The Evolution of Man

Acrania: animals without skull ( cranium ). Anthropogeny: the evolution ( genesis ) of man ( anthropos ). Anthropology: the science of man. Archi-: (in compounds) the first or typical—as, archi-cytula, archi-gastrula, etc. Biogeny: the science of the genesis of life ( bios ). Blast-: (in compounds) pertaining to the early embryo ( blastos = a bud); hence:— Blastoderm: skin ( derma ) or enclosing layer of the embryo. Blastosphere: the embryo in the hollow sphere stage. Blastula: same as preceding. Epiblast: the outer layer of the embryo (ectoderm). Hypoblast: the inner layer of the embryo (endoderm). Branchial: pertaining to the gills ( branchia ). Caryo-: (in compounds) pertaining to the nucleus ( caryon ); hence:— Caryokineses: the movement of the nucleus. Caryolysis: dissolution of the nucleus. Caryoplasm: the matter of the nucleus. Centrolecithal: see under Lecith-. Chordaria and Chordonia: animals with a dorsal chord or back-bone. Cœlom or Cœloma: the body-cavity in the embryo; hence:— Cœlenterata: animals without a body-cavity. Cœlomaria: animals with a body-cavity. Cœlomation: formation of the body-cavity. Cyto-: (in compounds) pertaining to the cell ( cytos ); hence:— Cytoblast: the nucleus of the cell. Cytodes: cell-like bodies, imperfect cells. Cytoplasm: the matter of the body of the cell. Cytosoma: the body ( soma ) of the cell. Cryptorchism: abnormal retention of the testicles in the body. Deutoplasm: see Plasm. Dualism: the belief in the existence of two entirely distinct principles (such as matter and spirit). Dysteleology: the science of those features in organisms which refute the “design-argument”. Ectoderm: the outer ( ekto ) layer of the embryo. Entoderm: the inner ( ento ) layer of the embryo. Epiderm: the outer layer of the skin. Epigenesis: the theory of gradual development of organs in the embryo. Epiphysis: the third or central eye in the early vertebrates. Episoma: see Soma. Epithelia: tissues covering the surface of parts of the body (such as the mouth, etc.) Gonads: the sexual glands. Gonochorism: separation of the male and female sexes. Gonotomes: sections of the sexual glands. Gynecomast: a male with the breasts ( masta ) of a woman ( gyne ). Hepatic: pertaining to the liver ( hepar ). Holoblastic: embryos in which the animal and vegetal cells divide equally ( holon = whole). Hypermastism: the possession of more than the normal breasts ( masta ). Hypobranchial: underneath ( hypo ) the gills. Hypophysis: sensitive-offshoot from the brain in the vertebrate. Hyposoma: see Soma. Lecith-: pertaining to the yelk ( lecithus ); hence:— Centrolecithal: eggs with the yelk in the centre. Lecithoma: the yelk-sac. Telolecithal: eggs with the yelk at one end. Meroblastic: cleaving in part ( meron ) only. Meta-: (in compounds) the “after” or secondary stage; hence:— Metagaster: the secondary or permanent gut ( gaster ). Metaplasm: secondary or differentiated plasm. Metastoma: the secondary or permanent mouth ( stoma ). Metazoa: the higher or later animals, made up of many cells. Metovum: the mature or advanced ovum. Metamera: the segments into which the embryo breaks up. Metamerism: the segmentation of the embryo. Monera: the most primitive of the unicellular organisms. Monism: belief in the fundamental unity of all things. Morphology: the science of organic forms (generally equivalent to anatomy). Myotomes: segments into which the muscles break up. Nephra: the kidneys; hence:— Nephridia: the rudimentary kidney-organs. Nephrotomes: the segments of the developing kidneys. Ontogeny: the science of the development of the individual (generally equivalent to embryology). Perigenesis: the genesis of the movements in the vital particles. Phagocytes: cells that absorb food ( phagein = to eat). Phylogeny: the science of the evolution of species ( phyla ). Planocytes: cells that move about ( planein ). Plasm: the colloid or jelly-like matter of which organisms are composed; hence:— Caryoplasm: the matter of the nucleus ( caryon ). Cytoplasm: the matter of the body of the cell. Deutoplasm: secondary or differentiated plasm. Metaplasm: secondary or differentiated plasm. Protoplasm: primitive or undifferentiated plasm. Plasson: the simplest form of plasm. Plastidules: small particles of plasm. Polyspermism: the penetration of more than one sperm-cell into the ovum. Pro- or Prot: (in compounds) the earlier form (opposed to Meta ); hence:— Prochorion: the first form of the chorion. Progaster: the first or primitive stomach. Pronephridia: the earlier form of the kidneys. Prorenal: the earlier form of the kidneys. Prostoma: the first or primitive mouth. Protists: the earliest or unicellular organisms. Provertebræ: the earliest phase of the vertebræ. Protophyta: the primitive or unicellular plants. Protoplasm: undifferentiated plasm. Protozoa: the primitive or unicellular animals. Renal: pertaining to the kidneys ( renes ). Scatulation: packing or boxing-up ( scatula = a box). Sclerotomes: segments into which the primitive skeleton falls. Soma: the body; hence:— Cytosoma: the body of the cell ( cytos ). Episoma: the upper or back-half of the embryonic body. Somites: segments of the embryonic body. Hyposoma: the under or belly-half of the embryonic body. Teleology: the belief in design and purpose ( telos ) in nature. Telolecithal: see Lecith-. Umbilical: pertaining to the navel ( umbilicus ). Vitelline: pertaining to the yelk ( vitellus ).