Outlines of Universal History, Designed as a Text-book and for Private Reading
Produced by Charles Aldarondo, Tiffany Vergon,
Jim OConnor and Distributed Proofreaders
Transcriber's Comment
In the original text, the author sought, by the use of different sorts of type, … to introduced a considerable amount of detail without breaking the main current of the narrative, or making it too long . In the text below, paragraphs in the smallest type have been indented.
Designed as a Text-book and for Private Reading
George Park Fisher, D.D., LL.D. Professor in Yale University
Inscribed by the author as a token of love and thankfulness to his daughter
In writing this work I have endeavored to provide a text-book suited to more advanced pupils. My idea of such a work was, that it should present the essential facts of history in due order, and in conformity to the best and latest researches; that it should point out clearly the connection of events and of successive eras with one another; that through the interest awakened by the natural, unforced view gained of this unity of history, and by such illustrative incidents as the brevity of the narrative would allow to be wrought into it, the dryness of a mere summary should be, as far as possible, relieved; and that, finally, being a book intended for pupils and readers of all classes, it should be free from sectarian partiality, and should limit itself to well-established judgments and conclusions on all matters subject to party contention. Respecting one of the points just referred to, I can say that, in composing this work, I have myself been more than ever impressed with the unity of history , and affected by this great and deeply moving drama that is still advancing into a future that is hidden from view. I can not but hope that this feeling, spontaneous and vivid in my own mind, may communicate itself to the reader in his progress through these pages.
The most interesting object in the study of history is, to quote Dr. Arnold's words, that which most nearly touches the inner life of civilized man, namely, the vicissitudes of institutions, social, political, and religious. But, as the same scholar adds, a knowledge of the external is needed before we arrive at that which is within. We want to get a sort of frame for our picture….And thus we want to know clearly the geographical boundaries of different countries, and their external revolutions. This leads us in the first instance to geography and military history, even if our ultimate object lies beyond. Something more is aimed at in the present work than the construction of this frame, without which, to be sure, a student wanders about vaguely, like an ignorant man in an ill-arranged museum. By the use of different sorts of type, it has been practicable to introduce a considerable amount of detail without breaking the main current of the narrative, or making it too long. By means of these additional passages, and by appending lists of books at the close of the several periods, the attempt has been made to aid younger students in carrying forward the study of history beyond the usual requirements of the class-room. I make no apology for the sketches presented of the history of science, literature, art, and of moral and material decline or improvement. Professor Seeley, in his interesting book on The Expansion of England , is disposed to confine history to the civil community, and to the part of human well-being which depends on that. That a man in England, he tells us, makes a scientific discovery or paints a picture, is not in itself an event in the history of England. But, of course, as this able writer himself remarks, history may assume a larger or a narrower function; and I am persuaded that to shut up history within so narrow bounds, is not expedient in a work designed in part to stimulate readers to wide and continued studies.
George Park Fisher
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OUTLINES OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY
PREFACE.
PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.
CONTENTS.
PART I. ANCIENT HISTORY.
DIVISION II. EUROPE.
SECTION I. GRECIAN HISTORY.
SECTION II. ROMAN HISTORY.
PART II. MEDIAEVAL HISTORY.
PART III. MODERN HISTORY.
PERIOD V. FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) TO THE PRESENT TIME.
LIST OF MAPS.
UNIVERSAL HISTORY.
INTRODUCTION.
ETHNOLOGY.
MYTHOLOGY.
PREHISTORIC TIMES.
ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
MEDIAEVAL AND LATER MODERN HISTORY.
PART I. ANCIENT HISTORY.
FROM THE BEGINNING OF AUTHENTIC HISTORY TO THE MIGRATIONS OF THE TEUTONIC TRIBES (A.D. 375).
DIVISION I.
ORIENTAL HISTORY.
CHAPTER II. INDIA.
BUDDHISM.
CHAPTER II.
ASSYRIA AND BABYLON.
I. THE OLD KINGDOM OF BABYLON.
II. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.
III. THE NEW BABYLONIAN EMPIRE.
CHAPTER III. THE PHOENICIANS AND CARTHAGINIANS.
CHAPTER IV. THE HEBREWS.
CHAPTER V. THE PERSIANS.
RETROSPECT.
DIVISION II. EUROPE.
SECTION I. GRECIAN HISTORY.
DIVISIONS OF GREEK HISTORY.
CHAPTER II. THE FORMATION OF THE PRINCIPAL STATES.
CHAPTER II. THE ASCENDENCY OF ATHENS.
CHAPTER III. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.
I. TO THE PEACE OF NICIAS (421 B.C.).
II. THE INFLUENCE OF ALCIBIADES.
III. THE FALL OF ATHENS.
CHAPTER IV. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA.—THE SPARTAN AND THEBAN HEGEMONY.
CHAPTER II. THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER.
I. THE KINGDOM OF THE PTOLEMIES.
II. MACEDON AND GREECE.
III. THE SYRIAN KINGDOM.
SECTION II. ROMAN HISTORY.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER II. ROME UNDER THE PATRICIANS (509-304 B.C.).
CHAPTER II.
WAR WITH PYRRHUS AND UNION OF ITALY (282-264 B.C.).
CHAPTER II. CONQUEST OF MACEDONIA: THE THIRD PUNIC WAR: THE DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH (202-146 B.C.).
CHAPTER II. POMPEIUS AND THE EAST: TO THE DEATH OF CRASSUS (78-53 B.C.).
CHAPTER III. POMPEIUS AND CAESAR: THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE.
THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY.
THE JULIAN IMPERIAL HOUSE.
THE CLAUDIAN IMPERIAL HOUSE.
CHAPTER II. THE EMPERORS OF THE AUGUSTAN HOUSE.
CHAPTER III. THE FLAVIANS AND THE ANTONINES.
CHAPTER IV. THE EMPERORS MADE BY THE SOLDIERS: THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.
I. EMPERORS MADE BY THE SOLDIERS.
II. THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY (TO A.D. 375).
THE IMPERIAL HOUSE OF CONSTANTINE.
PART II. MEDIÆVAL HISTORY.
INTRODUCTION.
THE THEODOSIAN IMPERIAL HOUSE
CHAPTER II. THE TEUTONIC MIGRATIONS AND KINGDOMS.
CHAPTER III. THE EASTERN EMPIRE.
CHAPTER IV. MOHAMMEDANISM AND THE ARABIC CONQUESTS.
THE CARLOVINGIAN HOUSE
RIVAL KINGS OF FRANCE NOT OF THE CARLOVINGIAN LINE.
CHAPTER II. DISSOLUTION OP CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE: RISE OF THE KINGDOMS OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ITALY.
CHAPTER III. INVASIONS OF THE NORTHMEN AND OTHERS: THE FEUDAL SYSTEM.
THE NORTHMEN IN ENGLAND AND ITALY.
I. THE NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.
EFFECT OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST.
II. THE NORMANS IN ITALY AND SICILY.
THE NORMANS.
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM.
THE SAXON, FRANCONIAN, AND HOHENSTAUFEN IMPERIAL HOUSES.
I. KINGS AND EMPERORS OF THE SAXON HOUSE (918-1024).
II. THE FRANCONIAN OR SALIAN EMPERORS (1024-1125).
CHAPTER II. THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE: PREDOMINANCE OF THE CHURCH: TO THE END OF THE CRUSADES, A.D. 1270.
GENEALOGY OF THE WELFS.
ENGLAND.—FROM THE CONQUEST TO EDWARD I.
CHAPTER III. ENGLAND AND FRANCE: THE FIRST PERIOD OF THEIR RIVALSHIP (1066-1217).
CHAPTER IV. RISE OF THE BURGHER CLASS: SOCIETY IN THE ERA OF THE CRUSADES.
FRANCE.—THE HOUSE OF VALOIS.
ENGLAND.—DESCENDANTS OF EDWARD I
THE DECLINE OP ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: THE GROWTH OF THE NATIONAL SPIRIT AND OF MONARCHY.
CHAPTER I. ENGLAND AND FRANCE: SECOND PERIOD OP RIVALSHIP: THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR (A.D. 1339-1453).
THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR:
PERIOD I. (TO THE PEACE OF BRÉTIGNY. 1360).
THE HOUSE OF VALOIS.
THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR:
PERIOD II. (TO THE PEACE OF TROYES, 1420).
THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR:
PERIOD III. (TO THE END, 1463).
MILAN.—THE VISCONTI AND SFORZA.
THE THREE NORTHERN KINGDOMS BEFORE THE UNION OF CALMAR.
CHAPTER II. GERMANY: ITALY: SPAIN: THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES: POLAND AND RUSSIA: HUNGARY: OTTOMAN TURKS: THE GREEK EMPIRE.
I. GERMANY.
II. ITALY.
III. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
IV. THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES.
V. POLAND AND RUSSIA.
VI. HUNGARY.
VII. THE OTTOMAN TURKS.
CHAPTER III. THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN ASIA.
I. CHINA.
II. JAPAN.
III. INDIA.
PART III. MODERN HISTORY.
INTRODUCTION.
THE CONSOLIDATION OF MONARCHY: INVENTION AND DISCOVERY: THE RENAISSANCE.
CHAPTER I. FRANCE: ENGLAND: SPAIN: GERMANY: ITALY: THE OTTOMAN TURKS: RUSSIA: THE INVASIONS OF ITALY.
I. FRANCE.
II. ENGLAND.
III. SPAIN.
IV. GERMANY AND THE EMPIRE.
THE MEDICI.
THE OTTOMAN SULTANS.
RUSSIA.
VII. RUSSIA.
ENGLAND.—THE TUDORS AND STUARTS.
CHAPTER II. INVENTION AND DISCOVERY: THE RENAISSANCE.
PERIOD II. THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION. (1517-1648)
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY, TO THE TREATY OF NUREMBERG (1517-1532).
CHAPTER II. THE REFORMATION IN TEUTONIC COUNTRIES: SWITZERLAND, DENMARK, SWEDEN, ENGLAND.
CHAPTER III. THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY, FROM THE PEACE OF NUREMBERG TO THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1532-1555).
CHAPTER IV. CALVINISM IN GENEVA: BEGINNING OF THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION.
CHAPTER V. PHILIP II., AND THE BEVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS.
CHAPTER VI. THE CIVIL WARS IN FRANCE, TO THE DEATH OF HENRY IV. (1610).
CHAPTER VII. THE THIRTY-YEARS' WAR, TO THE PEACE OP WESTPHALIA (1618-1648).
SECOND STAGE IN THE WAR (1629-1632).
FRANCE.—THE BOURBON KINGS.
THIRD STAGE IN THE WAR (1632-1648).
CHAPTER VIII. SECOND STAGE OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND: TO THE DEATH OF ELIZABETH (1547-1603).
CHAPTER IX. THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION AND THE COMMONWEALTH (1603-1658).
CHAPTER X. COLONIZATION IN AMERICA: ASIATIC NATIONS; CULTURE AND LITERATURE (1517-1648).
COLONIZATION IN AMERICA.
SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE.
ASIATIC NATIONS.
I. CHINA.
II. JAPAN.
III. INDIA.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. THE PREPONDERANCE OF FRANCE: FIRST PART OF THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV. (TO THE PEACE OF RYSWICK, 1697): THE RESTORATION OF THE STUARTS: THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION OF 1688.
CHAPTER II. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (TO THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1713); DECLINE OF THE POWER OF FRANCE: POWER AND MARITIME SUPREMACY OF ENGLAND.
CHAPTER III. THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR: THE FALL OP SWEDEN: GROWTH OF THE POWER OF RUSSIA.
CHAPTER IV. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION; GROWTH OP THE POWER OF PRUSSIA: THE DESTRUCTION OF POLAND.
CHAPTER V. CONTEST OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN AMERICA: WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER VI. LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND RELIGION.
LITERATURE.
I. FRANCE.
II. GERMANY.
III. ITALY.
IV. ENGLAND.
V. AMERICA.
NATURAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
ESSAYS AT POLITICAL REFORM.
PERIOD IV. THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. (1789-1815.)
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. FROM THE ASSEMBLING OF THE STATES GENERAL TO THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI. (1789-1793).
CHAPTER II. FROM THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI. TO THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE (JAN. 21, 1793-JULY 27, 1794).
THE BONAPARTES
CHAPTER III. FROM THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE TO THE EMPIRE OF NAPOLEON (1794-1804).
CHAPTER IV. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE EMPIBE TO THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN (1804-1812).
CHAPTER V. FROM THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN (1812) TO THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-15).
CHAPTER VI. AMERICAN HISTORY IN THIS PERIOD (1789-1815).
CHAPTER VII. LITERATURE, ART, AND SCIENCE (1789-1815).
PERIOD V. FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) TO THE PRESENT TIME.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. EUROPE, FROM THE CONGRESS OP VIENNA (1815) TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830.
CHAPTER II. EUROPE FROM THE REVOLUTION OF 1830 TO THE REVOLUTIONARY EPOCH OF 1848.
CHAPTER III. EUROPE, FROM THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 TO THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1866).
CHAPTER IV. EUROPE, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR TO THE END OF THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR (1866-1871).
CHAPTER V. EUROPE, THE THIRD FRENCH REPUBLIC, AND THE UNION OF ITALY (1871-).
CHAPTER VI. THE UNITED STATES (1815-1890): MEXICO: SOUTH AMERICAN STATES: EASTERN ASIA.
MEXICO.
SOUTH AMERICA.
CHINA AND JAPAN.
CHAPTER VII. THE LAST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER VIII. DISCOVERY AND INVENTION: SCIENCE AND LITERATURE: PROGRESS OF HUMANE SENTIMENT: PROGRESS TOWARD THE UNITY OF MANKIND.
PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE.
PHILANTHROPIC REFORM.
PROGRESS TOWARDS THE UNITY OF MANKIND.