The International Auxiliary Language Esperanto: Grammar & Commentary
COMPILED BY Major-General George Cox B.A. (Cantab.)
FOURTH EDITION REVISED
B.E.A. Publications Fund, No. 14
LONDON : BRITISH ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION INCORPORATED
Reprinted, January, 1939
Printed in Great Britain
In this Fourth Edition of a work which, since its first appearance in August, 1906, has had a very favourable reception among English-speaking Esperantists in all parts of the world, advantage has been taken of the necessity for reprinting the work, to make a thorough revision of the text, and to introduce some other improvements.
Major-General Cox, born 1838, the author of the Commentary, died on 27th October, 1909, and the revision of the work has been carried out under the direction of the British Esperanto Association (Incorporated).
Footnotes to the Preface to the First Edition have been introduced to record facts not known to the author at the time.
Esperanto is the International Auxiliary Language created by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof, a doctor of medicine, residing at Warsaw, Poland. It is now hardly necessary to mention this fact, but there was a time, not very long ago, when many people thought that Esperanto was a patent medicine, or new kind of soap, or, in fact, anything except a language!
If we consider the enormous advantages of a common language, understood by all, we shall at once confess what a blessing Dr. Zamenhof has conferred upon mankind, for:—
Secondly. —Books of all descriptions can at once be translated into this common language, and sold all over the world; consequently, scientific and medical men will not have to wait, perhaps years, before some important treatise appears in their own language.
George Cox
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PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
The Origin of Esperanto.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
CONTENTS
PART I
ALPHABET (Alfabeto).
PRONUNCIATION (Prononco).
SYNTAX (Sintakso).
DEFINITIONS (Difinoj).
FORMATION OF WORDS (Vortfarado).
PRIMARY WORDS (Vortoj fundamentaj).
FOREIGN WORDS (Vortoj fremdaj).
53. GRAMMATICAL TERMINATIONS
LIST OF SUFFIXES (Sufiksoj).
55. LIST OF PREFIXES (Prefiksoj).
ELISION (Elizio).
INTERROGATION (Demandado).
NEGATION (Neado).
QUESTIONS AND REPLIES (Demandoj kaj Respondoj).
THE ACCUSATIVE (La Akuzativo).
CAPITAL LETTERS (Majuskloj).
PUNCTUATION (Interpunkcio).
ORDER OF WORDS. (Ordigo de Vortoj).
PART II
GRAMMAR.
PARTS OF SPEECH (Parolpartoj).
THE ARTICLE (La Artikolo).
THE NOUN (La Substantivo).
THE ADJECTIVE (La Adjektivo).
NUMERALS.
PRONOUNS (Pronomoj).
CORRELATIVE WORDS. (Korelativaj Vortoj.)
THE VERB (La Verbo).
ADVERBS (Adverboj).
PREPOSITIONS.
CONJUNCTIONS (Konjunkcioj).
INTERJECTIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS.
REMARKS ON THE SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES.
PART III
EXERCISE 2.
EXERCISE 3.
EXERCISE 4.
EXERCISE 5.
EXERCISE 6.
EXERCISE 7.
EXERCISE 8.
EXERCISE 9.
EXERCISE 10.
EXERCISE 11.
EXERCISE 12.
EXERCISE 13.
EXERCISE 14.
EXERCISE 15.
EXERCISE 16.
EXERCISE 17.
EXERCISE 18.
EXERCISE 19.
EXERCISE 20.
EXERCISE 21.
EXERCISE 22.
EXERCISE 23.
EXERCISE 24.
EXERCISE 25.
EXERCISE 26.
EXERCISE 27.
EXERCISE 28.
EXERCISE 29.
EXERCISE 30.
EXERCISE 31.
EXERCISE 32.
EXERCISE 33.
EXERCISES ON SIMILAR WORDS
EXERCISE 34.
EXERCISE 35.
EXERCISE 36.
EXERCISE 37.
EXERCISE 38.
EXERCISE 39.
EXERCISE 40.
EXERCISE 41.
EXERCISE 42.
EXERCISE 43.
EXERCISE 44.
PART IV
PHRASES.
CONVERSATION (Interparolado).
CORRESPONDENCE (Korespondado).
PART V
LIST OF PRIMARY WORDS.
LIST OF USEFUL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS.
HINTS TO LEARNERS.
INDEX
Transcriber's notes: