Wild Bees, Wasps and Ants and Other Stinging Insects
1. Formica sanguinea, male. 2. Formica sanguinea, female. 3. Formica sanguinea, worker. 4. Mutilla europæa, male. 5. Mutilla Europæa, female. 6. Cerceris arenaria, female. 7. Ammophila sabulosa, female. 8. Crabro cribrarius, male. 9. Odynerus spinipes, male.
F.R.S., F.L.S., etc
With numerous Illustrations in the text, and Four Coloured Plates by CONSTANCE A. SAUNDERS
LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO.
The object of this little book is to give in as simple a form as possible a short account of some of the British Wild Bees, Wasps, Ants, etc., scientifically known as the Hymenoptera Aculeata . Of these the non-scientific public rarely recognizes more than the Hive Bee, the Humble Bee, the Wasp, and the Hornet, whereas there are about 400 different kinds to be found in this country, and they can be recognized by any one who is disposed to make a special study of the group.
The author has not hesitated to make free use of the experiences of others in regard to the habits of the insects he describes, and he has not thought it necessary in each case to make separate acknowledgment of this. He takes this opportunity of thanking Mr. H. Donisthorpe and Mr. F. W. L. Sladen for assistance in the chapters on Ants and their Lodgers, and Humble Bees, respectively.
These pages are written only for the non-scientific, as the scientific entomologist will be already familiar with the elementary facts recorded; but it is hoped that they may be of interest to lovers of Nature who wish to know a little about the insects they see round them and how they spend their lives. Of this knowledge very little exists, as the scraps which have been here brought together evidence. There is an immense field open for research and observation, and the writer of this little book will be very glad if the following pages should encourage any one to take up the subject and add to our present scanty stock of information.
Edward Saunders
WILD BEES, WASPS AND ANTS
And Other Stinging Insects
EDWARD SAUNDERS
PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
DESCRIPTION OF THE COLOURED PLATES
THE SUBJECT IN GENERAL
THE SOLITARY GROUPS
THE SOLITARY BEES
THE CUCKOO BEES
THE FOSSORS OR DIGGERS
THE SOLITARY WASPS
THE SOCIAL GROUPS
THE ANTS
THE SOCIAL WASPS
THE HUMBLE BEES
THE BEES WITH BIFID TONGUES
THE BEES WITH POINTED TONGUES
LEAF-CUTTING BEES
OSMIA AND ITS HABITS
A COLONY OF ANTHOPHORA
BEES AND POLLEN-COLLECTING
ON BEES' TONGUES, AND HOW THEY SUCK HONEY
A DREADFUL PARASITE
AMONGST THE BEES AT WORK
ANTS, THEIR GUESTS AND THEIR LODGERS
HOW CAN AN "ACULEATE" BE RECOGNIZED?
MALES AND FEMALES
THE VAGARIES OF COLOUR AND STRUCTURE IN THE SEXES
THE DISTRIBUTION, RARITY, OR ABUNDANCE OF VARIOUS SPECIES
ON BEES' WINGS
ON BREEDING ACULEATES, ETC.
ON COLOUR
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTS FROM THE EGG
ON STRUCTURE
INDEX
NOTES