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PREFACE.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

CONTENTS.

LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE RUNNING.

ATTRIBUTES THAT MAKE A GOOD ENGINEER.

HOW ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL ARE ACQUIRED.

PUBLIC INTEREST IN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS.

IGNORANCE VERSUS KNOWLEDGE.

ILLITERATE ENGINEERS NOT WANTED IN AMERICA.

GROWING IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERS’ DUTIES.

INDIVIDUALITY OF AMERICAN ENGINEERS.

NECESSITY FOR CLASS IMPROVEMENT.

THE SKILL OF ENGINEERS INFLUENCES OPERATING EXPENSES.

METHODS OF SELF-IMPROVEMENT.

OBSERVING SHOP OPERATIONS.

WHERE IGNORANCE WAS RUIN.

PREJUDICE AGAINST STUDYING BOOKS.

THE KIND OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM BOOKS.

RELIABLE MEN NEEDED TO RUN LOCOMOTIVES.

EARLY METHODS OF MAKING LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS.

PRACTICE OF RAISING ENGINEERS FROM MACHINISTS AND TECHNICAL-SCHOOL GRADUATES NOT FOUND SATISFACTORY.

EXPERIENCE DEMONSTRATED THAT FIREMEN MADE THE BEST ENGINEERS.

DIFFICULTIES OF RUNNING LOCOMOTIVES AT NIGHT, AND DURING BAD WEATHER.

KIND OF MEN TO BE CHOSEN AS FIREMEN.

MODERN METHODS OF SELECTING FIREMEN.

FIRST TRIPS.

POPULAR MISCONCEPTION OF A FIREMAN’S DUTIES.

LEARNING FIREMEN’S DUTIES.

A GOOD FIREMAN MAKES A GOOD ENGINEER.

LEARNING AN ENGINEER’S DUTIES.

CONDITIONS OF ENGINE RUNNING THAT VANQUISH THE INEXPERIENCED MAN.

LEARNING TO KEEP THE LOCOMOTIVE IN RUNNING-ORDER.

METHODS OF PROMOTION ON OUR LEADING ROADS.

NATURE OF EXAMINATION TO BE PASSED.

MASTER MECHANICS ON THE BEST METHOD OF EDUCATING YOUNG MEN FOR ENGINEERS.

LOCOMOTIVE INSPECTORS.

GOOD ENGINEERS INSPECT THEIR OWN ENGINES.

WHAT COMES OF NEGLECTING SYSTEMATIC INSPECTION OF LOCOMOTIVES.

CONFIDENCE ON THE ROAD DERIVED FROM INSPECTION.

INSPECTION ON THE PIT.

OUTSIDE INSPECTION.

OIL-CUPS.

INSPECTION OF RUNNING-GEAR.

ATTENTIONS TO THE BOILER.

MISCELLANEOUS ATTENTIONS.

REWARD OF THOROUGH INSPECTION.

RAISING STEAM.

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST SCORCHING BOILERS.

STARTING THE FIRE.

FIREMAN’S FIRST DUTIES.

SAVING THE GRATES.

SUPPLIES.

ENGINEER’S FIRST DUTIES.

REACHING HIS ENGINE IN GOOD SEASON.

OILING THE MACHINERY.

QUANTITY OF OIL THAT DIFFERENT BEARINGS NEED.

LEAVING THE ENGINE-HOUSE.

RUNNING FREIGHT TRAINS.

THE ENGINE.

THE TRAIN.

THE DIVISION.

PULLING OUT.

HOOKING BACK THE LINKS.

WORKING THE STEAM EXPANSIVELY.

ADVANTAGE OF CUTTING OFF SHORT.

BOILER PRESSURE BEST FOR ECONOMICAL WORKING.

RUNNING WITH LOW STEAM.

THE THROTTLE-LEVER.

MANAGEMENT OF THE FIRE.

CONDITIONS THAT DEMAND GOOD FIRING.

HIGHEST TYPE OF FIREMAN.

SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF GOOD FIREMEN.

THE MEDIUM FIREMAN.

THE HOPELESSLY BAD FIREMAN.

WHO IS TO BLAME FOR BAD FIRING?

SPECIAL SKILL AND ATTENTION REQUIRED TO GET A TRAIN UP A STEEP GRADE.

GETTING READY FOR THE GRADE.

WORKING UP THE HILL.

WHEEL-SLIPPING.

HOW TO USE SAND.

SLIPPERY ENGINES.

FEEDING THE BOILER.

CHOICE OF PUMP AND INJECTOR.

FALL OF BOILER-TEMPERATURE NOT INDICATED BY THE STEAM-GAUGE.

SOME EFFECTS OF INJUDICIOUS BOILER-FEEDING.

CAREFUL FEEDING AND FIRING PRESERVE BOILERS.

OPERATING THE DAMPERS.

LOSS OF HEAT THROUGH EXCESS OF AIR.

LOSS OF HEAT FROM BAD DAMPERS.

RUNNING OVER ORDINARY TRACK.

STOPPING-PLACES.

KNOWLEDGE OF TRAIN-RIGHTS.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN APPROACHING AND PASSING STATIONS.

THE BEST RULES MUST BE SUPPLEMENTED BY GOOD JUDGMENT.

OPERATING SINGLE TRACKS SAFELY.

CAUSES OF ANXIETY TO ENGINEERS.

ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE ROAD.

FINAL DUTIES OF THE TRIP.

AVERAGE SPEED.

SPEED BETWEEN JERSEY CITY AND PHILADELPHIA.

REQUISITES OF A HIGH-SPEED LOCOMOTIVE.

MAKING UP THE FIRE.

GETTING READY FOR THE TRIP.

THE TRAIN TO BE PULLED.

THE START.

GETTING THE TRAIN OVER THE ROAD.

HOW THE ENGINEER DID HIS WORK.

QUALIFICATIONS THAT MAKE A SUCCESSFUL ENGINEER.

HOW THE FIRING WAS DONE.

IMPORTANCE OF LOCOMOTIVES STEAMING FREELY.

ESSENTIALS FOR GOOD-STEAMING ENGINES.

CAUSES DETRIMENTAL TO MAKING STEAM.

PETTICOAT-PIPE.

THE SMOKE-STACK.

OBSTRUCTIONS TO DRAUGHT.

CHOKING THE NETTING WITH OIL.

SILICIOUS DEPOSIT ON FLUE-SHEET.

THE EXTENDED SMOKE-BOX.

STEAM-PIPES LEAKING.

DEFECTS OF GRATES.

LIME, SCALE, AND MUD.

PREVENTING ACCUMULATION OF MUD IN BOILERS.

TEMPORARY CURES FOR LEAKY FLUES.

GOOD MANAGEMENT MAKES ENGINES STEAM.

INTERMITTENT BOILER-FEEDING.

TOO MUCH PISTON CLEARANCE.

BADLY PROPORTIONED SMOKE-STACKS.

THE EXHAUST NOZZLES.

TROUBLE DEVELOPS NATURAL ENERGY.

SHORTNESS OF WATER A SERIOUS PREDICAMENT.

HOW TO DEAL WITH SHORTNESS OF WATER.

WATCHING THE WATER-GAUGES.

WHAT TO DO WHEN THE TENDER IS FOUND EMPTY BETWEEN STATIONS.

A TRYING POSITION.

WATCHING THE STRAINERS.

CARE OF PUMPS.

HOW THE CONDITION OF PUMPS CAN BE TESTED.

LIFT OF PUMP-VALVES.

KEEP PIPES TIGHT, AND PACKING IN ORDER.

SAND IN THE PUMP-CHAMBERS.

DELIVERY ORIFICE CHOKED WITH LIME SEDIMENT.

MINOR PUMP TROUBLES.

INVENTION OF THE INJECTOR.

TRYING TO FIND OUT HOW THE INJECTOR WORKED.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE INJECTOR’S ACTION.

DIFFERENT FORMS OF INJECTOR.

A HEATER-PIPE ACTING AS AN INJECTOR.

SKILL AND REFLECTION NEEDED IN REPAIRING INJECTORS.

CARE OF INJECTORS.

THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF DERANGEMENT.

HOW TO KEEP AN INJECTOR IN GOOD ORDER.

CURIOUS CASES OF TROUBLE WITH AN INJECTOR.

COMMON DEFECTS.

CARE OF INJECTORS IN WINTER.

SELLERS INJECTOR.

THE NATHAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY’S MONITOR INJECTOR.

THE KORTING INJECTOR.

THE HANCOCK INSPIRATOR.

CARE OF LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS.

FACTOR OF SAFETY.

BOILER EXPLOSIONS.

PRESERVATION OF BOILERS.

CAUSING INJURY TO BOILERS.

DANGERS OF MUD AND SCALE.

BLOWING OFF BOILERS.

OVER-PRESSURE.

RELIEVING OVER-PRESSURE.

BURSTED FLUES.

RUNNING WORN-OUT ENGINES.

CARE AND ENERGY DEFY DEFEAT.

WATCHING THE EXHAUST.

THE ATTENTIVE EAR DETECTS DETERIORATION OF VALVES.

LOCATING THE FOUR EXHAUST SOUNDS.

IDENTIFYING DEFECTS BY SOUND OF THE STEAM.

ACCIDENTS PREVENTED BY ATTENDING TO THE NOTE OF WARNING FROM THE EXHAUST.

NEGLECTING A WARNING.

HOW AN ECCENTRIC-STRAP PUNCHED A HOLE IN A FIRE-BOX.

INTEREST IN THE VALVE-MOTION AMONG ENGINEERS.

TROUBLE WITH THE VALVE-MOTION.

A WRONG CONCLUSION.

LOCATING DEFECTS OF THE VALVE-MOTION.

POSITION OF ECCENTRICS.

METHOD OF SETTING SLIPPED ECCENTRICS.

SLIPPED ECCENTRIC-RODS.

DETECTING THE CAUSE OF A LAME EXHAUST.

WHAT TO DO WHEN ECCENTRICS, STRAPS, OR RODS BREAK.

DIFFERENT WAYS OF SECURING THE CROSS-HEAD.

BROKEN TUMBLING-SHAFT.

BROKEN VALVE-STEM, OR VALVE-YOKE.

WHEN A ROCKER-SHAFT OR LOWER ROCKER-ARM BREAKS.

MISCELLANEOUS ACCIDENTS TO VALVE-MOTION.

BROKEN STEAM-CHEST COVER.

STEAM-PIPE BURSTED.

TESTING THE VALVES.

IMPORTANCE OF THE PISTON IN THE TRAIN OF MECHANISM.

CAUSES THAT LEAD TO BROKEN CYLINDER-HEADS.

BROKEN CYLINDER-HEADS OFTEN PREVENTABLE.

WHEN A MAIN-ROD BREAKS.

CRANK-PIN BROKEN.

THROTTLE DISCONNECTED.

OILING THE VALVES WHEN THE THROTTLE IS DISCONNECTED.

WHAT CAUSES A DISCONNECTED THROTTLE.

BURSTING A DRY PIPE.

OTHER THROTTLE ACCIDENTS.

POUNDING OF THE WORKING-PARTS.

SOME CAUSES OF POUNDING.

LOCATING A MYSTERIOUS POUND.

GETTING DITCHED.

DEALING WITH SUDDEN EMERGENCIES.

STOPPING A FREIGHT TRAIN IN CASE OF DANGER.

SAVING THE HEATING SURFACES.

GETTING THE ENGINE ON THE TRACK.

UNDERSTANDING THE RUNNING-GEAR.

BROKEN DRIVING-SPRING.

EQUALIZER BROKEN.

ACCIDENTS TO TRUCKS.

BROKEN FRAME.

BROKEN DRIVING AXLES, WHEELS, AND TIRES.

CARE OF LOCOMOTIVE RODS.

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTING-RODS.

EFFECTS OF BAD FITTING.

STRIKING POINTS AND CLEARANCE.

WATCHING RODS ON THE ROAD.

SIDE RODS.

ADJUSTMENT OF SIDE RODS.

KEYING SIDE RODS.

DIFFICULTY IN LOCATING DEFECTS.

POUNDING IN DRIVING-BOXES AND WEDGES.

IMPORTANCE OF HAVING WEDGES PROPERLY FITTED.

INFLUENCE OF HALF-ROUND BRASSES.

POSITION OF BOXES WHILE SETTING UP WEDGES.

NECESSITY FOR KEEPING BOXES AND WEDGES CLEAN.

TEMPERATURE OF THE BOX TO BE CONSIDERED.

SMALL DISORDERS THAT CAUSE ROUGH RIDING.

THE LOCOMOTIVE SLIDE-VALVE.

INVENTION AND APPLICATION OF THE SLIDE-VALVE.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SLIDE-VALVE.

PRIMITIVE SLIDE-VALVE.

OUTSIDE LAP.

SOME EFFECTS OF LAP.

INSIDE LAP.

THE EXTENT OF LAP USUALLY ADOPTED.

FIRST APPLICATION OF LAP.

THE ALLEN VALVE.

ADVANTAGES OF THE ALLEN VALVE.

CASE WHERE THE ALLEN VALVE PROVED ITS VALUE.

INSIDE CLEARANCE.

LEAD.

OPERATION OF THE STEAM IN THE CYLINDERS.

BACK PRESSURE IN THE CYLINDERS.

EFFECT OF TOO MUCH INSIDE LAP.

RUNNING INTO A HILL.

COMPRESSION.

DEFINITION OF AN ECCENTRIC.

EARLY APPLICATION OF THE ECCENTRIC.

RELATIVE MOTION OF PISTON AND CRANK, SLIDE-VALVE, AND ECCENTRICS.

ATTEMPTS TO ABOLISH THE CRANK.

VALVE MOVEMENT.

EFFECT OF LAP ON THE ECCENTRIC’S POSITION.

ANGULAR ADVANCE OF ECCENTRICS.

ANGULARITY OF CONNECTING ROD.

EFFECT ON THE VALVE-MOTION OF CONNECTING-ROD ANGULARITY.

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF VALVE-MOTION.

EVENTS OF THE PISTON STROKE.

WHAT HAPPENS INSIDE THE CYLINDERS WHEN AN ENGINE IS REVERSED.

EVENTS OF THE STROKE IN REVERSED MOTION.

PURPOSE OF RELIEF-VALVE ON DRY PIPE.

USING REVERSE-MOTION AS A BRAKE.

EARLY REVERSING MOTIONS.

INVENTION OF THE LINK.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE SHIFTING LINK.

ACTION OF THE LINK.

VALVE-MOTION OF A FAST PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE.

EFFECT OF CHANGING VALVE-TRAVEL.

WEAK POINTS OF THE LINK-MOTION.

WHY DECREASING THE VALVE-TRAVEL INCREASES THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION.

INFLUENCE OF ECCENTRIC THROW ON THE VALVE.

HARMONY OF WORKING-PARTS.

ADJUSTMENT OF LINK.

SLIP OF THE LINK.

RADIUS OF LINK.

INCREASE OF LEAD.

THE MEN WHO LEARN VALVE-SETTING.

BEST WAY TO LEARN VALVE-SETTING.

PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS.

CONNECTING ECCENTRIC-RODS TO LINK.

MARKING THE VALVE-STEM.

LENGTH OF THE VALVE-ROD.

ACCURACY ESSENTIAL IN LOCATING THE DEAD CENTER POINTS.

FINDING THE DEAD CENTERS.

TURNING WHEELS AND MOVING ECCENTRICS.

SETTING BY THE LEAD OPENING.

ASCERTAINING THE POINT OF CUT-OFF.

ADJUSTMENT OF CUT-OFF.

CONDITIONS.

DESCRIPTION OF MOTION

ARRANGEMENT OF THE MOTION

VALVE MOVEMENT

VALVE-STEMS AND STUFFING-BOXES.

HOW MOVEMENT OF VALVE IS GOVERNED.

HOW EXHAUST LEAD IS CONTROLLED.

DESCRIPTION OF MOTION.

HOW TO APPLY THIS GEAR TO AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES.

CONSTRUCTION DIRECTIONS.

HOW LAP AND LEAD ARE REGULATED.

ADVANTAGES CLAIMED FOR THE MOTION.

ACTION OF THE MOTION.

RULES FOR LAYING DOWN THE CENTER LINES OF THE MOTION.

PURPOSE OF THE INDICATOR.

DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT.

OPERATION OF THE INDICATOR.

LINES OF THE DIAGRAM.

DATA NECESSARY FOR ANALYZING THE DIAGRAM.

ADVANTAGES OF INDICATING LOCOMOTIVES.

INVENTION OF THE WESTINGHOUSE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.

DISTINCT CLASSES OF INVENTIONS.

BENEFITS CONFERRED ON TRAIN MEN BY GOOD BRAKES.

FIRST TRIALS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.

FIRST ROADS THAT ADOPTED THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE.

OUTLINES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.

HOW EASTERN RAILROADS KEPT ALOOF FROM THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE.

LESSON OF THE REVERE RAILROAD ACCIDENT.

WEAK POINTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.

THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE.

LIFE-SAVING VALUE OF THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE.

FIRST RAILROADS THAT ADOPTED THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE.

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE.

THE AIR-PUMP.

HOW THE AIR-PUMP WORKS.

HOW THE AIR-END OPERATES.

AIR-PUMP DISORDERS.

PUNY DIFFICULTIES VANQUISH THE IGNORANT ENGINEER.

CAUSES THAT MAKE BRAKES INOPERATIVE OFTEN EASILY REMEDIED.

CARE OF THE AIR-PUMP.

PUMP PACKING.

HOW STEAM PASSAGES GET CHOKED.

SAGACITY NEEDED IN REPAIRING AIR-PUMPS.

GRADUAL DEGENERATION OF THE AIR-PUMP.

CAUSES THAT MAKE A PUMP POUND.

THE TRIPLE VALVE.

ACTION OF THE TRIPLE VALVE.

TO PREVENT CREEPING ON OF BRAKES.

HOW TO APPLY AND RELEASE THE BRAKE.

PUMP GOVERNOR.

OPERATION OF THE BRAKE.

THE DIAPHRAGM.

THE EJECTOR.

CARE OF THE BRAKE.

CALCULATING POWER OF LOCOMOTIVES.

PROPORTION OF ADHESION TO TRACTION.

ESTIMATING TRACTIVE POWER.

HORSE-POWER OF LOCOMOTIVES.

FORMULAS OF TRAIN RESISTANCES.

EXPERIMENTS OF TRAIN RESISTANCES ON THE ERIE RAILWAY.

CONDITIONS THAT INCREASE TRAIN RESISTANCES.

RESISTANCE OF CURVES.

WORK DONE BY A LOCOMOTIVE PULLING A TRAIN.

RECORD OF FAST EXPRESS TRAIN MADE BY PROFESSOR P. H. DUDLEY’S DYNAGRAPH CAR.

HOW WATER GETS MIXED WITH LIME.

EXPENSE ENTAILED BY USING BAD WATER.

EFFORTS OF MASTER MECHANICS TO SECURE GOOD WATER.

LOSS OF FAITH IN PURIFYING METHODS.

SCALE-MAKING AGENCIES.

TO ASCERTAIN THE QUALITY OF WATER.

APPLIANCES NEEDED IN TESTING WATER.

PREPARING FOR THE EXPERIMENTS.

LIME HELD IN SOLUTION BY FREE CARBONIC ACID.

TEST FOR LIME SALTS.

TEST FOR SULPHATE OF LIME.

TEST FOR CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA.

TEST FOR SALTS OF IRON.

TEST FOR CHLORINE.

LEARNING THE MANIPULATION OF TESTS.

MAKING QUALITATIVE TESTS.

THE SOAP-TEST FOR HARDNESS.

MODIFICATION OF THE CLARK SOAP-TEST.

APPLYING THE SOAP-TEST.

DIFFICULTIES OF PURIFYING WATER FOR LOCOMOTIVES.

MUD.

CARBONATE OF LIME.

SULPHATE OF LIME.

INDEX.

Transcriber’s Notes