English control of the colonies—9. Social and economic conditions—10. Colonial slavery.
LIST OF MAPS.
CHAPTER I.
1. REFERENCES
2. COLONIAL GEOGRAPHY.
3. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.
4. INHERITED INSTITUTIONS.
5. COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH INSTITUTIONS.
6. LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE COLONIES.
7. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.
8. ENGLISH CONTROL OF THE COLONIES.
9. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
CHAPTER II.
11. REFERENCES.
12. RIVAL CLAIMS IN NORTH AMERICA (1690-1754).
13. COLLISIONS ON THE FRONTIER (1749-1754).
14. THE STRENGTH OF THE PARTIES (1754).
15. CONGRESS OF ALBANY (1754).
16. MILITARY OPERATIONS (1755-1757).
17. THE CONQUEST OF CANADA (1756-1780).
18. GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE WAR (1763).
19. THE COLONIES DURING THE WAR (1754-1763).
20. POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR (1763).
CHAPTER III.
21. REFERENCES.
22. THE CONDITION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (1763).
23. NEW SCHEMES OF COLONIAL CONTROL (1763).
24. WRITS OF ASSISTANCE (1761-1764).
25. THE STAMP ACT (1763-1765).
26. THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS (1765.)
27. REVENUE ACTS (1767).
28. COLONIAL PROTESTS AND REPEAL (1767-1770).
29. SPIRIT OF VIOLENCE IN THE COLONIES (1770-1773).
30. COERCIVE ACTS OF 1774.
31. THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1774).
32. OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES (1775).
33. JUSTIFICATION OF THE REVOLUTION.
CHAPTER IV.
34. REFERENCES.
35. THE STRENGTH OF THE COMBATANTS (1775).
36. THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1775).
37. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT FORMED (1775).
38. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED (1776).
39. NEW STATE GOVERNMENTS FORMED (1775-1777).
40. THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE WAR (1775-1778).
41. FOREIGN RELATIONS (1776-1780).
42. THE WAR ENDED (1778-1782).
43. FINANCES OF THE REVOLUTION (1775-1783).
44. INTERNAL DIFFICULTIES (1775-1782).
45. FORMATION OF A CONSTITUTION (1776-1781).
46. PEACE NEGOTIATED (1779-1782).
47. POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR.
CHAPTER V.
48. REFERENCES
49. THE UNITED STATES IN 1781.
60. FORM OF THE GOVERNMENT (1781-1788.)
51. DISBANDMENT OF THE ARMY (1783.)
52. TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENT WITH THE STATES (1781-1802).
53. FINANCES (1781-1788).
54. DISORDERS IN THE STATES (1781-1788).
55. SLAVERY (1777-1788).
56. FOREIGN RELATIONS AND COMMERCE (1781-1788).
57. DISINTEGRATION OF THE UNION (1786, 1787).
58. REORGANIZATION ATTEMPTED (1781-1787).
CHAPTER VI.
59. REFERENCES.
60. THE FEDERAL CONVENTION ASSEMBLED (1787).
61. DIFFICULTIES OF THE CONVENTION (1787).
62. SOURCES OF THE CONSTITUTION.
63. THE GREAT COMPROMISES (1787).
64. DETAILS OF THE CONSTITUTION (1787).
65. DIFFICULTIES OF RATIFICATION (1787, 1788).
66. STATE CONVENTIONS (1787, 1788).
67. EXPIRATION OF THE CONFEDERATION (1788).
68. WAS THE CONSTITUTION A COMPACT?
CHAPTER VII.
69. REFERENCES.
70. GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1789.
71. THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1789.
72. POLITICAL METHODS IN 1789.
73. ORGANIZATION OF CONGRESS (1789).
74. ORGANIZATION OF THE EXECUTIVE (1789, 1790).
75. ORGANIZATION OF THE COURTS (1789-1793).
76. REVENUE AND PROTECTION (1789-1792).
77. NATIONAL AND STATE DEBTS (1789, 1790).
78. UNITED STATES BANK (1791, 1792).
79. SLAVERY QUESTIONS (1789-1798).
80. THE SUCCESS OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT.
CHAPTER VIII.
81. REFERENCES.
82. FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES (1792-1794).
83. WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND (1793).
84. AMERICAN NEUTRALITY (1793).
85. THE JAY TREATY (1794-1796).
86. THE WHISKEY REBELLION (1794).
87. ELECTION OF JOHN ADAMS (1796).
88. BREACH WITH FRANCE (1795-1798).
89. ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS (1798).
90. VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS (1798-1800).
91. ELECTION OF 1800-1801.
92. CAUSES OF THE FALL OF THE FEDERALISTS.
CHAPTER IX.
93. REFERENCES.
94. THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION OF 1801.
95. JEFFERSON'S CIVIL SERVICE (1801-1803).
96. ATTACK ON THE JUDICIARY (1801-1805).
97. THE POLICY OF RETRENCHMENT (1801-1809).
98. BARBARY WARS (1801-1806).
99. ANNEXATION OF LOUISIANA (1803).
100. FEDERAL SCHEMES OF DISUNION (1803-1809).
101. THE BURR CONSPIRACY (1806-1807).
102. AGGRESSIONS ON NEUTRAL TRADE (1803-1807).
103. POLICY OF NON-RESISTANCE (1805-1807).
104. THE EMBARGO (1807-1808).
105. REPEAL OF THE EMBARGO (1809).
CHAPTER X.
106. REFERENCES.
107. NON-INTERCOURSE LAWS (1809, 1810).
108. FRUITLESS NEGOTIATIONS (1809-1811).
109. THE WAR PARTY (1811).
110. STRENGTH OF THE COMBATANTS (1812).
111. WAR ON THE NORTHERN FRONTIER (1812, 1813).
112. NAVAL WARFARE (1812-1815).
113. DISASTROUS CAMPAIGN OF 1814.
114. QUESTION OF THE MILITIA (1812-1814).
115. SECESSION MOVEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND (1814).
116. THE PEACE OF GHENT (1812-1814).
117. POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR (1815).
CHAPTER XI
118. REFERENCES.
119. CONDITIONS OF NATIONAL GROWTH (1815).
120. THE SECOND UNITED STATES BANK (1816).
121. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS (1806-1817).
122. THE FIRST PROTECTIVE TARIFF (1816).
123. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION (1817-1825).
124. TERRITORIAL EXTENSION (1805-1819).
125. JUDICIAL DECISIONS (1812-1824).
126. THE SLAVERY QUESTION REVIVED (1815-1820).
127. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISES (1818-1821),
128. RELATIONS WITH THE LATIN-AMERICAN STATES (1815-1823).
129. THE MONROE DOCTRINE (1823).
CHAPTER XII.
130. REFERENCES.
131. POLITICAL METHODS IN 1824.
132. THE TARIFF OF 1824 (1816-1824).
133. THE ELECTION OF 1824.
134. THE ELECTION OF 1825.
135. THE PANAMA CONGRESS (1825-1826).
136. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS (1817-1829).
137. THE CREEK AND CHEROKEE QUESTIONS (1824-1829).
138. THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS (1828).
139. ORGANIZED OPPOSITION TO ADAMS (1825-1829).
140. THE TRIUMPH OF THE PEOPLE (1828).