Refraction and muscular imbalance, as simplified through the use of the ski-optometer
Ski-optometer Master Model 215
Embodying in a Single Instrument, in Convenient Form, Cylindrical and Spherical Lenses, in Combination with Appliances for Testing and Correcting Muscular Imbalance.
As Simplified Through the Use of the Ski-optometer
DANIEL WOOLF
WOOLF INSTRUMENT CORPORATION New York: 516 Fifth Avenue
Copyright 1921 By WOOLF INSTRUMENT CORPORATION
Published by Theodore S. Holbrook New York
CONTENTS
The demands of the day for maximum efficiency in the refracting world are largely accountable for the inception, continuous improvement and ultimate development of the master model Ski-optometer.
The present volume, dealing with the instrument’s distinctive operative features, has been prepared not only for Ski-optometer users, but also for those interested in the simplification of refraction and muscular imbalance.
The author is indebted for invaluable counsel, to
Louis J. Ameno, M.D., New York. E. LeRoy Ryer, O.D., New York. Jos. D. Heitger, M.D., Louisville, Ky. W. B. Needles, N.D., Kansas City, Mo.
Daniel Woolf
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INTRODUCTORY
Convex Spherical Lenses
Operates and Indicates Automatically
Concave Spherical Lenses
Obtaining Correct Focus
Why Concave Cylinders Are Used Exclusively
Transposition of Lenses
The Use of the Ski-optometer in Skioscopy
A Simplified Skioscopic Method
A Simplified Subjective Method
Constant Attention Not Required
Elimination of Trial-Frame Discomfort
Rigidity of Construction
How to Place the Ski-optometer in Position
Cleaning the Lenses
Accuracy Assured in Every Test
Built to Last a Lifetime
Subjective Distance Test
Subjective Reading Test
The Action of Prisms
The Phorometer
The Maddox Rod
Procedure for Making the Muscle Test
Binocular and Monocular Test
Esophoria and Exophoria
The Rotary Prism
Made with Both Rotary Prisms
Locating the Faulty Muscle
Adduction
Abduction
Superduction
Subduction
Procedure for Monocular Muscle Testing
Diagnosing a Specific Muscle Case
Esophoria
Exophoria
An Assumed Case
Effect of Muscular Exercise
When and How Employed
Prism Reduction Method
Prisms
Cyclophoria
Treatment for Cyclophoria
Monocular Fixation
Binocular Fixation
Orthophoria
Heterophoria
Squint
Varieties of Heterophoria and Squint
Suppression of Image
Monocular Diplopia
Movement of Each Eye Singly
Subsidiary Actions
Field of Action of Muscles
Direction of the Gaze
Primary Position—Field of Fixation
Binocular Movements
Parallel Movements
Eye Associates
Movements of Convergence
Movements of Divergence
Vertical Divergence
Orthophoria
Heterophoria
Subdivisions
Treatment
Destrophoria and Laevophoria
