Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 1907 All rights reserved
Transcriber's note: The sections in the Table of Contents are not used in the actual text. They have been added for clarity. Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved to the end of the sections
This edition is a reprint of the first in response to a continuous demand for the book. The matter, consisting as it does largely of records, does not call for any revision, and, as a contribution to the development of theory, any particular interest which it has is associated with the date at which it was written.
The volume which has since appeared is the sequel, and aims at an exposition of the subject to date .
This volume, which is intended as a supplement to the work which we published in 1895, gives a brief account of researches which have been subsequently published, as well as of certain of our own investigations, the results of which are now for the first time recorded.
We have not attempted to give the subject-matter the form of a connected record. The contributions to the study of 'Cellulose' which are noticed are spread over a large area, are mostly 'sectional' in their aim, and the only cohesion which we can give them is that of classifying them according to the plan of our original work. Their subject-matter is reproduced in the form of a précis , as much condensed as possible; of the more important papers the original title is given. In all cases we have endeavoured to reproduce the Author's main conclusions, and in most cases without comment or criticism.
Specialists will note that the basis of investigation is still in a great measure empirical; and of this the most obvious criterion is the confusion attaching to the use of the very word 'Cellulose.' This is due to various causes, one of which is the curious specialisation of the term in Germany as the equivalent of 'wood cellulose.' The restriction of this general or group term has had an influence even in scientific circles. Another influence preventing the recognition of the obvious and, as we think, inevitable basis of classification of the 'celluloses' is the empiricism of the methods of agricultural chemistry, which as regards cellulose are so far chiefly concerned with its negative characteristics and the analytical determination of the indigestible residue of fodder plants. Physiologists, again, have their own views and methods in dealing with cellulose, and have hitherto had but little regard to the work of the chemist in differentiating and classifying the celluloses on a systematic basis. There are many sides to the subject, and it is only by a sustained effort towards centralisation that the general recognition of a systematic basis can be secured.
C. F. Cross
E. J. Bevan
RESEARCHES ON CELLULOSE
1895-1900
(C. F. CROSS AND E. J. BEVAN)
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
PREFACE
CONTENTS
THE MATTER OF THIS VOLUME MAY BE DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS
CELLULOSE
INTRODUCTION
FOOTNOTES:
SECTION I. GENERAL CHEMISTRY OF THE TYPICAL COTTON CELLULOSE
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER VERSCHIEDENE BESTIMMUNGSMETHODEN DER CELLULOSE.
DIE MERCERISATION DER BAUMWOLLE.
RESEARCHES ON MERCERISED COTTON.
FOOTNOTES:
SECTION II. SYNTHETICAL DERIVATIVES—SULPHOCARBONATES AND ESTERS
NITRIRUNG VON KOHLENHYDRATEN.
NITRATED CARBOHYDRATES AS FOOD MATERIAL FOR MOULDS.
NITRATION OF CELLULOSE, HYDROCELLULOSE, AND OXYCELLULOSE.
A RE-INVESTIGATION OF THE CELLULOSE NITRATES.
EMPLOI DE LA CELLULOSE POUR LA FABRICATION DE FILS BRILLANTS IMITANT LA SOIE.
V. USE OF CELLULOSE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IMITATIONS OF SILK (LUSTRA-CELLULOSE).
DIE KÜNSTLICHE SEIDE-IHRE HERSTELLUNG, EIGENSCHAFTEN UND VERWENDUNG.
FOOTNOTES:
SECTION III. DECOMPOSITIONS OF CELLULOSE SUCH AS THROW LIGHT ON THE PROBLEM OF ITS CONSTITUTION
UEBER CELLULOSE.
FORMATION OF FURFURALDEHYDE FROM CELLULOSE, OXYCELLULOSE, AND HYDROCELLULOSE.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE OXYCELLULOSE.
Investigations of Oxycellulose.
CELLULOSES, HYDRO- AND OXYCELLULOSES, AND CELLULOSE ESTERS.
OXYCELLULOSES AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF CELLULOSE.
FERMENTATION OF CELLULOSE
The Ketonic Constitution of Cellulose.
RECHERCHES SUR L'OXYCELLULOSE.
Résumé of investigations (1898-1900) of Oxycellulose, published as a brochure (Rey, Lyon, 1900).
QUANTITATIVE SEPARATION OF CELLULOSE-LIKE CARBOHYDRATES IN VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES.
FOOTNOTES:
SECTION IV. CELLULOSE GROUP, INCLUDING HEMICELLULOSES AND TISSUE CONSTITUENTS OF FUNGI
VERSUCHE ZUR BESTIMMUNG DES GEHALTS EINIGER PFLANZEN UND PFLANZENTEILE AN ZELLWANDBESTANDTEILEN AN HEMICELLULOSEN UND AN CELLULOSE.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF CELL-WALL CONSTITUENTS, HEMICELLULOSES AND CELLULOSE IN PLANTS AND PLANT TISSUES.
QUANTITATIVE SEPARATION OF HEMICELLULOSE, CELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN. PRESENCE OF PENTOSANES IN THESE SUBSTANCES.
DIE CONSTITUTION DER CELLULOSEN DER CEREALIEN.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CEREAL CELLULOSES.
UEBER EINIGE CHEMISCHE VORGÄNGE IN DER GERSTENPFLANZE.
THE CHEMICAL LIFE-HISTORY OF THE BARLEY PLANT.
BARLEY CROP, WOBURN, 1894.
(1) CONSTITUTION OF THE CEREAL CELLULOSES
(2) THE CARBOHYDRATES OF BARLEY STRAW
(3) THE CARBOHYDRATES OF THE CEREAL
(4) THE CARBOHYDRATES OF BARLEY STRAW
ZUR KENNTNISS DER IN DEN MEMBRANEN DER PILZE ENTHALTENEN BESTANDTHEILE.
UEBER DIE KOHLENHYDRATE D. HEFE.
ON THE CARBOHYDRATES OF YEAST.
(1) Reactions of the Carbohydrates with Hydrogen Peroxide.
(2) Action of Hydrogen Peroxide on Carbohydrates in the Presence of Ferrous Salts.
(4) EINWIRKUNG VON WASSERSTOFFHYPEROXID AUF UNGESÄTTIGTE KOHLENWASSERSTOFFE.
EINWIRKUNG DES CARO'SCHEN REAGENS AUF FURFURAL.
VERGLEICH DER PENTOSEN-BESTIMMUNGSMETHODEN VERMITTELST PHENYLHYDRAZIN UND PHLOROGLUCIN.
UEBER DEN PENTOSAN-GEHALT VERSCHIEDENER MATERIALIEN.
UEBER DEN GEHALT DER BAUMWOLLE AN PENTOSAN.
FOOTNOTES:
DIE CHEMIE DER LIGNOCELLULOSEN—EIN NEUER TYPUS.
JOURNAL OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE TRUNKS OF TREES.
ZUR KENNTNISS DER MUTTERSUBSTANZEN DES HOLZGUMMI.
UEBER DIE FRAGE NACH DEM URSPRUNG UNGESÄTTIGER VERBINDUNGEN IN DER PFLANZE.
SPIRITUS AUS CELLULOSE UND HOLZ.
ÜBER DIE URSACHE DER VON SIMONSEN BEOBACHTETEN UNVOLLSTÄNDIGKEIT DER VERGÄHRUNG DER AUS HOLZ BEREITETEN ZUCKERFLÜSSIGKEITEN.
UEBER SULFITCELLULOSEABLAUGE.
FOOTNOTES:
SECTION VII. PECTIC GROUP
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER PECTINSTOFFE.
UEBER DIE CONSTITUTION DER PECTINSTOFFE.
CONSTITUTION OF PECTINS.
UEBER DAS PFLANZLICHE AMYLOID.
ON VEGETABLE AMYLOID.
UEBER DEN GEHALT DES TORFES AN PENTOSANEN ODER FURFUROLGEBENDEN STOFFEN UND AN ANDEREN KOHLENHYDRATEN.
CARBOHYDRATE CONSTITUENTS OF PEAT.
SECTION VIII. INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNICAL. GENERAL REVIEW
VISKOS.
FOOTNOTES:
INDEX OF AUTHORS
INDEX OF SUBJECTS