A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
The Esperanto alphabet contains 28 characters. These are the characters of English, but with q , w , x , and y removed, and six diacritical letters added. The diacritical letters are c , g , h , j and s with circumflexes (or hats , as Esperantists fondly call them), and u with a breve. Zamenhof himself suggested that where the diacritical letters caused difficulty, one could instead use ch , gh , hh , jh , sh and u . A plain ASCII file is one such place; there are no ASCII codes for Esperanto's special letters.
However, there are two problems with Zamenhof's h-method . There is no difference between u and u with a breve, and there is no way to determine (without prior knowledge of the word(s) involved, and sometimes a bit of context) whether an h following one of those other five letters is really the second half of a diacritical pair, or just an h that happened to find itself next to one of them. Consequently other, unambiguous, methods have been used over the years. One is the x-method , which uses the digraphs cx , gx , hx , jx , sx and ux to represent the special letters. There is no ambiguity because the letter x is not an Esperanto letter, and each diacritical letter has a unique transliteration. This is the method used in this Project Gutenberg e-text.
A COMPLETE
GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO
THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE
WITH GRADED EXERCISES FOR READING AND TRANSLATION TOGETHER WITH FULL VOCABULARIES
BY IVY KELLERMAN, A.M., Ph.D.
MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMAN OF EXAMINATIONS FOR THE ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA, MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGVA KOMITATO
DR. L. L. ZAMENHOF
THE AUTHOR OF ESPERANTO
PREFACE.