Early European History
Anne Soulard, Charles Franks, Robert Fite, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team.
There is no part of history so generally useful as that which relates to the progress of the human mind, the gradual improvement of reason, the successive advances of science, the vicissitudes of learning and ignorance, which are the light and darkness of thinking beings, the extinction and resuscitation of arts, and the revolutions of the intellectual world. —SAMUEL JOHNSON, Rasselas .
This book aims to furnish a concise and connected account of human progress during ancient, medieval, and early modern times. It should meet the requirements of those high schools and preparatory schools where ancient history, as a separate discipline, is being supplanted by a more extended course introductory to the study of recent times and contemporary problems. Such a course was first outlined by the Regents of the University of the State of New York in their Syllabus for Secondary Schools , issued in 1910.
Since the appearance of the Regents' Syllabus the Committee of Five of the American Historical Association has made its Report (1911), suggesting a rearrangement of the curriculum which would permit a year's work in English and Continental history. Still more recently the Committee on Social Studies of the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education, in its Report (1916) to the National Education Association has definitely recommended the division of European history into two parts, of which the first should include ancient and Oriental civilization, English and Continental history to approximately the end of the seventeenth century, and the period of American exploration.
The first twelve chapters of the present work are based upon the author's Ancient History , published four years ago. In spite of many omissions, it has been possible to follow without essential modification the plan of the earlier volume. A number of new maps and illustrations have been added to these chapters.
Hutton Webster
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EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY
PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF MAPS
LIST OF PLATES
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF MAPS
LIST OF PLATES
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
PERIODICALS
SYLLABI
GENERAL WORKS
PREHISTORIC TIMES
ORIENTAL HISTORY
GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES
CHAPTER I
1. THE STUDY OF HISTORY
2. PREHISTORIC PEOPLES
3. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS
4. WRITING AND THE ALPHABET
5. PRIMITIVE SCIENCE AND ART
6. HISTORIC PEOPLES
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER II
7. PHYSICAL ASIA
8. BABYLONIA AND EGYPT
9. THE BABYLONIANS AND THE EGYPTIANS
10. THE PHOENICIANS AND THE HEBREWS
11. THE ASSYRIANS
12. THE WORLD EMPIRE OF PERSIA
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER III
13. SOCIAL CLASSES
14. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
15. COMMERCE AND TRADE ROUTES
16. LAW AND MORALITY
17. RELIGION
18. LITERATURE AND ART
19. SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER IV
20. PHYSICAL EUROPE
21. GREECE AND THE AEGEAN
22. THE AEGEAN AGE (TO ABOUT 1100 B.C.)
23. THE HOMERIC AGE (ABOUT 1100-750 B.C.)
24. EARLY GREEK RELIGION
25. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS: ORACLES AND GAMES
26. THE GREEK CITY-STATE
27. THE GROWTH OF SPARTA (TO 500 B.C.)
29. COLONIAL EXPANSION OF GREECE (ABOUT 750-500 B.C.)
30. BONDS OF UNION AMONG THE GREEKS
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER V
31. THE PERILS OF HELLAS
32. EXPEDITIONS OF DARIUS AGAINST GREECE
33. XERXES AND THE GREAT PERSIAN WAR
34. ATHENS UNDER THEMISTOCLES, ARISTIDES, AND CIMON
35. ATHENS UNDER PERICLES
36. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, 431-404 B.C.
37. THE SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREMACIES, 404-362 B.C.
38. DECLINE OF THE CITY-STATE
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VI
39. PHILIP AND THE RISE OF MACEDONIA
40. DEMOSTHENES AND THE END OF GREEK FREEDOM
41. ALEXANDER THE GREAT
42. CONQUEST OF PERSIA AND THE FAR EAST, 334-323 B.C.
43. THE WORK OF ALEXANDER
44. HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS AND CITIES
45. THE HELLENISTIC AGE
46. THE GRAECO-ORIENTAL WORLD
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VII
47. ITALY AND SICILY
48. THE PEOPLES OF ITALY
49. THE ROMANS
50. EARLY ROMAN SOCIETY
51. ROMAN RELIGION
52. THE ROMAN CITY-STATE
53. EXPANSION OF ROME OVER ITALY, 509(?)-264 B.C.
54. ITALY UNDER ROMAN RULE
55. THE ROMAN ARMY
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VIII
56. THE RIVALS: ROME AND CARTHAGE, 264-218 B.C.
57. HANNIBAL AND THE GREAT PUNIC WAR, 218-201 B.C.
58. ROMAN SUPREMACY IN THE WEST AND IN THE EAST, 201-133 B.C.
59. THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD UNDER ROMAN RULE
60. THE GRACCHI
61. MARIUS AND SULLA
62. POMPEY AND CAESAR
63. THE WORK OF CAESAR
64. ANTONY AND OCTAVIAN
65. THE END OF AN EPOCH
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER IX
67. THE SUCCESSORS OF AUGUSTUS, 14-96 A.D.
68. THE "GOOD EMPERORS," 96-180 A.D.
69. THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
70. THE ROMAN LAW AND THE LATIN LANGUAGE
71. THE MUNICIPALITIES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
72. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES
73. THE GRAECO-ROMAN WORLD
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER X
74. THE "SOLDIER EMPERORS," 180-284 A.D.
75. THE "ABSOLUTE EMPERORS," 284-395 A.D.
76. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES
77. THE PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY
78. RISE AND SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
79. THE PERSECUTIONS
80. TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY
81. CHRISTIAN INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XI
82. GERMANY AND THE GERMANS
83. BREAKING OF THE DANUBE BARRIER
84. BREAKING OF THE RHINE BARRIER
85. INROADS OF THE HUNS
86. END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST, 476 A.D.
87. GERMANIC INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XII
88. THE CLASSICAL CITY
89. EDUCATION AND THE CONDITION OF CHILDREN
90. MARRIAGE AND THE POSITION OF WOMEN
91. THE HOME AND PRIVATE LIFE
92. AMUSEMENTS
93. SLAVERY
94. GREEK LITERATURE
95. GREEK PHILOSOPHY
96. ROMAN LITERATURE
97. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
98. GREEK SCULPTURE
99. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE
100. ARTISTIC ATHENS
101. ARTISTIC ROME
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XIII
102. THE OSTROGOTHS IN ITALY, 488-553 A.D.
103. THE LOMBARDS IN ITALY, 568-774 A.D.
104. THE FRANKS UNDER CLOVIS AND HIS SUCCESSORS
105. THE FRANKS UNDER CHARLES MARTEL AND PEPIN THE SHORT
106. THE REIGN OF CHARLEMAGNE, 768-814 A.D.
107. CHARLEMAGNE AND THE REVIVAL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 800 A.D.
108. DISRUPTION OF CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE, 814-870 A.D.
109. GERMANY UNDER THE SAXON KINGS, 919-973 A.D.
110. OTTO THE GREAT AND THE RESTORATION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 962 A.D.
111. THE ANGLO-SAXONS IN BRITAIN, 449-839 A.D.
112. CHRISTIANITY IN THE BRITISH ISLES
113. THE FUSION OF GERMANS AND ROMANS
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XIV
114. THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST
115. THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN, 527-565 A.D.
116. THE EMPIRE AND ITS ASIATIC FOES
117. THE EMPIRE AND ITS FOES IN EUROPE
118. BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION
119. CONSTANTINOPLE
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XV
120. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
121. EASTERN CHRISTIANITY
122. WESTERN CHRISTIANITY: RISE OF THE PAPACY
123. GROWTH OF THE PAPACY
124. MONASTICISM
125. LIFE AND WORK OF THE MONKS
126. SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY OVER EUROPE
127. SEPARATION OF EASTERN AND WESTERN CHRISTIANITY
128. THE GREEK CHURCH
129. THE ROMAN CHURCH
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XVI
130. ARABIA AND THE ARABS
131. MOHAMMED: PROPHET AND STATESMAN, 622-632 A.D.
132. ISLAM AND THE KORAN
133. EXPANSION OF ISLAM IN ASIA AND EGYPT
134. EXPANSION OF ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA AND SPAIN
135. THE CALIPHATE AND ITS DISRUPTION, 632-1058 A.D.
136. ARABIAN CIVILIZATION
137. THE INFLUENCE OF ISLAM
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XVII
138. SCANDINAVIA AND THE NORTHMEN
139. THE VIKING AGE
140. SCANDINAVIAN HEATHENISM
141. THE NORTHMEN IN THE WEST
142. THE NORTHMEN IN THE EAST
145. NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND; WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
146. RESULTS OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST
147. NORMAN CONQUEST OF SOUTHERN ITALY AND SICILY
148. THE NORMANS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XVIII
149. RISE OF FEUDALISM
150. FEUDALISM AS A SYSTEM OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
151. FEUDAL JUSTICE
152. FEUDAL WARFARE
153. THE CASTLE AND LIFE OF THE NOBLES
154. KNIGHTHOOD AND CHIVALRY
155. FEUDALISM AS A SYSTEM OF LOCAL INDUSTRY
156. THE VILLAGE AND LIFE OF THE PEASANTS
157. SERFDOM
158. DECLINE OF FEUDALISM
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XIX
159. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH
160. CHURCH DOCTRINE AND WORSHIP
161. CHURCH JURISDICTION
162. THE SECULAR CLERGY
163. THE REGULAR CLERGY
164. THE FRIARS
165. POWER OF THE PAPACY
166. POPES AND EMPERORS, 962-1122 A.D.
167. POPES AND EMPERORS, 1122-1273 A.D.
168. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XX
169. CAUSES OF THE CRUSADES
170. FIRST CRUSADE, 1095-1099 A.D.
171. CRUSADERS' STATES IN SYRIA
172. SECOND CRUSADE, 1147-1149 A.D., AND THIRD CRUSADE, 1189-1192 A.D.
173. FOURTH CRUSADE AND THE LATIN EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLE, 1202-1261 A.D.
174. RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXI
175. THE MONGOLS
176. CONQUESTS OF THE MONGOLS, 1206-1405 A.D.
177. THE MONGOLS IN CHINA AND INDIA
178. THE MONGOLS IN EASTERN EUROPE
179. THE OTTOMAN TURKS AND THEIR CONQUESTS, 1227-1453 A.D.
180. THE OTTOMAN TURKS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXII
181. GROWTH OF THE NATIONS
182. ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, 1066-1087 A.D.; THE NORMAN KINGSHIP
183. ENGLAND UNDER HENRY II, 1154-1189 A.D.; ROYAL JUSTICE AND THE COMMON LAW
184. THE GREAT CHARTER, 1215 A.D.
185. PARLIAMENT DURING THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
186. EXPANSION OF ENGLAND UNDER EDWARD I, 1272-1307 A.D.
187. UNIFICATION OF FRANCE, 987-1328 A.D.
188. THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND, 1337-1453 A.D.
189. UNIFICATION OF SPAIN (TO 1492 A.D.)
190. AUSTRIA AND THE SWISS CONFEDERATION, 1273-1499 A.D.
191. EXPANSION OF GERMANY
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXIII
192. GROWTH OF THE CITIES
194. CIVIC INDUSTRY: THE GUILDS
195. TRADE AND COMMERCE
196. MONEY AND BANKING
197. ITALIAN CITIES
198. GERMAN CITIES: THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE
199. THE CITIES OF FLANDERS
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXIV
200. FORMATION OF NATIONAL LANGUAGES
201. DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL LITERATURES
202. ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE; THE CATHEDRALS
203. EDUCATION; THE UNIVERSITIES
204. SCHOLASTICISM
205. SCIENCE AND MAGIC
206. POPULAR SUPERSTITIONS
207. POPULAR AMUSEMENTS AND FESTIVALS
208. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXV
209. MEANING OF THE RENAISSANCE
210. REVIVAL OF LEARNING IN ITALY
211. PAPER AND PRINTING
212. REVIVAL OF ART IN ITALY
213. REVIVAL OF LEARNING AND ART BEYOND ITALY
214. THE RENAISSANCE IN LITERATURE
215. THE RENAISSANCE IN EDUCATION
216. THE SCIENTIFIC RENAISSANCE
217. THE ECONOMIC RENAISSANCE
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXVI
218. MEDIEVAL GEOGRAPHY
219. AIDS TO EXPLORATION
220. TO THE INDIES EASTWARD: PRINCE HENRY AND DA GAMA
221. THE PORTUGUESE COLONIAL EMPIRE
222. TO THE INDIES WESTWARD: COLUMBUS AND MAGELLAN
223. THE INDIANS
224. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS AND CONQUESTS IN AMERICA
226. ENGLISH AND FRENCH EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA
227. THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXVII
228. DECLINE OF THE PAPACY
229. HERESIES AND HERETICS
230. MARTIN LUTHER AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY, 1517- 1522 A.D.
231. CHARLES V AND THE SPREAD OF THE GERMAN REFORMATION, 1519-1556 A.D.
232. THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND; ZWINGLI AND CALVIN
233. THE ENGLISH REFORMATION, 1533-1658 A.D.
234. THE PROTESTANT SECTS
235. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
236. SPAIN UNDER PHILIP II, 1556-1598 A.D.
237. REVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS
238. ENGLAND UNDER ELIZABETH, 1558-1603 A.D.
239. THE HUGUENOT WARS IN FRANCE
240. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648 A.D.
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXVIII
241. THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS
242. THE ABSOLUTISM OF LOUIS XIV, 1661-1715 A.D.
243. FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV
244. THE WARS OF LOUIS XIV
245. THE ABSOLUTISM OF THE STUARTS, 1603-1642 A.D.
246. OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649 A.D.
247. THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE, 1649-1660 A.D.
248. THE RESTORATION AND THE "GLORIOUS REVOLUTION," 1660-1689 A.D.
249. ENGLAND IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
STUDIES
FOOTNOTES
APPENDIX
TABLE OF EVENTS AND DATES
TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES