Field book of common rocks and minerals
For identifying the Rocks and Minerals of the United States and interpreting their Origins and Meanings
By Frederic Brewster Loomis Late Professor of Mineralogy and Geology in Amherst College
With 47 Colored Specimens and over 100 other Illustrations from Photographs by W. E. Corbin and drawings by the Author
G. P. Putnam’s Sons New York and London
FIELD BOOK OF COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS
Copyright, 1923, 1948 by Frederick Brewster Loomis
Twenty-sixth Impression Revised 1948
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission.
Made in the United States of America
Dedicated TO MY MOTHER WHO ENCOURAGED ME WHILE A BOY TO GATHER MINERALS, ROCKS AND FOSSILS.
Everyone, who is alert as he wanders about this world, wants to know what he is seeing and what it is all about. Here and there with the aid of capable guides a few have been introduced into the sphere of that wide and fascinating knowledge of Nature which has been so rapidly accumulated during this and the latter part of the last century. It is a full treasure house constantly being enriched, but unfortunately the few who have been initiated have soon acquired a technical language and habit, so that their knowledge and new acquisitions are communicated to but few. The public at large, not having the language nor an interpreter at hand, has come almost at once to a barrier which few have the time or patience to surmount.
Latterly it has become clear that the largest progress cannot be made if the knowledge of any branch of Science is confined to a few only. The most rapid advances have been made where many men are interested and enthusiastic. In no science should there be a difficult barrier between the amateur and the professional student. All Nature is equally open for everyone to study, and there should never be created obstacles as by the use of terminology not easily acquired by anyone. Of late these barriers have been in part broken down and competent students have written guides which anyone can follow, and soon begin to know the plants, trees, birds, insects, etc. So far no one has attempted to make the study of minerals and rocks so direct and simple that everyone can get a start. Most books on minerals, and practically all those on rocks are written for school courses, and to say the least chill any enthusiasm which is naturally aroused by the finding of interesting looking rocks or minerals.
Frederic Brewster Loomis
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PREFACE
CONTENTS
Why
Collecting
Where
Equipment
Study Your Collection
Literature
Rocks
Minerals
Crystal Structure
Crystal Systems
Isometric system
Crystal formation
Tetragonal system
Orthorhombic system
Monoclinic system
Triclinic system
Hexagonal system
Hemihedral forms
Twinning
Hardness
Cleavage
Specific gravity
Streak
Luster
Color
KEY TO THE MINERALS, BASED ON HARDNESS, COLOR, ETC.
The Gold Group
The Silver Group
The Copper Group
The Iron Group
The Lead Group
The Zinc Group
The Manganese Group
The Aluminum Group
The Arsenic Group
Molybdenum
Antimony
The Nickel Group
The Cobalt Group
Chromium
Tungsten
Radium, Uranium and Vanadium
Mercury
Tin
Titanium
Platinum
The Magnesium Group
Silicon, Silica and the Silicates
Varieties of Quartz
The Feldspars
Glucinum
The Zeolites
Calcium
The Strontium Group
The Barium Group
Carbon
Phosphorus
Fluorine
Igneous Rocks
The Sedimentary Rocks
A Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
The Coal Series
The Petroleum Series
Metamorphic Rocks
Concretions
Other Concretions
Geodes
Pebbles
Meteorites
Fossils
A List of the Elements, the Abbreviations Used for Them, and Their Atomic Weight, Which Is Approximately the Number of Times Heavier They Are Than Hydrogen.
Table of Geologic Time
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MINERALOGY
MINERAL ECONOMICS, GEOPOLITICS
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
GENERAL GEOLOGY
PRECIOUS STONES
FOSSILS
INDEX
Plate Frontispiece
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
Plate 8
Plate 9
Plate 11
Plate 12
Plate 13
Plate 15
Plate 17
Plate 19
Plate 21
Plate 24
Plate 25
Plate 26
Plate 27
Plate 31
Plate 32
Plate 33
Plate 35
Plate 36
Plate 38
Plate 39
Plate 40
Plate 41
Plate 43
Plate 49
Plate 50
Plate 61
Plate 65
Plate 67
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4
Plate 10
Plate 30
Plate 14
Plate 16
Plate 18
Plate 20
Plate 22
Plate 23
Plate 28
Plate 29
Plate 34
Plate 37
Plate 42
Plate 48
Plate 44
Plate 45
Plate 46
Plate 47
Plate 51
Plate 52
Plate 53
Plate 54
Plate 55
Plate 56
Plate 57
Plate 58
Plate 59
Plate 60
Plate 62
Plate 63
Plate 64
Plate 66
Plate 68
Plate 69
Plate 70
Plate 71
Plate 72
Plate 73
Transcriber’s Notes