Lichens
Cambridge Botanical Handbooks
Edited by A. C. Seward and A. G. Tansley
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, Manager LONDON: FETTER LANE, E.C.4
LONDON: H. K. LEWIS AND CO., Ltd., 136, Gower Street, W.C.1
LONDON: WHELDON & WESLEY, Ltd., 28, Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
TORONTO: THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.
TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Annie Lorrain Smith
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LICHENS
PREFACE
CONTENTS
GLOSSARY
ERRATA
INTRODUCTION
A. Introductory
B. Period I. Previous to 1694
C. Period II. 1694-1729
D. Period III. 1729-1780
E. Period IV. 1780-1803
F. Period V. 1803-1846
G. Period VI. 1846-1867
H. Period VII. 1867 and after
I. LICHEN GONIDIA
II. LICHEN HYPHAE
III. LICHEN ALGAE
GENERAL ACCOUNT OF LICHEN STRUCTURE
II. STRATOSE THALLUS
III. RADIATE THALLUS
IV. STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS
V. STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS
VI. HYMENOLICHENS
1. REPRODUCTION BY ASCOSPORES
II. SECONDARY SPORES
III. SPERMOGONIA OR PYCNIDIA
I. CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS
II. GENERAL NUTRITION
III. ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION
IV. ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS
V. COLOUR OF LICHENS
A. Growth and Duration
B. Season of Fruit Formation
C. Dispersal and Increase
D. Erratic Lichens
E. Parasitism
F. Diseases of Lichens
G. Harmful Effect of Lichens
H. Gall-Formation
I. GENERAL STATEMENT
II. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
III. THE THALLUS
I. CLASSIFICATION
II. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF LICHENS
III. FOSSIL LICHENS
A. General Introduction
B. External Influences
C. Lichen Communities
D. Lichens As Pioneers
A. Lichens as Food.
B. Lichens as Medicine
C. Lichens as Poisons
D. Lichens used in Tanning, Brewing and Distilling
E. Dyeing Properties of Lichens
F. Lichens in Perfumery
G. Some minor Uses of Lichens
FOOTNOTES
INDEX
