A Class Room Logic / Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of Teaching
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE
WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO THE SCIENCE AND ART OF TEACHING
GEORGE HASTINGS McNAIR, PH. D.
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS, CITY TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACHERS. JAMAICA. NEW YORK CITY
THE ETHLAS PRESS
FIVE NORTH BROADWAY. NYACK. NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY
GEORGE HASTINGS MCNAIR
MY WIFE.
Transcriber’s Notes
The cover image was provided by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
Punctuation has been standardized.
George Hastings McNair
A CLASS ROOM LOGIC
PREFACE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. THE MIND.
2. LOGIC RELATED TO OTHER SUBJECTS.
3. LOGIC DEFINED.
4. THE VALUE OF LOGIC TO THE STUDENT.
5. OUTLINE—
6. SUMMARY.
7. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
8. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THE KNOWING MIND COMPARED WITH THE THINKING MIND.
2. KNOWING BY INTUITION.
3. THE THINKING PROCESS.
4. NOTIONS, INDIVIDUAL AND GENERAL.
5. KNOWLEDGE AND IDEA AS RELATED TO THE NOTION.
6. THE LOGIC OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS INVOLVED IN THE NOTION.
7. THOUGHT IN THE SENSATION AND PERCEPT.
8. EVOLUTION AND THE THINKING MIND.
9. THE CONCEPT AS A THOUGHT PRODUCT.
10. THE JUDGMENT AS A THOUGHT PRODUCT.
11. INFERENCE AS A THOUGHT PRODUCT.
12. THINKING AND APPREHENSION.
13. STAGES IN THINKING.
14. OUTLINE.
15. SUMMARY.
16. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
17. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. TWO FUNDAMENTAL LAWS.
2. THE LAW OF IDENTITY.
3. LAW OF CONTRADICTION.
4. THE LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE.
5. THE LAW OF SUFFICIENT REASON.
6. UNITY OF PRIMARY LAWS OF THOUGHT ILLUSTRATED BY SYMBOLS.
7. OUTLINE.
8. SUMMARY.
9. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
10. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
11. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. LOGICAL THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE INSEPARABLE.
2. MEANING OF LOGICAL TERM.
3. CATEGOREMATIC AND SYNCATEGOREMATIC WORDS.
4. SINGULAR TERMS.
5. GENERAL TERMS.
6. COLLECTIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE TERMS.
7. CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT TERMS.
8. CONNOTATIVE AND NON-CONNOTATIVE TERMS.
9. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE TERMS.
11. PRIVATIVE AND NEGO-POSITIVE TERMS.
12. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE TERMS.
13. OUTLINE.
14. SUMMARY.
15. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
16. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
17. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
2. EXTENSION AND INTENSION DEFINED.
3. EXTENDED COMPARISON OF EXTENSION AND INTENSION.
4. A LIST OF CONNOTATIVE TERMS USED IN EXTENSION AND INTENSION.
5. OTHER FORMS OF EXPRESSION FOR EXTENSION AND INTENSION.
6. LAW OF VARIATION IN EXTENSION AND INTENSION.
6a. TWO IMPORTANT FACTS IN THE LAW OF VARIATION.
6b. THE LAW OF VARIATION DIAGRAMMATICALLY ILLUSTRATED.
7. OUTLINE.
8. SUMMARY.
9. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
10. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
11. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. IMPORTANCE.
2. THE PREDICABLES.
3. THE NATURE OF A DEFINITION.
4. DEFINITION AND DIVISION COMPARED.
5. THE KINDS OF DEFINITIONS.
6. WHEN THE THREE KINDS OF DEFINITIONS ARE SERVICEABLE.
7. THE RULES OF LOGICAL DEFINITION.
8. TERMS WHICH CANNOT BE DEFINED LOGICALLY.
9. DEFINITIONS OF COMMON EDUCATIONAL TERMS.
10. OUTLINE.
11. SUMMARY.
12. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
13. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
14. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. NATURE OF LOGICAL DIVISION.
2. LOGICAL DIVISION DISTINGUISHED FROM ENUMERATION.
3. LOGICAL DIVISION AS PARTITION.
4. RULES OF LOGICAL DIVISION.
5. DICHOTOMY.
6. CLASSIFICATION—COMPARED WITH DIVISION.
7. KINDS OF CLASSIFICATION—ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL.
8. TWO RULES OF CLASSIFICATION.
9. USE OF DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION IN THE SCHOOL ROOM.
10. TOPICAL OUTLINE.
11. SUMMARY.
12. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
13. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THE NATURE OF LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS.
2. KINDS OF LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS.
3. THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION.
4. LOGICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT AND PREDICATE DISTINGUISHED.
5. THE FOUR KINDS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS.
6. PROPOSITIONS WHICH DO NOT CONFORM TO THE LOGICAL TYPE.
7. PROPOSITIONS WHICH ARE NOT NECESSARILY ILLOGICAL.
8. THE RELATION BETWEEN SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
9. OUTLINE.
10. SUMMARY.
11. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
12. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
13. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THE NATURE OF INFERENCE.
2. IMMEDIATE AND MEDIATE INFERENCE.
3. THE FORMS OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE.
4. EPITOME OF THE FOUR PROCESSES OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE IN CONNECTION WITH THE FOUR LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS.
5. OUTLINE.
6. SUMMARY.
7. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
8. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
9. PROBLEMS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. INFERENCE AND REASONING.
2. THE SYLLOGISM.
3. THE RULES OF THE SYLLOGISM.
4. RULES OF THE SYLLOGISM EXPLAINED.
5. THE DICTUM OF ARISTOTLE.
6. CANONS OF THE SYLLOGISM.
7. THREE MATHEMATICAL AXIOMS.
8. OUTLINE.
9. SUMMARY.
10. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
11. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
12. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THE FOUR FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM.
2. THE MOODS OF THE SYLLOGISM.
3. TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE MOODS.
4. SPECIAL CANONS OF THE FOUR FIGURES.
5. SPECIAL CANONS RELATED.
6. MNEMONIC LINES.
7. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE FOUR FIGURES.
8. OUTLINE.
9. SUMMARY.
10. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES.
11. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
12. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. ENTHYMEME.
2. EPICHEIREMA.
3. POLYSYLLOGISM.
4. SORITES.
5. IRREGULAR ARGUMENTS.
6. OUTLINE.
7. SUMMARY.
8. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
9. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. ARGUMENTS OF FORM AND MATTER.
2. ORDER OF PROCEDURE IN THE FORMAL TESTING OF ARGUMENTS.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES IN TESTING ARGUMENTS WHICH ARE ALREADY COMPLETE, REGULAR, AND LOGICALLY ARRANGED.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE IN TESTING COMPLETED ARGUMENTS, ONE OR BOTH PREMISES BEING ILLOGICAL.
5. ARGUMENTS WHICH ARE INCOMPLETE AND MORE OR LESS IRREGULAR.
6. COMMON MISTAKES OF STUDENTS IN TESTING ARGUMENTS.
7. OUTLINE.
8. SUMMARY.
9. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
10. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THREE KINDS OF ARGUMENTS.
2. HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS.
3. THE ANTECEDENT AND CONSEQUENT.
4. TWO KINDS OF HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS.
5. THE RULE AND TWO FALLACIES OF THE HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENT.
6. HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS REDUCED TO THE CATEGORICAL FORM.
7. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE TESTING HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS OF ALL KINDS.
8. DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS.
9. THE TWO KINDS OF DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS.
10. THE FIRST RULE OF DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS.
11. SECOND RULE OF DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS.
12. REDUCTION OF THE DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENT TO THE HYPOTHETICAL AND THEN TO THE CATEGORICAL.
13. THE DILEMMA.
14. FOUR FORMS.
15. THE ONE RULE INVOLVED IN DILEMMATIC ARGUMENTS.
16. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE TESTING DISJUNCTIVE AND DILEMMATIC ARGUMENTS.
17. ORDINARY EXPERIENCES RELATED TO THE DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION AND HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENT.
18. OUTLINE.
19. SUMMARY.
20. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
21. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. A NEGATIVE ASPECT.
2. PARALOGISM AND SOPHISM.
3. A DIVISION OF THE DEDUCTIVE FALLACIES.
4. GENERAL DIVISIONS EXPLAINED.
5. FALLACIES OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE.
6. FALLACIES OF LANGUAGE. (Equivocation.)
7. FALLACIES IN THOUGHT.
8. OUTLINE.
9. SUMMARY.
10. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES IN THE TESTING OF ARGUMENTS IN BOTH FORM AND MEANING.
11. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
12. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING DISTINGUISHED.
2. THE INDUCTIVE HAZARD.
3. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION.
4. THE VARIOUS CONCEPTIONS OF INDUCTION.
5. INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION CONTIGUOUS PROCESSES.
6. INDUCTION AN ASSUMPTION.
7. UNIVERSAL CAUSATION.
8. THE LAW OF THE UNIFORMITY OF NATURE.
9. INDUCTIVE ASSUMPTION JUSTIFIED.
10. THREE FORMS OF INDUCTIVE RESEARCH.
11. INDUCTION BY SIMPLE ENUMERATION.
12. INDUCTION BY ANALOGY.
13. INDUCTION BY ANALYSIS.
14. PERFECT INDUCTION.
15. TRADUCTION.
16. OUTLINE.
17. SUMMARY.
18. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
19. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THE AIM OF THE FIVE METHODS.
2. METHOD OF AGREEMENT.
3. METHOD OF DIFFERENCE.
4. THE JOINT METHOD OF AGREEMENT AND DIFFERENCE.
5. METHOD OF CONCOMITANT VARIATIONS.
6. THE METHOD OF RESIDUES.
7. THE GENERAL PURPOSE AND UNITY OF THE FIVE METHODS.
8. OUTLINE.
9. SUMMARY.
10. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
11. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THE FOUNDATION OF INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATIONS.
2. OBSERVATION.
3. EXPERIMENT.
4. RULES FOR LOGICAL OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT.
5. COMMON ERRORS OF OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT.
6. THE HYPOTHESIS.
7. INDUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS DISTINGUISHED.
8. HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY.
9. THE REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMISSIBLE HYPOTHESIS.
10. THE USES OF HYPOTHESES.
11. CHARACTERISTICS NEEDED BY SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATORS.
12. OUTLINE.
13. SUMMARY.
14. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
15. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. THOUGHT IS KING.
2. SPECIAL FUNCTION OF INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION.
3. TWO TYPES OF MIND.
4. TOO MUCH CONSERVATISM IN SCHOOL ROOM.
5. THE METHOD OF THE DISCOVERER.
6. THE REAL INDUCTIVE METHOD OR DISCOVERER’S METHOD NOT IN VOGUE IN CLASS ROOM WORK.
7. AS A METHOD OF INSTRUCTION DEDUCTION IS SUPERIOR TO INDUCTION.
8. CONQUEST NOT KNOWLEDGE THE DESIDERATUM.
9. MOTIVATION AS RELATED TO THE SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
10. DISCOVERER’S METHOD OR THE REAL INDUCTIVE METHOD ADAPTED TO CLASS ROOM WORK.
11. THE QUESTION AND ANSWER METHOD NOT NECESSARILY ONE OF DISCOVERY.
12. OUTLINE.
13. SUMMARY.
14. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
15. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
1. LOGIC GIVEN A PLACE IN A SECONDARY COURSE.
2. MAN’S SUPREMACY DUE TO POWER OF THOUGHT.
3. IMPORTANCE OF PROGRESSIVE THOUGHT.
4. NECESSITY OF RIGHT THINKING.
5. INDIFFERENT AND CARELESS THOUGHT.
6. THE RATIONALIZATION OF THE WORLD OF CHANCE.
7. THE RATIONALIZATION OF POLITICAL AND BUSINESS SOPHISTRIES.
8. THE RATIONALIZATION OF THE SPIRIT OF PROGRESS.
9. A RATIONALIZATION OF THE ATTITUDE TOWARD WORK.
10. THE LOGIC OF SUCCESS.
11. OUTLINE.
12. SUMMARY.
13. REVIEW QUESTIONS.
14. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
GENERAL EXERCISES IN TESTING THE VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS.
GENERAL EXERCISES IN TESTING THE VALIDITY OF HYPOTHETICAL, DISJUNCTIVE AND DILEMMATIC ARGUMENTS.
SETS OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR TRAINING SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
OUTLINE OF BRIEFER COURSE.
INDEX
Footnotes.
Transcriber’s Notes.
