The Working of Steel / Annealing, Heat Treating and Hardening of Carbon and Alloy Steel
ANNEALING, HEAT TREATING AND HARDENING OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL
FRED H. COLVIN
Member American Society of Mechanical Engineers and Franklin Institute; Editor of the American Machinist , Author of Machine Shop Arithmetic , Machine Shop Calculations , American Machinists' Hand Book .
AND
K. A. JUTHE, M.E.
Chief Engineer, American Metallurgical Corp. Member American Society Mechanical Engineers, American Society Testing Materials, Heat Treatment Association, Etc.
SECOND EDITION THIRD IMPRESSION
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4
Advantage has been taken of a reprinting to revise, extensively, the portions of the book relating to the modern science of metallography. Considerable of the matter relating to the influence of chemical composition upon the properties of alloy steels has been rewritten. Furthermore, opportunity has been taken to include some brief notes on methods of physical testing—whereby the metallurgist judges of the excellence of his metal in advance of its actual performance in service.
NEW YORK, N. Y.,
August, 1922.
The ever increasing uses of steel in all industries and the necessity of securing the best results with the material used, make a knowledge of the proper working of steel more important than ever before. For it is not alone the quality of the steel itself or the alloys used in its composition, but the proper working or treatment of the steel which determines whether or not the best possible use has been made of it.
Fred H. Colvin
K. A. Juthe
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CHAPTER I
BESSEMER PROCESS
OPEN HEARTH PROCESS
THE ELECTRIC PROCESS
6-TON HEROULT FURNACE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF STEEL
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
TENSILE PROPERTIES
IMPACT TESTS
FATIGUE TESTS
HARDNESS TESTING
NICKEL
CHROMIUM
NICKEL-CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
MANGANESE
TUNGSTEN
MOLYBDENUM
SILICON
PHOSPHORUS
SULPHUR
PROPERTIES OF ALLOY STEELS
EFFECT OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF COPPER IN MEDIUM-CARBON STEEL
HIGH-CHROMIUM OR RUST-PROOF STEEL
PICKLING THE FORGINGS
HIGHLY STRESSED PARTS
GEARS
RATE OF COOLING
CONNECTING RODS
CRANKSHAFT
APPLICATION TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
HEAT TREATMENT OF AXLES
MAKING STEEL BALLS
FORGING
PLANT FOR FORGING RIFLE BARRELS
MACHINEABILITY
ANNEALING OF HIGH-SPEED STEEL
TOOL OR CRUCIBLE STEEL
ANNEALING ALLOY STEEL
HIGH-CARBON MACHINERY STEEL
ANNEALING OF RIFLE COMPONENTS AT SPRINGFIELD ARMORY
RATE OF ABSORPTION
CARBURIZING MATERIAL
QUENCHING
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CARBURIZING MATERIAL
QUENCHING THE WORK
THE QUENCHING TANK
REFINING THE GRAIN
CASE-HARDENING TREATMENTS FOR VARIOUS STEELS
CARBURIZING BY GAS
PREVENTING CARBURIZING BY COPPER-PLATING
PREPARING PARTS FOR LOCAL CASE-HARDENING
THE PENETRATION OF CARBON
INTRODUCTION OF CARBON
USING ILLUMINATING GAS
A SATISFACTORY LUTING MIXTURE
GAS CONSUMPTION FOR CARBURIZING
THE CARE OF CARBURIZING COMPOUNDS
SEPARATING THE WORK FROM THE COMPOUND
BLENDING THE COMPOUND
CRITICAL POINTS
HARDENING
JUDGING THE HEAT OF STEEL
HEAT TREATMENT OF GEAR BLANKS
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE
HEAT-TREATING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR MASS PRODUCTION
DROP FORGING DIES
S. A. E. HEAT TREATMENTS
RESTORING OVERHEATED STEEL
CARBON IN TOOL STEEL
CARBON STEELS FOR DIFFERENT TOOLS
USES OF THE VARIOUS TEMPERS OF CARBON TOOL STEEL
CHISELS-SHAPES AND HEAT TREATMENT[1]
PREVENTING DECARBONIZATION OF TOOL STEEL
ANNEALING TO RELIEVE INTERNAL STRESSES
DOUBLE ANNEALING
HINTS FOR TOOL STEEL USERS
PREVENTING CRACKS IN HARDENING
SHRINKING AND ENLARGING WORK
TEMPERING ROUND DIES
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERING ON WATER-QUENCHED GAGES
STANDARD ANALYSIS
QUALITY AND STRUCTURE
HARDENING HIGH-SPEED STEELS
CUTTING-OFF STEEL FROM BAR
LATHE AND PLANER TOOLS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORKING HIGH-SPEED STEEL
LATHE AND PLANER TOOLS
HEAT TREATMENT OF LATHE, PLANER AND SIMILAR TOOLS
HEAT TREATMENT OF MILLING CUTTERS, DRILLS, REAMERS, ETC.
HEAT TREATMENT OF PUNCHES AND DIES, SHEARS, TAPS, ETC.
A CHROMIUM-COBALT STEEL
SUGGESTIONS FOR HANDLING HIGH-SPEED STEELS
HARDENING HIGH-SPEED STEEL
PROTECTIVE SCREENS FOR FURNACES
FURNACE DATA
PYROMETERS
THE THERMO-COUPLE
THE PYROMETER AND ITS USE
CALIBRATION OF PYROMETER WITH COMMON SALT
THE LEEDS AND NORTHRUP POTENTIOMETER SYSTEM
PLACING THE THERMO-COUPLES
LEEDS AND NORTHRUP OPTICAL PYROMETER
CORRECTION FOR COLD-JUNCTION ERRORS
BROWN AUTOMATIC SIGNALING PYROMETER
AN AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL PYROMETER
PYROMETERS FOR MOLTEN METAL
PROTECTORS FOR THERMO-COUPLES