Anthropological Survey in Alaska
The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
By ALEŠ HRDLIČKA
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA
By Aleš Hrdlička
Alaska and the opposite parts of Asia hold, in all probability, the key to the problem of the peopling of America. It is here, and here alone, where a land of another continent approaches so near to America that a passage of man with primitive means of navigation and provisioning was possible. All the affinities of the American native point toward the more eastern parts of Asia. In Siberia, Mongolia, Tibet, Manchuria, Formosa, and in some of the islands off southeastern Asia, living remnants of the same type of man as the American aborigines are to this day encountered, and it is here in the farthest northwest where actual passings of parties of natives between the Asiatic coast and the Bering Sea islands and between the latter and the American coasts have always, since these parts were known, been observed and are still of common occurrence.
With these facts before them, the students of the peopling of this continent were always drawn strongly to Alaska and the opposite parts of Asia; but the distances, the difficulties of communication, and the high costs of exploration in these far-off regions have proven a serious hindrance to actual investigation. As a result, but little direct, systematic, archeological or anthropological (somatological) research has ever been carried out in these regions; though since Bering's, Cook's, and Vancouver's opening voyages to these parts a large amount of general, cultural, and linguistic observations on the natives has accumulated.
For these observations, which are much in need of a compilation and critical analysis, science is indebted to the above-named captains; to the subsequent Russian explorers, and especially to the Russian clerics who were sent to Alaska as missionaries or priests to the natives; to various captains, traders, agents, miners, soldiers, and men in collateral branches of science, who came in contact with the aborigines; to special United States Government exploratory expeditions, with an occasional participation of the Biological Survey and the Smithsonian Institution, such as resulted in the fine Corwin reports and the highly valuable accounts of Leffingwell, Dall, Nelson, and Murdoch; to the separate pieces of scientific work by men such as Gordon and Jennes; and to Jochelson and Bogoras of the Jesup exploring expedition of the American Museum.
Aleš Hrdlička
---
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA
CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
General Remarks
FOOTNOTES:
Northwest Coast—Juneau
THE WRITER'S TRIP ON THE YUKON
TANANA—YUKON
Ruby
Galena
Kaltag
The Anvik People
Bonasila
Holy Cross
Ghost Creek
FOOTNOTES:
Paimute
Russian Mission
Marshall
St. Michael
About Nome
Nome—Bering Strait—Barrow
Savonga
The Diomedes
THE YUKON TERRITORY—SITES, THE INDIANS, THE ESKIMO
The Tanana
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
Indian Sites and Villages Along the Tanana
FOOTNOTES:
The Yukon Below Tanana
FOOTNOTES:
The Yukon Natives
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
Archeology of the Yukon
Location of Villages and Sites on the Yukon
Pre-Russian Sites
ARCHEOLOGY OF CENTRAL ALASKA
Ancient Stone Culture
ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE YUKON
FOOTNOTES:
The Living Indian
Skeletal Remains of the Yukon
FOOTNOTES:
Skeletal Parts
Skeletal Remains from the Bank at Bonasila
FOOTNOTES:
The Yukon Eskimo
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
NOTES ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN ESKIMO REGION
FOOTNOTES:
Old Sites in the Region of the Western Eskimo
FOOTNOTES:
Present Location of Archeological Sites
FOOTNOTES:
Sites and Villages
FOOTNOTES:
Burial Grounds
Prince William Sound, Kodiak Island, Alaska Peninsula
FOOTNOTES:
Bristol Bay to Cape Romanzof
Cape Romanzof to Northern (Apoon) Pass of the Yukon and Northward
FOOTNOTES:
South Shore of Seward Peninsula West of Bluff
The Northern Shore of the Seward Peninsula
Kotzebue Sound, Its Rivers and Its Coast Northward to Kevalina
Seward Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, and Northward
Kevalina—Point Barrow
FOOTNOTES:
The St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Earlier Data
FOOTNOTES:
Older Anthropometric Data on the Western Eskimo
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
Present Data on the Western Eskimo
FOOTNOTES:
Physiological Observations
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
Remarks
FOOTNOTES:
Present Data on the Skull and other Skeletal Remains of the Western Eskimo
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
SKULLS OF ESKIMO CHILDREN
Crania of Eskimo Children
FOOTNOTES:
THE LOWER JAW
FOOTNOTES:
Strength of the Jaw
Breadth of the Rami
Other Dimensions
FOOTNOTES:
The Angle
Résumé
Mandibular Hyperostoses
FOOTNOTES:
Main References
FOOTNOTES:
SKELETAL PARTS OTHER THAN THE SKULL
FOOTNOTES:
Western Eskimo: the Long Bones
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
Long Bones in Eskimo and Stature
FOOTNOTES:
Length of Principal Long Bones, and Stature in the Living, on the St. Lawrence Island
FOOTNOTES:
A STRANGE GROUP OF ESKIMO NEAR POINT BARROW
Anthropological Observations and Measurements on the Collections
Physical Characteristics
FOOTNOTES:
ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE ESKIMO
Origin of the Name "Eskimo"
FOOTNOTES:
Opinions By Former and Living Students
FOOTNOTES:
Theories as to the Origin of the Eskimo
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
FOOTNOTES:
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
