Chemical warfare
McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
PUBLISHERS OF BOOKS FOR
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CHEMICAL WARFARE
BY AMOS A. FRIES Brigadier General, C. W. S., U. S. A. Chief, Chemical Warfare Service
AND CLARENCE J. WEST Major, C. W. S. Reserve Corps, U. S. A. National Research Council
First Edition
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4 1921
Copyright, 1921, by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Shortly after the signing of the Armistice, it was realized that the story of Chemical Warfare should be written, partly because of its historical value, and partly because of the future needs of a textbook covering the fundamental facts of the Service for the Army, the Reserve Officer, the National Guard, and even the Civilian Chemist. The present work was undertaken by both authors as a labor of patriotism and because of their interest in the Service.
The two years which have elapsed since the initial discussion of the outlines of the book have thoroughly convinced us of the need of such a work. The Engineers, the Medical Department, and most of the other branches of the Army have their recognized textbooks and manuals. There has been no way, however, by which the uninformed can check the accuracy of statements regarding Chemical Warfare. The present volume will serve, in a measure, to fill this gap. That it does not do so more completely is due in part to the fact that secrecy must still be maintained about some of the facts and some of the new discoveries which are the property of the Service. Those familiar with the work of the Chemical Warfare Service will discover, though, that the following pages contain many statements which were zealously guarded secrets two years ago. This enlarged program of publicity on the part of the Chief of the Service is being justified every day by the ever increasing interest in this branch of warfare. Where five men were discussing Chemical Warfare two years ago, fifty men are talking about the work and the possibilities of the Service today. It is hoped that the facts here presented may further increase the interest in Chemical Warfare, for there is no question but that it must be recognized as a permanent and a very vital branch of the Army of every country. Reasons for this will be found scattered through the pages of this book.
Amos A. Fries
Clarence J. West
CHEMICAL WARFARE
PREFACE
FOREWORD
First Gas Attack
Phosgene Introduced
Allies Adopt Gas
Lachrymators
Disadvantage of Wave Attacks
Gas Shell
Projector Attacks
Stokes’ Mortar
Superpalite
Chloropicrin
Sneezing Gas
Mustard Gas
Lewisite
Camouflage Gases
Gases Used
Markings for American Shell
Administration Division
Research Division
Gas Defense Division
Edgewood Arsenal
Development Division
Proving Division
Training Division
Medical Division
Liaison Officers
Administrative Duties
Training
Chemical Warfare Troops
Supply
Technical
Intelligence
Medical
Manufacture in the United States
Properties
Manufacture
Properties
Protection
Shell Filling
Tactical Use
Action on Man
Halogenated Ketones
Halogenated Esters
Aromatic Halides
Bromobenzyl Cyanide
Manufacture
Properties
Protection
Tactical Uses
Historical
Preparation and Manufacture
Ethylene
Sulfur Chloride
American Method of Manufacture
Properties
Chemical Properties
Detection
Physiological Action
Toxicity
Vesicant Action
Variation in Susceptibility of the Skin
Tactical Use of Mustard Gas
Methyldichloroarsine
Diphenylchloroarsine
Diphenylchloroarsine
English Masks
French Masks
German Mask
American Mask
Canisters
Manufacture
Tissot Mask
1919 Model American Mask
Canister
Special Canisters
Physiological Features of the Mask
Charcoal
A Theory of Charcoal Action
Preparation of Active Charcoal
Substitutes for Nut Charcoal
German Charcoal
Comparison of Charcoal
Soda-Lime
Composition of Regular Army Soda-Lime
Function of Different Components
Canisters
Man Tests
Methods of Conducting Tests
Field Tests
Protective Clothing
Protective Gloves
Protective Ointments
Protection of Animals
Properties of Smoke Cloud
Raw Materials for Smoke Clouds
Size of Smoke Particles
Measurement
Concentration of Smoke
Measurement
Apparatus for Smoke Production
Screening Tanks
Purpose of Smoke Screen
The Tactical Value of Smoke
Penetration
Physiological Action
Quantitative Relationships
Toxic Materials
Toxic Smoke Apparatus
Paper Filters
Felt Filters
The 1919 Canister
A Theory of Smoke Filters
Testing Smoke Filters
Production of Colored Smokes
The Tactical Use of Signal Smokes
Incendiary Devices
Toxicity
Lachrymators
Odors
Skin Irritants
What Chemical Warfare Includes
The Term “Gas”
Technical Nature
Effectiveness of Gas
Humanity of Gas
Fundamentals of Chemical Warfare
Efficiency of Irritant Gases
The Spread of Gas
Requirements of Successful Gas
Artillery Use of Gas
Use of Gas by the Aviation Service
Infantry and Gas Warfare
Smoke and Incendiary Materials
Earliest Protective Appliances
Design of New Masks
Protection Against Smoke
Choice of Masks for U. S. Troops
Sizes of Faces For Masks
Objections to German Type Mask
Struggle Between Mask and Gas
Design of New American Mask
Exhaustion and Malingering
Protection in War is Relative Only
Training
Holding the Breath
Psychology in Training
German Problems in Gas Training
Gas at Night
Detection of Gases
Deceptive Gases
Mustard Gas Burns
Mixing Poisonous Gases
Destruction of Mustard Gas
Carrying Mustard Gas on Clothing
Mustard Gas in Cold Weather
Degassing Units
Protecting Food from Mustard Gas
Alarm Signals
Issuing New Masks
Tonnage and Number of Masks Required
Summing Up
INDEX
