History for ready reference, Volume 6

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Map of Asia
HISTORY FOR READY REFERENCE. FROM THE BEST HISTORIANS, BIOGRAPHERS, AND SPECIALISTS THEIR OWN WORDS IN A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF HISTORY FOR ALL USES, EXTENDING TO ALL COUNTRIES AND SUBJECTS, AND REPRESENTING FOR BOTH READERS AND STUDENTS THE BETTER AND NEWER LITERATURE OF HISTORY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY J. N. LARNED WITH NUMEROUS HISTORICAL MAPS FROM ORIGINAL STUDIES AND DRAWINGS BY ALAN O. REILEY REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION IN SIX VOLUMES VOLUME VI—RECENT HISTORY 1894-5 TO 1901 A to Z SPRINGFIELD, MASS. THE C. A. NICHOLS CO., PUBLISHERS COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY J. N. LARNED. The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. A. Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company. PREFACE TO THE SIXTH VOLUME. The six years that have passed since the original five volumes of this compilation were published, in 1894-5, have been filled with events so remarkable and changes so revolutionary in political and social conditions that the work has seemed to need an extension to cover them. The wish for such an extension, expressed by many people, led to the preparation of a new volume, in which all the lines of the historical record are taken from the points at which they were dropped in the early volumes, and are carried to the end of the Nineteenth Century, and beyond it, into the opening months of the present year. In plan and arrangement this additional volume is uniform with the preceding ones; but the material used in it is different from that dealt with before, and a quite different character is given consequently to the book. The former compilation represented closet-studies of History—perspective views of a past more or less remote from those who depicted it. This one, on the contrary, exhibits History in the making,—the day by day evolution of events and changes as they passed under the hands and before the eyes and were recorded by the pens of the actual makers and witnesses of them. If there is crudeness in the story thus constructed, there is life in it, to quite make good the lack of literary finish; and the volume is expected to prove as interesting and as useful as its predecessors. It sets forth, with the fulness which their present-day interest demands, all the circumstances that led to the Spanish-American war; the unforeseen sequences of that war, in the Philippine Islands, in Cuba, in Porto Rico, and in American politics; the whole controversy of Great Britain with the South African Boers and the resulting war; the shameful dealings of western nations with China, during late years, which provoked the outbreak of barbaric hostility to foreigners, and the dreadful experiences of the siege and relief of Peking; the strange Dreyfus agitations in France; the threatening race-conflicts in Austria; the change of sovereign in England; the Peace Conference at The Hague and its results; the federation of the Australian colonies; the development of industrial combinations or trusts in the United States; the archæological discoveries of late years in the East, and the more notable triumphs of achievement in the scientific world. On these and other occurrences of the period surveyed, the record of fact is quoted from sources the most responsible and authentic now available, and always with the endeavor to present both sides of controverted matters with strict impartiality. For purposes of reference and study, a large number of important documents—laws, treaties, new constitutions of government, and other state papers—are given in full, and, in most instances, from officially printed texts. BUFFALO, NEW YORK; May, 1901. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I am indebted to the following named authors, editors, and publishers, for permission kindly given me to quote from books and periodicals, all of which are duly referred to in connection with the passages severally borrowed from them: The manager of The American Catholic Quarterly Review; the editor of The American Journal of Archæology; the editor of The American Monthly Review of Reviews; General Thomas F. Anderson; Messrs. D. Appleton & Company; Messrs. Wm. Blackwood's Sons (Blackwood's Magazine); Mr. Andrew Carnegie; Messrs. Chapman & Hall (The Fortnightly Review); Mr. Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain); Hon. W. Bourke Cockran; the editor of The Contemporary Review; Prof. John Franklin Crowell; the G. W. Dillingham Company; Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Company; Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Company; The Ecumenical Conference on Foreign Missions; Mr. J. Foreman; The Forum Publishing Company; Harper & Brothers (Harper's Magazine); Mr. Howard C. Hillegas; Prof. H. V. Hilprecht; Hon. Frederick W. Holls; Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company (The Atlantic Monthly); Mr. George Iles; the editor of The Independent; Prof. John H. Latané; Messrs. Longmans, Green & Company (The Edinburgh Review); Mr. Charles F. Lummis; Messrs. McClure, Philips & Company (The Popular Science Monthly); Messrs. MacMillan & Company (London); The New Amsterdam Book Company; the editor of The Nineteenth Century Review; the editor of The North American Review; the editors of The Outlook; the managing editor of The Political Science Quarterly; Mr. Edward Porritt; Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons; Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons; George M. Sternberg, Surgeon-General, U. S. A.; The Frederick A. Stokes Company; the managing editor of The Sunday School Times; Prof. F. W. Taussig; Prof. Elihu Thomson; the manager of The Times, London; The University Press, Cambridge; Mr. Herbert Welsh; the editors of The Yale Review. My acknowledgments are likewise due to the Hon. D. S. Alexander, Representative in Congress, and to many officials at Washington, for courteous assistance in procuring publications of the national government for my use. LIST OF MAPS. Map of Asia, Preceding the title page Map of Africa, Following page 2 Map of Alaska, Following page 8 Map of Australia, Following page 30 Map of Central America, showing the Isthmian Canal routes, Following page 66 Map of the East Coast of China, Following page 76 Map of Cuba and the West Indies, Following page 170 Map of Hawaii, Following page 254 Map of the Philippine Islands, and of the seat of war in Luzon, Following page 368 Map of Porto Rico, Following page 410 Map of the Boer Republics and their surroundings, Following page 492 Map illustrating the Santiago campaign in the Spanish-American war, On page 603 LIST OF TABLES. The descendants of Queen Victoria, Page 215 Protestant foreign missions and missionary societies, Pages 311-313 Navies of the Sea Powers, Page 318 Philippine Islands, area and population, Pages 367-369 The Shipping of the World in 1900, Page 452 British military forces in South African war, Pages 509-510 Statistics of the Spanish-American War, Pages 628-631 Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Pages 645-646 Revenues and expenditures of the government of the United States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, Page 666 Losses from all causes in the armies of the United States from May 1, 1898, to May 20, 1900, Pages 666-667 Qualifications of the elective franchise in the several States of the United States, Pages 676-677 Military and naval expenditures of the greater Powers, Pages 694-697 Chronological record of events, 1895 to 1901, Pages 702-720 {1} HISTORY FOR READY REFERENCE. ABORIGINES, American. See (in this volume) INDIANS, AMERICAN. ABRUZZI, the Duke of: Arctic expedition. See (in this volume) POLAR EXPLORATION, 1899-1900, 1901. ABYDOS, Archæological exploration at. See (in this volume) ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: EGYPT: RESULTS. ABYSSINIA: A. D. 1895-1896. Successful war with the Italians. See (in this volume) ITALY: A. D. 1895-1896. ABYSSINIA: A. D. 1897. Treaty with Great Britain. A treaty between King Menelek of Abyssinia and the British Government was concluded in May, 1897. It gives to British subjects the privileges of the most favored nations in trade; opens the port of Zeyla to Abyssinian importations; defines the boundary of the British Somali Protectorate, and pledges Abyssinia to be hostile to the Mahdists. ACETYLENE GAS, Production of. See (in this volume) SCIENCE, RECENT: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS. ADOWA, Battle of. See (in this volume) ITALY; A. D. 1895-1896. AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1893-1895. Relinquishment of claims over Swat, Bajaur and Chitral. See (in this volume) INDIA: A. D. 1895 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER). AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1894. The Waziri War. See (in this volume) INDIA: A. D. 1894. AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1895. Anglo-Russian Agreement. Determination of the northern frontier. The joint Anglo-Russian Commission for fixing the northern frontier of Afghanistan, from Zulfikar on the Heri-Rud to the Pamirs, finished its work in July, 1895. This was consequent upon an Agreement between the governments of Great Britain and Russia which had been reduced to writing on the previous 11th of March. In part, that Agreement was as follows: Her Britannic Majesty's Government and the Government of His Majesty the Emperor of Russia engage to abstain from exercising any political influence or control, the former to the north, the latter to the south, of the above line of demarcation. Her Britannic Majesty's Government engage that the territory lying within the British sphere of influence between the Hindu Kush and the line running from the east end of Lake Victoria to the Chinese frontier shall form part of the territory of the Ameer of Afghanistan, that it shall not be annexed to Great Britain, and that no military posts or forts shall be established in it. The execution of this Agreement is contingent upon the evacuation by the Ameer of Afghanistan of all the territories now occupied by His Highness on the right bank of the Panjah, and on the evacuation by the Ameer of Bokhara of the portion of Darwaz which lies to the south of the Oxus, in regard to which Her Britannic Majesty's Government and the Government of His Majesty the Emperor of Russia have agreed to use their influence respectively with the two Ameers. Great Britain, Papers by Command: Treaty Series, Number 8, 1895. AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1896. Conquest of Kafiristan. By the agreement of 1893, between the Ameer of Afghanistan and the government of India (see, in this volume, INDIA. A. D. 1895-MARCH-SEPTEMBER), the mountain district of Kafiristan was conceded to the former, and he presently set to work to subjugate its warlike people, who had never acknowledged his yoke. By the end of 1896 the conquest of these Asiatic Kafirs was believed to be complete. AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1897-1898. Wars of the British with frontier tribes. See (in this volume) INDIA: A. D. 1897-1898. AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1900. Russian railway projects. See (in this volume) RUSSIA-IN-ASIA: A. D. 1900. ----------AFRICA: Start-------- AFRICA: A. D. 1891-1900 (Portuguese East Africa). Delagoa Bay Railway Arbitration. See (in this volume) DELAGOA BAY ARBITRATION. AFRICA: A. D. 1893 (Niger Coast Protectorate). Its growth. See (in this volume) NIGERIA: A. D. 1882-1899. AFRICA: A. D. 1894 (The Transvaal). The Commandeering question. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA: (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1894. AFRICA: A. D. 1894 (The Transvaal). Dissatisfaction of the Boers with the London Convention of 1884. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1884-1894. AFRICA: A. D. 1894-1895 (British South Africa Company). Extension of charter and enlargement of powers. Influence of Cecil J. Rhodes. Attitude towards the Transvaal. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY): A. D. 1894-1895. AFRICA: A. D. 1894-1895 (Rhodesia). Extended territory and enlarged powers of the British South Africa Company. Ascendancy of Cecil J. Rhodes. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY): A. D. 1894-1895. AFRICA: A. D. 1894-1898 (British Central Africa Protectorate: Nyassaland). Administrative separation from British South Africa Company's territory. Conflicts with natives. Resources and prospects. See (in this volume) BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA PROTECTORATE. {2} AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Bechuanaland). Partial conveyance to British South Africa Company. Several Bechuana chiefs visited England to urge that their country should not be absorbed by Cape Colony or the British South Africa Company. An agreement was made with them which reserved certain territories to each, but yielded the remainder to the administration of the British South Africa Company. AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (British East Africa). Transfer of territory to the British Government. The territories previously administered by the Imperial British East Africa Company (excepting the Uganda Protectorate, which had been transferred in 1894) were finally transferred to the British Government on the 1st of July. At the same time, the dominion of the Sultan of Zanzibar on the mainland came under the administrative control of the British consul-general at Zanzibar. AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Cape Colony). Annexation of British Bechuanaland. Proceedings for the annexation of British Bechuanaland to Cape Colony were adopted by the Cape Parliament in August. AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (French West Africa). Appointment of a Governor-General. In June, M. Chaudie was appointed Governor-General of French West Africa, his jurisdiction extending over Senegal, the Sudan possessions of France, French Guinea, Dahomey, and other French possessions in the Gulf of Benin. AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Orange Free State). Proposed federal union of the Free State with the Transvaal. A resolution making overtures for a federal union with the Transvaal was passed by the Volksraad of the Orange Free State in June. AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Sierra Leone). Establishment of a British Protectorate over the Hinterland of Sierra Leone. Anglo-French boundary agreement. See (in this volume) SIERRA LEONE PROTECTORATE. AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Transvaal). Action in Swaziland. By a proclamation in February, the Transvaal Government assumed the administration of Swaziland and installed King Buna as paramount chief. AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (The Transvaal). Closing of the Vaal River Drifts. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1895 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER). AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (The Transvaal). Discontent of the Uitlanders. The Franchise question. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1895 (NOVEMBER). AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (The Transvaal). Opening of Delagoa Bay Railway. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1895 (JULY). AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Zululand). Extension of Boundary. A strip of territory west of Amatongaland, along the Pondoland River to the Maputa was formally added to Zululand in May, the South African Republic protesting. AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (Portuguese East Africa). War with Gungunhana. The Portuguese were involved in war with Gungunhana, king of Gazaland, which lasted from September, 1895, until the following spring, when Gungunhana was captured and carried a prisoner, with his wives and son, to Lisbon. AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (The Transvaal). Revolutionary conspiracy of Uitlanders at Johannesburg. The Jameson raid. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1895-1896. AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1897 (British East Africa Protectorate). Creation of the Protectorate. Territories included. Subjugation of Arab chiefs. Report of commissioner. See (in this volume) BRITISH EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE: A. D. 1895-1897. AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Ashanti). British conquest and occupation. See (in this volume) ASHANTI. AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (British South Africa Company). Resignation of Mr. Rhodes. Parliamentary movement to investigate. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY): A. D. 1896 (JUNE); and (JULY). AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Cape Colony). Investigation of the Jameson raid. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY): A. D. 1896 (JULY). AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Rhodesia). Matabele revolt. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (RHODESIA): A. D. 1896 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER). AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Zanzibar). Suppression of an usurper by the British. On the sudden death (supposed to be from poison) of the Sultan of Zanzibar, August 25, his cousin, Said Khalid, seized the palace and proclaimed himself sultan. Zanzibar being an acknowledged protectorate of Great Britain, the usurper was summoned by the British consul to surrender. He refused, and the palace was bombarded by war vessels in the harbor, with such effect that the palace was speedily destroyed and about 500 of its inmates killed. Khalid fled to the German consul, who protected him and had him conveyed to German territory. A new sultan, Said Hamud-bin-Mahomed was at once proclaimed. AFRICA: A. D. 1896-1899 (The Transvaal). Controversies with the British Government. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1896 (JANUARY-APRIL), to 1899 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER). AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Congo Free State). Mutiny of troops. The Congo troops of an expedition led by Baron Dhanis mutinied and murdered a number of Belgian officers. Subsequently they were attacked in the neighborhood of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza and mostly destroyed. AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Dahomey and Tongoland). Definition of boundary. By a convention concluded in July between Germany and France, the boundary between German possessions in Tongoland and those of France in Dahomey and the Sudan was defined. AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Nigeria). Massacre at Benin. British expedition. Capture of the town. See (in this volume) NIGERIA: A. D. 1897. AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Nigeria). Subjugation of Fulah slave-raiders. In January and February, the forces of the Royal Niger Company successfully invaded the strong Fulah states of Nupé and Ilorin, from which slave raiding in the territory under British protection was carried on. Bida, the Nupé capital, was entered on the 27th of January, after a battle in which 800 Hausa troops, led by European officers, and using heavy artillery, drove from the field an army of cavalry and foot estimated at 30,000 in number. The Emir of Nupé was deposed, another set up in his place, and a treaty signed which established British rule. The Emir of Ilorin submitted after his town had been bombarded, and bowed himself to British authority in his government. At the same time, a treaty settled the Lagos frontier. Later in the year, the stronghold at Kiffi of another slave-raider, Arku, was stormed and burned.