A History of Epidemics in Britain, Volume 2 (of 2) / From the Extinction of Plague to the Present Time
The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Epidemics in Britain, Volume II (of 2), by Charles Creighton
London: C. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AND H. K. LEWIS, 136, GOWER STREET, W.C.
Cambridge: DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO. Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS. New York: MACMILLAN AND CO.
A HISTORY
EPIDEMICS IN BRITAIN
BY CHARLES CREIGHTON, M.A., M.D., FORMERLY DEMONSTRATOR OF ANATOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
VOLUME II.
From the Extinction of Plague to the present time.
CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1894
Cambridge: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
This volume is the continuation of ‘A History of Epidemics in Britain from A.D. 664 to the Extinction of Plague’ (which was published three years ago), and is the completion of the history to the present time. The two volumes may be referred to conveniently as the first and second of a ‘History of Epidemics in Britain.’ In adhering to the plan of a systematic history instead of annals I have encountered more difficulties in the second volume than in the first. In the earlier period the predominant infection was Plague, which was not only of so uniform a type as to give no trouble, in the nosological sense, but was often so dramatic in its occasions and so enormous in its effects as to make a fitting historical theme. With its disappearance after 1666, the field is seen after a time to be occupied by a numerous brood of fevers, anginas and other infections, which are not always easy to identify according to modern definitions, and were recorded by writers of the time, for example Wintringham, in so dry or abstract a manner and with so little of human interest as to make but tedious reading in an almost obsolete phraseology. Descriptions of the fevers of those times, under the various names of synochus , synocha , nervous, putrid, miliary, remittent, comatose, and the like, have been introduced into the chapter on Continued Fevers so as to show their generic as well as their differential character; but a not less important purpose of the chapter has been to illustrate the condition of the working classes, the unwholesomeness of towns, London in particular, the state of the gaols and of the navy, the seasons of dearth, the times of war-prices or of depressed trade, and all other vicissitudes of well-being, of which the amount of Typhus and Relapsing Fever has always been a curiously correct index. It is in this chapter that the epidemiology comes into closest contact with social and economic history. In the special chapter for Ireland the association is so close, and so uniform over a long period, that the history may seem at times to lose its distinctively medical character.
Charles Creighton
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PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
The epidemic fever of 1661, according to Willis.
Sydenham’s epidemic Constitutions.
Typhus fever perennial in London.
The epidemic Constitutions following the Great Plague.
The epidemic fever of 1685-86.
Retrospect of the great Fever of 1623-25.
The extinction of Plague in Britain.
Fevers to the end of the 17th century.
Fevers of the seven ill years in Scotland.
The London fever of 1709-10.
Prosperity of Britain, 1715-65.
The epidemic fevers of 1718-19.
The Epidemic Fevers of 1726-29: evidence of Relapsing Fever.
The epidemic fever of 1741-42.
Sanitary Condition of London under George II.
The Window-Tax.
Gaol-Fever.
Circumstances of severe and mild Typhus.
Ship-Fever.
Fever and Dysentery of Campaigns: War Typhus, 1742-63.
Ship-Fever in the Seven Years’ War and American War.
The “Putrid Constitution” of Fevers in the middle third of the 18th Century.
Miliary Fever.
Typhus Fever in London, 1770-1800.
Typhus in Liverpool, Newcastle and Chester in the last quarter of the 18th century.
Fever in the Northern Manufacturing Towns, 1770-1800.
Typhus in England and Scotland generally, in the end of the 18th century.
Fevers in the Dearth of 1799-1802.
Comparative immunity from Fevers during the War and high prices of 1803-15.
The Distress and Epidemic Fever (Relapsing) following the Peace of 1815 and the fall of wages.
The Epidemic of 1817-19 in Scotland: Relapsing Fever.
The Relapsing Fever of 1827-28.
Typhoid or Enteric Fever in London, 1826.
Return of Spotted Typhus after 1831: “Change of Type.” Distress of the Working Class.
Enteric Fever mixed with the prevailing Typhus, 1831-42.
Relapsing Fever in Scotland, 1842-44.
The “Irish Fever” of 1847 in England and Scotland.
Subsequent Epidemics of Typhus and Relapsing Fevers.
Relative prevalence of Typhus and Enteric Fevers since 1869.
Circumstances of Enteric Fever.
Dysentery and Fever at Londonderry and Dundalk, 1689.
A generation of Fevers in Cork.
Famine and Fevers in Ireland in 1718 and 1728.
The Famine and Fever of 1740-41.
The Epidemic Fevers of 1799-1801.
The Growth of Population in Ireland.
The Famine and Fevers of 1817-18.
Famine and Fever in the West of Ireland, 1821-22.
Dysentery and Relapsing Fever, 1826-27.
Perennial Distress and Fever.
The Great Famine and Epidemic Sicknesses of 1846-49.
Decrease of Typhus and Dysentery after 1849.
Retrospect of Influenzas and Epidemic Agues in the 16th and 17th centuries.
The Ague-Curers of the 17th Century.
The Peruvian Bark Controversy.
The Influenza of 1675.
The Influenza of 1679.
The Epidemic Agues of 1678-80.
The Influenza of 1688.
The Influenza of 1693.
The Influenza of 1712.
Epidemic Agues and Influenzas, 1727-29.
The Influenza of 1733.
The Influenza of 1737.
The Influenza of 1743.
Some Localized Influenzas and Horse-colds.
The Influenza of 1762.
The Influenza of 1767.
The Influenza of 1775.
The Influenza of 1782.
The Epidemic Agues of 1780-85.
The Influenza of 1788.
The Influenza of 1803.
The Influenza of 1831.
The Influenza of 1833.
The Influenza of 1837.
The Influenza of 1847-48.
The Influenzas of 1889-94.
The Theory of Influenza.
Influenza at Sea.
The Influenzas of Remote Islands.
Smallpox after the Restoration.
Sydenham’s Practice in Smallpox.
Causes of Mild or Severe Smallpox.
Pockmarked Faces in the 17th Century.
The Epidemiology continued to the end of the 17th century.
Smallpox in London in 1694: the death of the Queen.
Circumstances of the great Epidemic in 1710.
Inoculation brought into England.
The popular Origins of Inoculation.
Results of the first Inoculations; the Controversy in England.
Revival of Inoculation in 1740: a New Method.
The Suttonian Inoculation.
Extent of Inoculation in Britain to the end of the 18th Century.
The Epidemiology continued from 1721.
Smallpox in London in the middle of the 18th century.
The Epidemiology continued to the end of the 18th century.
The range of severity in Smallpox, and its circumstances.
Cowpox.
Chronology of epidemics resumed from 1801.
The Smallpox Epidemic of 1817-19.
Extent of Inoculation with Cowpox or Smallpox, 1801-1825.
The Smallpox Epidemic of 1825-26.
A generation of Smallpox in Glasgow.
Smallpox in Ireland, 1830-40.
The Epidemic of 1837-40 in England.
Legislation for Smallpox after the Epidemic of 1837-40.
Other effects of the epidemic of 1837-40 on medical opinion.
The age-incidence of Smallpox in various periods of history.
Sydenham’s description of Measles in London, 1670 and 1674.
Measles in the 18th century.
Increasing mortality from Measles at the end of the 18th century.
Measles in Glasgow in 1808 and 1811-12: Researches of Watt.
Measles in the Period of Statistics.
Whooping-Cough in Modern Times.
Whooping-Cough as a Sequel of other Maladies.
The Throat-distemper of New England, 1735-36.
Angina maligna in England from 1739.
An epidemic of Throat-disease in Ireland, 1743.
Malignant Sore-throat in Cornwall, 1748.
Fothergill’s Sore-throat with Ulcers, 1746-48.
“Scarlet Fever” at St Albans, 1748.
Epidemics of Sore-throat with Scarlet rash in the period between Fothergill and Withering.
Scarlatina anginosa in its modern form, 1777-78.
History of Scarlatina after the Epidemic of 1778.
Scarlatina (1788) and Diphtheria (1793-94) described by the same observer.
Scarlatinal Epidemics, 1796-1805.
Scarlatina since the beginning of Registration, 1837.
Reappearance of Diphtheria in 1856-59.
Conditions Favouring Diphtheria.
Summer Diarrhoea of Infants in London, 17th century.
Summer Diarrhoea of Infants, 18th century.
Modern Statistics of Infantile Diarrhoea.
Causes of the high death-rates from Infantile Diarrhoea.
Cholera Nostras.
Dysentery in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Dysentery in the 19th century.
Asiatic Cholera at Sunderland in October, 1831.
Extension of Cholera to the Tyne, December, 1831.
The Cholera of 1832 in Scotland.
The Cholera of 1832 in Ireland.
The Cholera of 1832 in England.
The Cholera of 1848-49 in Scotland.
The Cholera of 1849 in Ireland.
The Cholera of 1849 in England.
The Cholera of 1853 at Newcastle and Gateshead.
The Cholera of 1854 in England.
The Cholera of 1853-54 in Scotland and Ireland.
The Cholera of 1865-66.
The Antecedents of Epidemic Cholera in India.
INDEX.
