The Iraq Study Group Report
There is no magic formula to solve the problems of Iraq. However, there are actions that can be taken to improve the situation and protect American interests.
Many Americans are dissatisfied, not just with the situation in Iraq but with the state of our political debate regarding Iraq. Our political leaders must build a bipartisan approach to bring a responsible conclusion to what is now a lengthy and costly war. Our country deserves a debate that prizes substance over rhetoric, and a policy that is adequately funded and sustainable. The President and Congress must work together. Our leaders must be candid and forthright with the American people in order to win their support.
No one can guarantee that any course of action in Iraq at this point will stop sectarian warfare, growing violence, or a slide toward chaos. If current trends continue, the potential consequences are severe. Because of the role and responsibility of the United States in Iraq, and the commitments our government has made, the United States has special obligations. Our country must address as best it can Iraq's many problems. The United States has long-term relationships and interests at stake in the Middle East, and needs to stay engaged.
In this consensus report, the ten members of the Iraq Study Group present a new approach because we believe there is a better way forward. All options have not been exhausted. We believe it is still possible to pursue different policies that can give Iraq an opportunity for a better future, combat terrorism, stabilize a critical region of the world, and protect America's credibility, interests, and values. Our report makes it clear that the Iraqi government and the Iraqi people also must act to achieve a stable and hopeful future.
What we recommend in this report demands a tremendous amount of political will and cooperation by the executive and legislative branches of the U.S. government. It demands skillful implementation. It demands unity of effort by government agencies. And its success depends on the unity of the American people in a time of political polarization. Americans can and must enjoy the right of robust debate within a democracy. Yet U.S. foreign policy is doomed to failure—as is any course of action in Iraq—if it is not supported by a broad, sustained consensus. The aim of our report is to move our country toward such a consensus.
Iraq Study Group
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Contents
Letter from the Co-Chairs
Executive Summary
External Approach
Internal Approach
Conclusion
A. Assessment of the Current Situation in Iraq
1. Security
Sources of Violence
U.S., Coalition, and Iraqi Forces
The Iraqi Army
The Iraqi Police
Facilities Protection Services
Operation Together Forward II
2. Politics
Sectarian Viewpoints
Sistani, Sadr, Hakim
Hashimi and Dhari
Barzani and Talabani
Key Issues
3. Economics
Economic Performance
Oil Sector
The Politics of Oil
U.S.-Led Reconstruction Efforts
4. International Support
The Region
Neighboring States
The International Community
5. Conclusions
B. Consequences of Continued Decline in Iraq
C. Some Alternative Courses in Iraq
1. Precipitate Withdrawal
2. Staying the Course
3. More Troops for Iraq
4. Devolution to Three Regions
D. Achieving Our Goals
A. The External Approach: Building an International Consensus
1. The New Diplomatic Offensive
2. The Iraq International Support Group
3. Dealing with Iran and Syria
4. The Wider Regional Context
Afghanistan
B. The Internal Approach: Helping Iraqis Help Themselves
1. Performance on Milestones
Milestones for Iraq
2. National Reconciliation
Militias and National Reconciliation
Restoring the U.S. Military
4. Police and Criminal Justice
Recommended Iraqi Actions
U.S. Actions
5. The Oil Sector
Short Term
Long Term
6. U.S. Economic and Reconstruction Assistance
8. U.S. Personnel
9. Intelligence
Recommended Iraqi Actions
Appendices
Letter from the Sponsoring Organizations
Iraq Study Group Plenary Sessions
Iraq Study Group Consultations
Iraqi Officials and Representatives
Department of Defense/Military
Department of State/Civilian Embassy Personnel
Intelligence Community
Other Senior Officials
United States House of Representatives
Foreign Officials
Former Officials and Experts
Military and Security
Political Development
Strategic Environment
Military Senior Advisor Panel
Lee H. Hamilton—Co-Chair
Lawrence S. Eagleburger—Member
Vernon E. Jordan, Jr.—Member
Edwin Meese III—Member
Sandra Day O'Connor—Member
Leon E. Panetta—Member
William J. Perry—Member
Charles S. Robb—Member
Alan K. Simpson—Member
Iraq Study Group Support