History for ready reference, Volume 5, Tunnage to Zyp and Supplement

Jesuit mission of Father Lobo and his companions to Abyssinia. AFRICA: 1637. Visit of Claude Jannequin, Sieur de Rochfort, to the River Senegal. AFRICA: 1644. Fort Dauphin founded by the French in the island of Madagascar. AFRICA: 1652. Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. AFRICA: 1662. British African Company chartered by Charles II. and fort built on the Gambia. AFRICA: 1664-1684. Wars of France with the Algerines. AFRICA: 1681-1683. Brandenburg African Company formed by the Great Elector ; settlements established and trade opened on the western coast. AFRICA: 1694-1724. Explorations of the River Senegal and interior by André Brue, the French governor, for the Royal Senegal Company. AFRICA: 1698. Arab conquests from the Portuguese on the eastern coast, breaking their ascendancy. AFRICA: 1702-1717. Captivity of Robert Drury in Madagascar. AFRICA: 1723. Exploration of the Gambia by Captain Bartholomew Stibbs, for the English Royal African Company. AFRICA: 1736. Moravian Mission planted on the Gold Coast. AFRICA: 1737. Moravian Mission planted by George Schmidt among the Hottentots; suppressed by the Dutch government in 1744, and revived in 1792. AFRICA: 1754. Substantial beginning of the domination in Madagascar of the Hovas, a people of Malay origin. AFRICA: 1758. British conquest of the French establishments on the Senegal. AFRICA: 1761-1762. Dutch expedition from Cape Colony beyond the Orange River into Namaqualand. AFRICA: 1768-1763. Journey of James Bruce to the fountains of the Blue Nile in Abyssinia. AFRICA: 1774. Founding of a French colony in Madagascar by Count Benyowsky. AFRICA: 1775-1776. Explorations of Andrew Sparrman from Cape Town to Great Fish River. AFRICA: 1778. Cession by Portugal to Spain of the island of Fernando Po. AFRICA: 1779. Recovery of Senegal from the English by the French. AFRICA: 1781-1785. Travels of M. Le Vaillant from the Cape of Good Hope into the interior of South Africa, among the Hottentots and Kafirs. AFRICA: 1787. Founding of the English settlement for freed slaves at Sierra Leone. AFRICA: 1788. Formation of the African Association in England, under the presidency of Sir Joseph Banks, for systematic exploration in the interest of geographical science. AFRICA: 1789-1794. Fruitless attempts by agents of the African Association to reach the Niger and Timbuctoo from the west coast and from the Nile. AFRICA: 1795. The Cape Colony taken from the Dutch by the English. AFRICA: 1795-1797. The first exploring journey of Mungo Park, in the service of the African Association, from the Gambia, penetrating to the Niger, at Sego. AFRICA: 1798. Mission of Dr. John Vanderkemp to the Kafirs, with the support of the London Missionary Society. AFRICA: 1798. Journey of the Portuguese Dr. Lacerda from the Lower Zambesi to the kingdom of Cazembe, on Lake Moero. AFRICA: 1800. Unsuccessful attempts of the Dutch Missionary Society in Cape Town among the Bechuanas. AFRICA: 1801-1805. War of the United States with the pirates of Tripoli. AFRICA: 1802-1806. Restoration of Cape Colony to the Dutch and its reconquest by the English. AFRICA: 1802-1811. Journey of the Pombeiros, Baptista and Jose (negroes) across the continent from Angola to Tete, on the Zambesi River. AFRICA: 1804. Founding of the Church of England Mission in Sierra Leone. AFRICA: 1805. Second expedition of Mungo Park from the Gambia to the Niger, from which he never returned. AFRICA: 1805. Travels of Dr. Lichtenstein in Bechuanaland. AFRICA: 1806. Missionary journey of Christian and William Albrecht beyond the Orange River. AFRICA: 1809. Second conquest of Senegal by the English. AFRICA: 1810. Missions in Great Namaqualand and Damaraland begun by the London Missionary Society. AFRICA: 1812. Exploration of the Orange River and the headwaters of the Limpopo by Campbell, the missionary. AFRICA: 1812-1815. Journey of Burckhardt under the auspices of the African Association, up the Nile, through Nubia, to Berbera, Shendy, and Suakin; thence through Jidda to Mecca, in the character of a Mussulman. AFRICA: 1815. Senegal restored to France by the Treaty of Paris. AFRICA: 1815. War of the United States with the piratical Algerines. AFRICA: 1815. Shipwreck and enslavement of Captain James Riley in Morocco. AFRICA: 1816. Bombardment of Algiers by a British fleet under Lord Exmouth. AFRICA: 1816-1818. Fatal and fruitless attempts of Tuckey, Peddie, Campbell, Gray and Dochard to explore the lower course and determine the outlet of the Niger. {3671} AFRICA: 1818. Mission in Madagascar undertaken by the London Missionary Society. AFRICA: 1818. Beginning, on the Orange River, of the missionary labors of Robert Moffat in South Africa. AFRICA: 1818. Exploration of the sources of the Gambia by Gaspard Mollien, from Fort St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal. AFRICA: 1818-1820. Exploration of Fezzan to Its southern limit, from Tripoli, by Captain Lyon. AFRICA: 1820. First Wesleyan Mission founded in Kafirland. AFRICA: 1820. Treaty abolishing the slave-trade in Madagascar. AFRICA: 1821. Mission-work in Kaffraria undertaken by the Glasgow Missionary Society. AFRICA: 1822. Founding of the republic of Liberia by the American Colonization Society. AFRICA: 1822. Official journey of Lieutenant Laing from Sierra Leone in the Timannee, Kooranko and Soolima countries. AFRICA: 1822-1825. Expedition of Captain Clapperton, Dr. Oudney, and Colonel Denham, from Tripoli to Lake Tchad and beyond. AFRICA: 1825-1826. Expedition of Major Laing, in the service of the British Government, from Tripoli, through the desert, to Timbuctoo, which he reached, and where he remained for a month. Two days after leaving the city he was murdered. AFRICA: 1825-1827. Expedition of Captain Clapperton from the Bight of Benin to Sokoto. AFRICA: 1827. Moravian Mission settled in the Tambookie territory, South Africa. AFRICA: 1827. Journey of Linant de Bellefonds, for the African Association, up the White Nile to 18° 6' north latitude. AFRICA: 1827-1828. Journey of Caillé from a point on the west coast, between Sierra Leone and the Gambia, to Jenna and Timbuctoo; thence to Fez and Tangier. AFRICA: 1828. Undertakings of the Basle Missionary Society on the Gold Coast. AFRICA: 1830-1831. Exploration of the Niger to the sea by Richard and John Lender, solving the question as to its mouth. AFRICA: 1830-1846. French conquest and subjugation of Algiers. AFRICA: 1831. Portuguese mission of Major Monteiro and Captain Gamitto to the court of Muata Cazembe. AFRICA: 1831. Absorption of the African Association by the Royal Geographical Society of London. AFRICA: 1832-1834. First commercial exploration of the lower Niger, from its mouth, by Macgregor Laird, with two steamers. AFRICA: 1833. Mission in Basutoland established by the Evangelical Missionary Society of Paris. AFRICA: 1834. Beginning of missionary labors under the American Board of Missions in South Africa. AFRICA: 1834. Mission founded at Cape Palmas on the western coast, by the American Board for Foreign Missions. AFRICA: 1834. The Great Trek of the Dutch Boers from Cape Colony and their founding of the republic of Natal. AFRICA: 1835. Mission among the Zulus established by the American Board of Foreign Missions. AFRICA: 1835-1849. Persecution of Christians in Madagascar. AFRICA: 1836-1837. Explorations of Captain Sir James E. Alexander in the countries of the Great Namaquas, the Bushmen and the Hill Damaras. AFRICA: 1839-1811. Egyptian expeditions sent by Mehemet Ali up the White Nile to latitude 6° 35' North; accompanied and narrated in part by Ferdinand Werne. AFRICA: 1839-1843. Missionary residence of Dr. Krapf in the kingdom of Shoa, in the Ethiopian highlands. AFRICA: 1840. Arrival of Dr. Livingstone in South Africa as a missionary. AFRICA: 1841. Expedition of Captains Trotter and Allen, sent by the British Government to treat with tribes on the Niger for the opening of commerce and the suppression of the slave trade. AFRICA: 1842. Travels of Dr. Charles Johnston in Southern Abyssinia. AFRICA: 1842. Gaboon Mission, on the western coast near the equator, founded by the American Board of Foreign Missions. AFRICA: 1842. The Rhenish Mission established by German missionaries at Bethanien in Namaqualand. AFRICA: 1842. Wesleyan and Norwegian Missions opened in Natal. AFRICA: 1842-1862. French occupation of territory on the Gaboon and the Ogowé. AFRICA: 1843. British annexation of Natal, and migration of the Boers to found the Orange Free State. AFRICA: 1843. Exploration of the Senegal and the Falémé by Huard-Bessinières and Raffenel. AFRICA: 1843-1845. Travels and residence of Mr. Parkyns in Abyssinia. AFRICA: 1843-1848. Hunting journeys of Gordon Cumming in South Africa. AFRICA: 1844. Mission founded by Dr. Krapf at Mombassa, on the Zanzibar coast. AFRICA: 1845. Duncan's journey for the Royal Geographical Society from Whydah, via Abome, to Adofudia. AFRICA: 1845. Mission to the Cameroons established by the Baptist Missionary Society of England. AFRICA: 1846. Unsuccessful attempt of Raffenel to cross Africa from Senegal to the Nile, through the Sudan. AFRICA: 1846. Mission of Samuel Crowther (afterwards Bishop of the Niger), a native and a liberated slave, to the Yoruba country. AFRICA: 1846. Mission on Old Calabar River founded by the United Presbyterian Church in Jamaica. AFRICA: 1847-1849. Interior explorations of the German missionaries Dr. Krapf and Mr. Rebmann, from Mombassa on the Zanzibar coast. AFRICA: 1848. Founding of the Transvaal Republic by the Boers. AFRICA: 1849. Missionary journey of David Livingstone northward from the country of the Bechuanas, and his discovery of Lake Ngami. AFRICA: 1849-1851. Journey of Ladislaus Magyar from Benguela to the kingdoms of Bihe and Moluwa on the interior table-land, and across the upper end of the Zambesi valley. AFRICA: 1850. Sale of Danish forts at Quetta, Adds, and Fingo, on the western coast, to Great Britain. AFRICA: 1850-1851. Travels of Andersson and Galton from Walfish Bay to Ovampo-land and Lake Ngami. AFRICA: 1850-1855. Travels of Dr. Barth from Tripoli to Lake Tchad, Sokoto and the Upper Niger to Timbuctoo, where he was detained for nine months. AFRICA: 1851. Discovery of the Zambesi by Dr. Livingstone. {3672} AFRICA: 1852-1863. Hunting and trading journeys of Mr. Chapman in South Africa, between Natal and Walfish Bay and to Lake Ngami and the Zambesi. AFRICA: 1853. Founding of the Diocese of Natal by the English Church and appointment of Dr. Colenso to be its bishop. AFRICA: 1853-1856. Journey of Dr. Livingstone from Linyanti, the Makololo capital, up the Zambesi and across to the western coast, at St. Paul de Loando, thence returning entirely across the continent, down the Zambesi to Quilimane at its mouth, discovering the Victoria Falls on his way. AFRICA: 1853-1858. Ivory-seeking expeditions of John Petherick, up the Bahr-el-Ghazel. AFRICA: 1853-1859. Roman Catholic mission established at Gondokoro, on the Upper Nile. AFRICA: 1854. Exploration of the Somali country—the eastern horn of Africa —by Captains Burton and Speke. AFRICA: 1855. Beginning of attempts by the French governor of Senegal, General Faidherbe, to carry the flag of France into the Western Sudan. AFRICA: 1856-1859. Journeys of Du Chaillu in the western equatorial regions, on the Gaboon and the Ogobai. AFRICA: 1857-1858. Expedition of Captains Burton and Speke, from Zanzibar, through Uzaramo, Usagara, Ugogo, and Unyamwezi, to Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika—making the first European discovery of the lake; returning to Kazé, and thence continued by Speke alone, during Burton's illness, to the discovery of Lake Victoria Nyanza. AFRICA: 1858. Journey of Andersson from Walfish Bay to the Okavango River. AFRICA: 1858. English mission station founded at Victoria on the Cameroons coast. AFRICA: 1858-1863. Expedition of Dr. Livingstone, in the service of the British Government, exploring the Shiré and the Rovuma, and discovering and exploring Lake Nyassa—said, however, to have been known previously to the Portuguese. AFRICA: 1860-1861. Journey of Baron von Decken from Mombassa on the Zanzibar coast, to Kilimanjaro mountain. AFRICA: 1860-1862. Return of Speke, with Captain Grant, from Zanzibar to Lake Victoria Nyanza, visiting Karagwe, and Uganda, and reaching the outlet of the Nile; thence through Unyoro to Gondokoro, and homeward by the Nile. AFRICA: 1861. Establishment of the Universities Mission by Bishop Mackenzie on the Upper Shiré. AFRICA: 1861-1862. English acquisition of the town and kingdom of Lagos on the Bight of Benin by cession from the native ruler. AFRICA: 1861-1862. Sir Samuel Baker's exploration of the Abyssinian tributaries of the Nile. AFRICA: 1861-1862. Journey of Captain Burton from Lagos, on the western coast, to Abeokuta, the capital of the Akus, in Yoruba, and to the Camaroons Mountains. AFRICA: 1861-1862. Journey of Mr. Baines from Walfish Bay to Lake Ngami and Victoria Falls. AFRICA: 1862. Resumption of the Christian Mission in Madagascar, long suppressed. AFRICA: 1862-1867. Travels of Dr. Rohlfs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunis, and exploring journey from the Gulf of the Syrtes to the Gulf of Guinea. AFRICA: 1863. Travels of Winwood Reade on the western coast. AFRICA: 1863. Incorporation of a large part of Kaffraria with Cape Colony. AFRICA: 1863. Second visit of Du Chaillu to the western equatorial region and journey to Ashangoland. AFRICA: 1863-1864. Official mission of Captain Burton to the King of Dahomey. AFRICA: 1863-1864. Exploration of the Bahr-el-Ghazel from Khartoum by the wealthy Dutch heiress, Miss Tinné, and her party. AFRICA: 1863-1865. Expedition by Sir Samuel Baker and his wife up the White Nile from Khartoum, resulting in the discovery of Lake Albert Nyanza, as one of its sources. AFRICA: 1864. Mission of Lieutenant mage and Dr. Quintin, sent by General Faidherbe from Senegal to the king of Segou, in the Sudan. AFRICA: 1866. Founding of a Norwegian mission in Madagascar. AFRICA: 1866-1873. Last journey of Dr. Livingstone, from the Rovuma River, on the eastern coast, to Lake Nyassa; thence to Lake Tanganyika, Lake Moero, Lake Bangweolo, and the Lualaba River, which he suspected of flowing into the Albert Nyanza, and being the ultimate fountain head of the Nile. In November, 1871, Livingstone was found at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, by Henry M. Stanley, lender of an expedition sent in search of him. Declining to quit the country with Stanley, and pursuing his exploration of the Lualaba, Livingstone died May 1, 1873, on Lake Bangweolo. AFRICA: 1867. Mission founded in Madagascar by the Society of Friends. AFRICA: 1867-1868. British expedition to Abyssinia for the rescue of captives; overthrow and death of King Theodore. AFRICA: 1868. British annexation of Basutoland in South Africa. AFRICA: 1869. Christianity established as the state religion in Madagascar. AFRICA: 1869. Fatal expedition of Miss Tinné from Tripoli into the desert, where she was murdered by her own escort. AFRICA: 1869-1871. Explorations of Dr. Schweinfurth between the Bahr-el-Ghazel and the Upper Congo, discovering the Wellé River. AFRICA: 1869-1873. Expedition of Dr. Nachtigal from Tripoli through Kuka, Tibesti, Borku, Wadai, Darfur, and Kordofan, to the Nile. AFRICA: 1870-1873. Official expedition of Sir Samuel Baker, in the service of the Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha, to annex Gondokoro, then named Ismalia, and to suppress the slave-trade in the Egyptian Sudan, or Equatoria. AFRICA: 1871. Transfer of the rights of Holland on the Gold Coast to Great Britain. AFRICA: 1871. Annexation of Griqualand West to Cape Colony. AFRICA: 1871. Scientific tour of Sir Joseph D. Hooker and Mr. Ball in Morocco and the Great Atlas. AFRICA: 1871. Missionary journey of Mr. Charles New in the Masai country and ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro. AFRICA: 1871-1880. Hunting journeys of Mr. Selous in South Africa, beyond the Zambesi. AFRICA: 1872-1875. Travels of the naturalist, Reinhold Buchholz, on the Guinea coast. AFRICA: 1872-1879. Trave]s of Dr. Holub between the South African diamond fields and the Zambesi. AFRICA: 1873-1875. Expedition of Captain V. L. Cameron, from Zanzibar to Lake Tanganyika, and exploration of the Lake; thence to Nyangwe on the Lnalaba, and thence across the continent, through Ulunda, to the Portuguese settlement at Benguela, on the Atlantic coast. {3673} AFRICA: 1873-1875. Travels of the naturalist, Frank Oates, from Cape Colony to the Victoria Falls. AFRICA: 1873-1876. Explorations of Güsfeldt, Falkenstein and Pechuel-Loesche, under the auspices of the German African Association, from the Loango coast, north of the Congo. AFRICA: 1874. British expedition against the Ashantees, destroying their principal town Coomassie. AFRICA: 1874. Mission of Colonel Chaillé-Long from General Gordon, at Gondokoro, on the Nile, to M'tesé, king of Uganda, discovering Lake Ibrahim on his return, and completing the work of Speke and Baker, in the continuous tracing of the course of the Nile from the Victoria Nyanza. AFRICA: 1874-1875. Expedition of Colonel C. Chaillé-Long to Lake Victoria Nyanza and the Makraka Niam-Niam country, in the Egyptian service. AFRICA: 1874-1876. First administration of General Gordon, commissioned by the Khedive as Governor of Equatoria. AFRICA: 1874-1876. Occupation and exploration of Darfur and Kordofan by the Egyptians, under Colonels Purdy, Mason, Prout and Colston. AFRICA: 1874-1877. Expedition of Henry M. Stanley, fitted out by the proprietors of the New York Herald and the London Daily Telegraph, which crossed the continent from Zanzibar to the mouth of the Congo River; making a prolonged stay in the empire of Uganda and acquiring much knowledge of it; circumnavigating Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika, and exploring the then mysterious great Congo River throughout its length. AFRICA: 1874-1877. Explorations of Dr. Junker in Upper Nubia and in the basin of the Bahr-el-Ghazel. AFRICA: 1875. Expedition of Dr. Pogge, for the German African Association, from the west coast, south of the Congo, in the Congo basin, penetrating to Kawende, beyond the Ruru or Lulua River, capital of the Muata Yanvo, who rules a kingdom as large as Germany. AFRICA: 1875. Expedition of Colonel Chaillé-Long into the country of the Makraka Niam-Niams. AFRICA: 1875. Founding by Scottish subscribers of the mission station called Livingstonia, at Cape Maclear, on the southern shores of Lake Nyassa; headquarters of the mission removed in 1881 to Bandawé, on the same lake. AFRICA: 1875. Mission founded at Blantyre, in the highlands above the Shiré, by the Established Church of Scotland. AFRICA: 1875-1876. Seizure of Berbera and the region of the Juba River, on the Somali Coast, by Colonel Chaillé-Long, for the Khedive of Egypt, and their speedy evacuation, on the remonstrance of England. AFRICA: 1876. Conference at Brussels and formation of the International African Association, under the presidency of the king of the Belgians, for the exploration and civilization of Africa. AFRICA: 1876. Voyage of Romolo Gessi around Lake Albert Nyanza. AFRICA: 1876. Mission in Uganda established by the Church Missionary Society of England. AFRICA: 1876-1878. Scientific explorations of Dr. Schweinfurth in the Arabian Desert between the Nile and the Red Sea. AFRICA: 1876-1880. Explorations and French annexations by Svorgnan de Brazza between the Ogowé and the Congo. AFRICA: 1877. The Livingstone Inland Mission, for Christian work in the Congo valley, established by the East London Institute for Home and Foreign Missions. AFRICA: 1877-1879. Second administration of General Gordon, as Governor-General of the Sudan, Darfur and the Equatorial Provinces. AFRICA: 1877-1879. War of the British in South Africa with the Zulus, and practical subjugation of that nation. AFRICA: 1877-1879. Journey of Serpa Pinto across the continent from Benguela via the Zambesi. AFRICA: 1877-1880. Explorations of the Portuguese officers, Capello and Ivens, in western and central Africa, from Benguela to the territory of Yacca, for the survey of the river Cuango in its relations to the hydrographic basins of the Congo and the Zambesi. AFRICA: 1878. Founding in Glasgow of the African Lakes Company, or The Livingstone Central Africa Company, for trade on Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika; by which company the Stevenson Road was subsequently built between the two lakes above named. AFRICA: 1878. Walfish Bay and fifteen miles around it (on the western coast, in Namaqualand) declared British territory. AFRICA: 1878. Journey of Paul Soleillet from Saint-Louis to Segou. AFRICA: 1878-1880. Royal Geographical Society's East Central African expedition, under Joseph Thomson, to the Central African lakes, Tanganyika, Nyassa and Leopold, from Zanzibar. AFRICA: 1879. Establishment, by the Belgian International Society, of a station at Karema, on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. AFRICA: 1879. Formation of the International Congo Association and the engagement of Mr. Stanley in its service. AFRICA: 1879. Missionary expeditions to the Upper Congo region by the Livingstone Inland Mission and the Baptist Missionary Society. AFRICA: 1879. Journey of Mr. Stewart, of the Livingstonia Mission, on Lake Nyassa, from that lake to Lake Tanganyika. AFRICA: 1879. Discovery of the sources of the Niger, in the hills about 200 miles east of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, by the French explorers, Zweifel and Moustier. AFRICA: 1879-1880. Journey of Dr. Oskar Lenz, under the auspices of the German African Society, from Morocco to Timbuctoo, and thence to the Atlantic coast in Senegambia. The fact that the Sahara is generally above the sea-level, and cannot therefore be flooded, was determined by Dr. Lenz. AFRICA: 1879-1881. Expedition of Dr. Buchner from Loanda to Kawende and the kingdom of the Muata Yanvo, where six months were spent in vain efforts to procure permission to proceed further into the interior. AFRICA: 1880. Mission established by the American Board of Foreign Missions in the region of Bihé and the Coanza, or Quanza, south of the Congo. AFRICA: 1880-1881. War of the British with the Boers of the Transvaal. AFRICA: 1880-1881. Official mission of the German explorer, Gerhard Rohlfs, accompanied by Dr. Stecker, to Abyssinia. {3674} AFRICA: 1880-1884. Campaigns of Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes in Upper Senegal, capturing Bamakou and extending French supremacy to the Niger. AFRICA: 1880-1884. German East African Expedition, under Kaiser, Böhm, and Reichard, to explore, in the Congo Basin, the region between the Lualaba and the Luapula. AFRICA: 1880-1886. Explorations of Dr. Junker in the country of the Niam-Niam, seeking to determine the course and the outlet of the great river Wellé, and his journey from the Equatorial Province held by Emin Pasha against the Mahdl, through Unyoro and Uganda, to Zanzibar. AFRICA: 1880-1889. Journey of Captain Casati, as correspondent of the Italian geographical review, L' Exploratore, from Suakin, on the Red Sea, into the district of the Mombuttu, west of Lake Albert, and the country of the Niam-Niam; in which travels he was arrested by the revolt of the Mahdi and forced to remain with Emin Pasha until rescued with the latter by Stanley, in 1889. AFRICA: 1881. French Protectorate extended over Tunis. AFRICA: 1881. Portuguese expedition of Captain Andrada from Senna on the Zambesi River to the old gold mines of Manica. AFRICA: 1881. Journey of F. L. and W. D. James from Suakin, on the Red Sea, through the Base country, in the Egyptian Sudan. AFRICA: 1881. Founding of a mission on the Congo, at Stanley Pool, by the Baptist Missionary Society of England. AFRICA: 1881-1884. Expedition of Dr. Pogge and Lieutenant Wissmann to Nyangwe on the Lualaba, from which point Lieutenant Wissmann pursued the journey to Zanzibar, crossing the continent, while Dr. Pogge, returning, died soon after his arrival at St. Paul de Loanda. AFRICA: 1881-1885. Revolt of the Mahdl in the Sudan; the mission of General Gordon to Khartoum to effect the evacuation of the country; his beleaguerment there by the Mahdists; the unsuccessful expedition from England to rescue him; the fall of the city and his death. AFRICA: 1881-1887. French protectorate established over territory on the Upper Niger and Upper Senegal. AFRICA: 1882. Italian occupation of Abyssinian territory on the Bay of Assab. AFRICA: 1882. Formation in England of the National African Company for the development of trade in the region of the Niger. AFRICA: 1882. Missionary visit to the Masal people by Mr. J. T. Last. AFRICA: 1882-1883. German scientific expedition, under Dr. Böhm and Herr Reichard, to Lakes Tanganyika and Moero. AFRICA: 1882-1883. Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston on the Congo. AFRICA: 1882-1885. Mr. Stutfield's travels through Morocco. AFRICA: 1883. German acquisition of territory on Angra Pequeña Bay, in Great Namaqualand. AFRICA: 1883. Exploration of Masailand by Dr. Fischer, under the auspices of the Hamburg Geographical Society. AFRICA: 1883. Explorations of Lieutenant Giraud in East Central Africa, descending for some distance the Luapula, which flows out of Lake Bangweolo, but driven back by hostile natives. AFRICA: 1883. Geological and botanical investigation of the basins of Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika, by Mr. Henry Drummond, for the African Lakes Company. AFRICA: 1883. Journey of Mr. O'Neill to Lake Shirwa and the sources of the Lujenda. AFRICA: 1883. Journey of Mr. Révoil in the South Somali country to the Upper Jub. AFRICA: 1883-1884. Explorations of Mr. Joseph Thomson from Mombassa, through Masailand, to the northeast corner of the Victoria Nyanza, under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society. AFRICA: 1883-1885. War of the French with the Hovas of Madagascar, resulting in the establishment of a French Protectorate over the island. AFRICA: 1883-1885. Exploration of Lieutenant Giraud in the lake region—Lake Nyassa to Lake Bangweolo, Lake Moero and Lake Tanganyika. AFRICA: 1883-1886. Austrian expedition, under Dr. Holub, from Cape Colony, through the Boer states, Bechuanaland and Matabeleland to the Zambesi, and beyond, to the borders of the Mashukulumbe territory, where the party was attacked, plundered, and driven back. AFRICA: 1884. Annexation by Germany of the whole western coast (except Walfish Bay) between the Portuguese Possessions and those of the British in South Africa. AFRICA: 1884. German occupation of territory on the Cameroons River, under treaties with the native chiefs. English treaties securing contiguous territory to and including the delta of the Niger. AFRICA: 1884. German Protectorate over Togoland on the Gold Coast declared. AFRICA: 1884. Expedition of Dr. Peters, representing the Society of German Colonization, to the coast region of Zanzibar, and his negotiation of treaties with ten native chiefs, ceding the sovereignty of their dominions. AFRICA: 1884. Crown colony of British Bechuanaland acquired by convention with the South African Republic. AFRICA: 1884. Portuguese Government expedition, under Major Carvalho, from Loanda to the Central African potentate called the Muata Yanvo. AFRICA: 1884. Exploration of the Benué and the whole region of the Adamawa, by Herr Flegel, for the German African Society. AFRICA: 1884. Scientific expedition of Mr. H. H. Johnston to Kilimanjaro mountain, sent by the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the Royal Society. AFRICA: 1884. Discovery of the M'bangi or Ubangi River (afterwards identified with the Wellé—see below, 1887), by Captain Hansens and Lieutenant Van Gèle. AFRICA: 1884. Exploration of Reichard in the southeastern part of the Congo State. AFRICA: 1884-1885. The Berlin Conference of Powers, held to determine the limits of territory conceded to the International Congo Association; to establish freedom of trade within that territory, and to formulate rules for regulating in future the acquisition of African territory. AFRICA: 1884-1885. Journey of Mr. Walter M. Kerr from Cape Colony, across the Zambesi, to Lake Nyassa, and down the Shiré River to the coast. AFRICA: 1884-1885. Travels of Mr. F. L. James and party in the Somali country. AFRICA: 1884-1887. Exploration by Dr. Schinz of the newly acquired German territories in southwest Africa. AFRICA: 1885. Transfer of the rights of the Society of German Colonization to the German East Africa Company, and extension of imperial protection to the territories claimed by the Company. German acquisition of Witu, north of Zanzibar. {3675} AFRICA: 1885. Agreement between Germany and France, defining their respective spheres of influence on the Bight or Biafra, on the slave coast and in Senegambia. AFRICA: 1885. Transformation of the Congo Association into the Independent State of the Congo, with King Leopold of Belgium as its sovereign. AFRICA: 1885. British Protectorate extended to the Zambesi, over the country west of the Portuguese province of Sofala, to the 20th degree of east longitude. AFRICA: 1885. British Protectorate extended over the remainder of Bechuanaland. AFRICA: 1885. Italian occupation of Massowa, on the Red Sea. AFRICA: 1885. Mission of Mr. Joseph Thomson, for the National African Company, up the Niger, to Sokoto and Gando, securing treaties with the sultans under which the company acquired paramount rights. AFRICA: 1885-1888. Mission of M. Borelli to the kingdom of Shoa (Southern Ethiopia) and south of it. AFRICA: 1885-1889. When, after the fall of Khartoum and the death of General Gordon, in 1885, the Sudan was abandoned to the Mahdi and the fanatical Mohammedans of the interior, Dr. Edward Schnitzer, better known as Emin Pasha, who had been in command, under Gordon, of the province of the Equator, extending up to Lake Albert, was cut off for six years from communication with the civilized world. In 1887 an expedition to rescue him and his command was sent out under Henry M. Stanley. It entered the continent from the west, made its way up the Congo and the Aruwimi to Yambuya; thence through the unexplored region to Lake Albert Nyanza and into communication with Emin Pasha; then returning to Yambuya for the rearguard which had been left there; again traversing the savage land to Lake Albert, and passing from there, with Emin and his companions, by way of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza (then ascertained to be the ultimate reservoir of the Nile system) around the southern extremity of the Victoria Nyanza, to Zanzibar, which was reached at the end of 1889. AFRICA: 1886. Settlement between Great Britain and Germany of the coast territory to be left under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar, and of the spheres of influence to be appropriated respectively by themselves, between the lakes and the eastern coast, north of the Portuguese possessions. AFRICA: 1886. Agreement between France and Portugal defining limits of territory in Senegambia and at the mouth of the Congo. AFRICA: 1886. Transformation of the National African Company into the British Royal Niger Company, with a charter giving powers of administration over a large domain on the River Niger. AFRICA: 1886. Mission station founded by Mr. Arnot at Bunkeya, in the southeastern part of the Congo State. AFRICA: 1886-1887. Journey of Lieutenant Wissmann across the continent, from Luluaburg, a station of the Congo Association, in the dominion of Muata Yanvo, to Nyangwe, on the Lualaba, and thence to Zanzibar. AFRICA: 1886-1889. Expeditions of Dr. Zintgraff in the Cameroons interior and to the Benue, for the bringing of the country under German influence. AFRICA: 1887. Annexation of Zululand, partly to the Transvaal, or South African Republic, and the remainder to the British possessions. AFRICA: 1887. French gunboats launched on the Upper Niger, making a reconnoissance nearly to Timbuctoo. AFRICA: 1887. Identity of the Wellé River with the M'bangi or Ubangi established by Captain Van Gèle and Lieutenant Liénart. AFRICA: 1887. First ascent of Kilimanjaro by Dr. Hans Meyer. AFRICA: 1887-1889. Exploration by Captain Ringer of the region between the great bend of the Niger and the countries of the Gold Coast. AFRICA: 1887-1890. Expedition of Count Teleki through Masailand, having for its most important result the discovery of the Basso-Narok, or Black Lake, to which the discoverer gave the name of Lake Rudolf, and Lake Stefanie. AFRICA: 1888. Chartering of the Imperial British East Africa Company, under concessions granted by the sultan of Zanzibar and by native chiefs, with powers of administration over a region defined ultimately as extending from the river Umba northward to the river Jub, and inland to and across Lake Victoria near its middle to the eastern boundary of the Congo Free State. AFRICA: 1888. British supremacy over Matabeleland secured by treaty with its King Lobengula. AFRICA: 1888. British Protectorate extended over Amatongaland. AFRICA: 1888. Ascent of Mt. Kilimanjaro by Mr. Ehlers and Dr. Abbott; also by Dr. Hans Meyer. AFRICA: 1888. Travels of Joseph Thomson in the Atlas and southern Morocco. AFRICA: 1889. Royal charter granted to the British South Africa Company, with rights and powers in the region called Zambesia north of British Bechuanaland and the South African Republic, and between the Portuguese territory on the east and the German territory on the west. AFRICA: 1889. Will of King Leopold, making Belgium heir to the sovereign rights of the Congo Free State. AFRICA: 1889. Protectorate of Italy over Abyssinia acknowledged by the Negus. AFRICA: 1889. Portuguese Roman Catholic Mission established on the south shore of Lake Nyassa. Portuguese exploration under Serpa Pinto in the Lake Nyassa region, with designs of occupancy frustrated by the British. AFRICA: 1889. Journey of M. Crampel from the Ogowé to the Likuala tributary of the Congo, and return directly westward to the coast. AFRICA: 1889. Dr. Wolf's exploration of the southeast Niger basin, where be met his death. AFRICA: 1889. Major Macdonald's exploration of the Benue, sometimes called the Tchadda (a branch of the Niger), and of its tributary the Kebbi. AFRICA: 1889. Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston north of Lake Nyassa and to Lake Leopold. AFRICA: 1889. Journey of Mr. Sharpe through the country lying between the Shiré and Loangwa Rivers. AFRICA: 1889. Mr. Pigott's journey to the Upper Tana, in the service of the Imperial British East Africa Company. AFRICA: 1889-1890. British Protectorate declared over Nyassaland and the Shiré Highlands. {3676} AFRICA: 1889-1890. Italian Protectorate established over territory on the eastern (oceanic) Somali coast, from the Gulf of Aden to the Jub River. AFRICA: 1889-1890. Imperial British East Africa Company's expedition, under Jackson and Gedge, for the exploring of a new road to the Victoria Nyanza and Uganda. AFRICA: 1889-1890. Captain Lugard's exploration of the river Sabakhi for the Imperial British East Africa Company. AFRICA: 1889-1890. Journey of Lieutenant Morgen from the Cameroons, on the western coast to the Benue. AFRICA: 1889-1890. French explorations in Madagascar by Dr. Catat and MM. Maistre and Foucart. AFRICA: 1890. Anglo-German Convention, defining boundaries of the territories and spheres of influence respectively claimed by the two powers; Germany withdrawing from Vitu, and from all the eastern mainland coast north of the river Tana, and conceding a British Protectorate over Zanzibar, in exchange for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea. AFRICA: 1890. French sphere of influence extending over the Sahara and the Sudan, from Algeria to Lake Tchad and to Say on the Niger, recognized by Great Britain. AFRICA: 1890. Exploration of the river Sangha, an important northern tributary of the Congo, by M. Cholet. AFRICA: 1890. Exploring journey of M. Hodister, agent of the Upper Congo Company, up the Lomami river and across country to the Lualaba, at Nyangwe. AFRICA: 1890. Journey of Mr. Garrett in the interior of Sierra Leone to the upper waters of the Niger. AFRICA: 1890. Journey of Dr. Fleck from the western coast across the Kalihari to Lake Ngami. AFRICA: 1890-1891. Italian possessions in the Red Sea united in the colony of Eritrea. AFRICA: 1890-1891. Mission of Captain Lugard to Uganda and signature of a treaty by its king acknowledging the supremacy of the British East Africa Company. AFRICA: 1890-1891. Exploration by M. Paul Crampel of the central region between the French territories on the Congo and Lake Tchad, ending in the murder of M. Crampel and several of his companions. AFRICA: 1890-1891. Journey of Mr. Sharpe from Mandala, in the Shiré Highlands, to Garenganze, the empire founded by an African adventurer, Mshidi, in the Katanga copper country, between Lake Moero and the Luapula river on the east, and the Lualaba on the west. AFRICA: 1890-1891. Journey of Lieutenant Mizon from the Niger to the Congo. AFRICA: 1890-1891. Journey of Captain Becker from Yambuya, on the Aruwimi, north-northwest to the Wellé. AFRICA: 1890-1892. Italian explorations in the Somali countries by Signor Robecchi, Lieutenant Baudi di Vesme, Prince Ruspoli, and Captains Bottego and Grixoni. AFRICA: 1890-1893. Expedition of Dr. Stuhlmann, with Emin Pasha, from Bagamoyo, via the Victoria Nyanza and the Albert Edward, to the plateau west of the Albert Nyanza. From this point Dr. Stuhlmann returned, while Emin pursued his way, intending it is said, to reach Kibonge, on the right bank of the Congo, south of Stanley Falls. He was murdered at Kinena, 150 miles northeast of Kibonge, by the order of an Arab chief. AFRICA: 1891. Extension of the British Protectorate of Lagos over the neighboring districts of Addo, Igbessa, and Ilaro, which form the western boundary of Yoruba. AFRICA: 1891. Treaty between Great Britain and Portugal defining their possessions; conceding to the former an interior extension of her South African dominion up to the southern boundary of the Congo Free State, and securing to the latter defined territories on the Lower Zambesi, the Lower Shiré, and the Nyassa, as well as the large block of her possessions on the western coast. AFRICA: 1891. Convention between Portugal and the Congo Free State for the division of the disputed district of Lunda. AFRICA: 1891. Convention of the Congo Free State with the Katanga Company, an international syndicate, giving the Company preferential rights over reputed mines in Katanga and Urua, with a third of the public domain, provided it established an effective occupation within three years. AFRICA: 1891. French annexation of the Gold Coast between Liberia and the Grand Bassam. AFRICA: 1891. Opening of the Royal Trans-African Railway, in West Africa, from Loanda to Ambaca, 140 miles. AFRICA: 1891. Survey of a railway route from the eastern coast to Victoria Lake by the Imperial British East Africa Company. AFRICA: 1891. Exploration of the Jub River, in the Somali country, by Commander Dundas. AFRICA: 1891. Exploration by Captain Dundas, from the eastern coast, up the river Tana to Mount Kenia. AFRICA: 1891. Mr. Bent's exploration of the ruined cities of Mashonaland. AFRICA: 1891. Journey of M. Maistre from the Congo to the Shari. AFRICA: 1891. Journeys of Captain Gallwey in the Benin country, West Africa. AFRICA: 1891. Mission established by the Berlin Missionary Society in the Konde country, at the northern end of Lake Nyassa. AFRICA: 1891-1892. Incorporation of the African Lakes Company with the British South Africa Company. Organization of the administration of Northern Zambesia and Nyassaland. AFRICA: 1891-1892. Expedition of the Katanga Company, under Captain Stairs, from Bagamoyo to Lake Tanganyika, thence through the country at the head of the most southern affluents of the Congo, the Lualaba and the Luapula. AFRICA: 1891-1892. Belgian expeditions under Captain Bia and others to explore the southeastern portion of the Congo Basin, on behalf of the Katanga Company, resulting in the determination of the fact that the Lukuga River is an outlet of Lake Tanganyika. AFRICA: 1891-1892. Journey of Dr. James Johnston across the continent, from Benguela to the mouth of the Zambesi, through Bihe, Ganguela, Barotse, the Kalihari Desert, Mashonaland, Manica, Gorongoza, Nyassa, and the Shiré Highlands. AFRICA: 1891-1892. Expedition of Mr. Joseph Thomson, for the British South Africa Company, from Kilimane or Quillimane on the eastern coast to Lake Bangweolo. {3677} AFRICA: 1891-1892. Journey of Captain Monteil from the Niger to Lake Tchad and across the Sahara to Tripoli. AFRICA: 1891-1892. Exploration by Lieutenant Chaltin of the river Lulu, and the country between the Aruwimi and the Welle Makua rivers, in the Congo State. AFRICA: 1891-1893. Journey of Dr. Oscar Baumann from Tanga, a port on the eastern coast, in the northern part of the German Protectorate; passing to the south of Kilimanjaro, discovering two lakes between that mountain and the Victoria Nyanza; exploring the southeastern shores of the Victoria, traversing the Shashi countries lying east of the lake, and the Urundi country between the Victoria and Tanganyika. AFRICA: 1891-1894. Expedition under the command of Captain Van Kerckhoven and M. de la Kéthulle de Ryhove, fitted out by the Congo Free State,