Guide to the study of animal ecology
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO
Fig. 1.—Oyster Bank in South Carolina. Showing colonies of “coon” oysters growing in area between tides. Consult Möbius, Dean, and Grave for the ecological conditions of the animals on oyster banks. This is a representative animal community. Photo. by B. Dean, loaned by U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY
BY CHARLES C. ADAMS, Ph.D. ASSOCIATE IN ANIMAL ECOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ZOÖLOGY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1913
All rights reserved
Copyright, 1913, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. Published August, 1913.
Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
During the past ten years the writer has been trying to find some consistent and satisfactory working plan for handling the almost bewildering number of facts, of ecological significance, which have been accumulating in the literature of zoölogy, biology, and the allied sciences. This book is the outgrowth of the effort as it has developed in the study and teaching of animal ecology. I have not attempted to make this an exhaustive treatment of the subject, but rather to indicate briefly some of its general bearings and a method of approach. I have tried to keep in mind the needs of the beginner in ecology.
Charles C. Adams
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PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
RELATION OF ECOLOGY TO BIOLOGY
I. AIM, CONTENT, AND POINT OF VIEW
REFERENCES ON THE ECOLOGICAL STANDPOINT
II. THE VALUE AND METHOD OF ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS
III. FIELD STUDY
IV. THE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND DETERMINATION OF SPECIMENS
V. REFERENCES TO SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUE
VI. IMPORTANT SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE LIFE HISTORIES OF INSECTS AND ALLIED INVERTEBRATES
VII. THE LAWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, OR THE “ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF EXTERNAL NATURE”
The Dynamic and Process Relations of the Environment
VIII. THE LAWS OF ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF METABOLISM, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND BEHAVIOR, OR “THE LIVING ORGANISM AND THE CHANGES WHICH TAKE PLACE IN IT”
The Dynamic or Process Relations of the Animal
IX. THE CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF ADJUSTMENT BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ANIMAL, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OTHER ORGANISMS
The Dynamic or Process Relation of Animal Associations and Aggregations
INDEX
INDEX TO NAMES
The Fitness of the Environment
COLLEGE ZOÖLOGY
An Introduction to Zoölogy
Household Bacteriology
A Laboratory Guide to the Study of Parasitology