Soap-Making Manual / A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant.
NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY Eight Warren Street 1922 Copyright 1922 By D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY Printed in the United States of America
The material contained in this work appeared several years ago in serial form in the American Perfumer and Essential Oil Review. Owing to the numerous requests received, it has been decided to now place before those interested, these articles in book form. While it is true that the works pertaining to the soapmaking industry are reasonably plentiful, books are quite rare, however, which, in a brief volume, will clearly outline the processes employed together with the necessary methods of analyses from a purely practical standpoint. In the work presented the author has attempted to briefly, clearly, and fully explain the manufacture of soap in such language that it might be understood by all those interested in this industry. In many cases the smaller plants find it necessary to dispense with the services of a chemist, so that it is necessary for the soapmaker to make his own tests. The tests outlined, therefore, are given as simple as possible to meet this condition. The formulae submitted are authentic, and in many cases are now being used in soapmaking.
In taking up the industry for survey it has been thought desirable to first mention and describe the raw materials used; second, to outline the processes of manufacture; third, to classify the methods and illustrate by formulae the composition of various soaps together with their mode of manufacture; fourth, to enumerate the various methods of glycerine recovery, including the processes of saponification, and, fifth, to give the most important analytical methods which are of value to control the process of manufacture and to determine the purity and fitness of the raw material entering into it.
It is not the intention of the author to go into great detail in this work, nor to outline to any great extent the theoretical side of the subject, but rather to make the work as brief as possible, keeping the practical side of the subject before him and not going into concise descriptions of machinery as is very usual in works on this subject. Illustrations are merely added to show typical kinds of machinery used.
Edgar George Thomssen
Soap-Making Manual
ILLUSTRATED
PREFATORY NOTE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I
Raw Materials Used in Soap Making.
OILS AND FATS.
NATURE OF A FAT OR OIL USED IN SOAP MANUFACTURE.
SAPONIFICATION DEFINED.
FATS AND OILS USED IN SOAP MANUFACTURE.
FULLER'S EARTH PROCESS FOR BLEACHING TALLOW.
METHOD FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF COLOR.
VEGETABLE OILS.
CHROME BLEACHING OF PALM OIL.
AIR BLEACHING OF PALM OIL.
RANCIDITY OF OILS AND FATS.
PREVENTION OF RANCIDITY.
CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF OILS AND FATS.
OIL HARDENING OR HYDROGENATING.
GREASE.
ROSIN (COLOPHONY, YELLOW ROSIN, RESINA).
ROSIN SAPONIFICATION.
NAPHTHENIC ACIDS.
ALKALIS.
CAUSTIC POTASH.
SODIUM CARBONATE (SODA ASH).
POTASSIUM CARBONATE.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL USED IN SOAP MAKING.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II
Construction and Equipment of a Soap Plant.
CHAPTER III
Classification of Soap-Making Methods.
COLD PROCESS.
CARBONATE SAPONIFICATION.
CHAPTER IV
Classification of Soaps.
LAUNDRY SOAP.
SEMI-BOILED LAUNDRY SOAPS.
SETTLED ROSIN SOAP.
CHIP SOAP.
COLD MADE CHIP SOAPS.
UNFILLED CHIP SOAP.
SOAP POWDERS.
LIGHT OR FLUFFY POWDERS.
SCOURING SOAP.
FLOATING SOAP.
TOILET SOAP.
CHEAPER TOILET SOAPS.
RUN AND GLUED UP SOAPS.
CURD SOAP.
COLD MADE TOILET SOAPS.
PERFUMING AND COLORING TOILET SOAPS.
COLORING SOAP.
MEDICINAL SOAPS.
SULPHUR SOAPS.
TAR SOAP.
SOAPS CONTAINING PHENOLS.
PEROXIDE SOAP.
MERCURY SOAPS.
LESS IMPORTANT MEDICINAL SOAPS.
CASTILE SOAP.
ESCHWEGER SOAP (BLUE MOTTLED).
SHAVING SOAPS.
SHAVING POWDER.
SHAVING CREAM.
PUMICE OR SAND SOAPS.
LIQUID SOAPS.
USE OF HARDENED OILS IN TOILET SOAPS.
TEXTILE SOAPS.
SCOURING AND FULLING SOAPS FOR WOOL.
WOOL THROWER'S SOAP.
WORSTED FINISHING SOAPS.
SOAPS USED IN THE SILK INDUSTRY.
SOAPS USED FOR COTTON GOODS.
SULPHONATED OILS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V
Glycerine Recovery.
RECOVERY OF GLYCERINE FROM SPENT LYE.
TWITCHELL PROCESS.
AUTOCLAVE SAPONIFICATION.
LIME SAPONIFICATION.
ACID SAPONIFICATION.
AQUEOUS SAPONIFICATION.
SPLITTING FATS WITH FERMENTS.
KREBITZ PROCESS.
DISTILLATION OF FATTY ACIDS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI
Analytical Methods.
ANALYSIS OF FATS AND OILS.
DETERMINATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS.
MOISTURE.
TITER.
DETERMINATION OF UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER.
TEST FOR COLOR OF SOAP.
TESTING OF ALKALIS USED IN SOAP MAKING.
SOAP ANALYSIS.
MOISTURE.
FREE ALKALI OR ACID.
INSOLUBLE MATTER.
STARCH AND GELATINE.
TOTAL FATTY AND RESIN ACIDS.
DETERMINATION OF ROSIN.
TOTAL ALKALI.
UNSAPONIFIED MATTER.
SILICA AND SILICATES.
GLYCERINE IN SOAP.
SUGAR IN SOAP.
GLYCERINE ANALYSIS.
SAMPLING.
ANALYSIS.
ACETIN PROCESS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GLYCEROL.
REAGENTS REQUIRED.
THE METHOD.
WAYS OF CALCULATING ACTUAL GLYCEROL CONTENT.
BICHROMATE PROCESS FOR GLYCEROL DETERMINATION. REAGENTS REQUIRED.
THE METHOD.
NOTES.
SAMPLING CRUDE GLYCERINE.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VII
Scope, Applicability and Limitations of the Methods.
Sampling.
Analysis.
TITER.
Notes on the Above Methods.
SAMPLING.
TITER.
FOOTNOTES:
PLANT AND MACHINERY
Illustrations of machinery and layouts of the plant of a modern soap-making establishment.
Appendix
Tables marked * are taken from the German Year Book for Soap Industry.
(U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS)
U.S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS TABLE OF METRIC EQUIVALENTS
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
*Temperature Correction Table for Hehner's Concentrated Bichromate Solution for Glycerine Analysis
*Table of Important Fatty Acids
*Comparison of Thermometer Scales
*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 670
*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 860
DENSITY AND STRENGTH OF SULPHURIC ACID (SIDERSKY).
*Densities of Potassium Carbonate Solutions at 15 C (Gerlach)
*Constants of Certain Fatty Acids and Triglycerides
PERCENTAGES OF SOLID CAUSTIC SODA AND CAUSTIC POTASH IN CAUSTIC LYES ACCORDING TO BAUME SCALE.
GLYCERINE CONTENT OF MORE COMMON OILS AND FATS USED IN SOAP MAKING.
*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Commercial Glycerine with Corresponding Percentage of Water. Temperature 15 C.
Table of Percentage, Specific Gravity and Beaume Degree of Pure Glycerine Solutions
*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Glycerine Solutions with Corresponding Beaume Degree and Percent Water
INDEX
LITERATURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
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