The Microscope. Its History, Construction, and Application 15th ed. / Being a familiar introduction to the use of the instrument, and the study of microscopical science
RADIOLARIA.
BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. I.D., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.
The First Edition of this work appeared in 1854, a time in the history of the Microscope when the instrument, as an aid to original scientific research, may be said to have been in its infancy. Then certainly it was seldom employed in the laboratory or the medical schools. Now, however, as I anticipated, it has asserted its proper position, and has at length become one of the most important auxiliaries to science, and a direct incentive to original work, while it has doubtless exercised considerable influence over the student’s power of observation, and materially assisted in his studies, let his ultimate object and pursuits be what they may.
The greater use made of the Microscope has likewise conferred benefits of untold value upon the arts and industries of the country, thereby adding to the national prosperity in ways as manifold as unique. The Microscope has also proved of immense value in the promotion of the health of the community, and the art and science of healing, since the theory of medicine has become a science, resting on the minute microscopical examination of animal tissues.
The work of research in the sister sciences and by other methods has, during the last decade, received a corresponding impetus, while it has undoubtedly tended towards elaboration and specialisation in all departments. In consequence, the progress of microscopical science has become more dependent upon the specialist for gaining accurate knowledge and for certain important details seen to be branching out in many directions. There never was a time when the instrument was so constantly and generally resorted to and with so much confidence and advantage, as the present. It has shown itself equal to the task imposed—that of teaching the eye to see things that are new, and also, what is perhaps of more importance, to perceive things which had been entirely overlooked. The older defects, perhaps, arose from two causes; the want of more careful training of the organ of vision, and the want of sufficient power and precision in the optical part of the Microscope itself. Both of these obstacles have been to a considerable extent removed, and all educational systems are looked upon as incomplete without a knowledge of the Microscope.
Jabez Hogg
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PREFACE TO THE FIFTEENTH EDITION.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
CONTENTS.
ERRATA.
Early History of the Microscope.
The Modern Microscope.
CHAPTER I.
Elementary Optics.
Indices of Refraction.
Lenses.
Concave Lenses.
The Human Eye.
The Theory of Microscopical Vision.
Definition of Aperture; Principles of Microscopic Vision.
Numerical Aperture.
Abbe’s Apertometer.
Stereoscopic Binocular Vision.
CHAPTER II.
Simple and Compound Microscope.
The Compound Microscope.
Evolution of the Modern Achromatic Microscope.
Ross’s Microscopes.
Messrs. Beck’s Microscopes.
Messrs. Watson’s Microscopes.
Watson’s Mechanical Draw-tube.
Messrs. Swift’s Microscopes.
Messrs. Baker’s Microscopes.
Pillischer’s Microscopes.
Continental Microscopes.
The Bacteriological Microscope.
CHAPTER III.
Applied Optics:—Eye-pieces; Achromatic Objectives; Condensers.
The Achromatic Objective.
Relative Merits of the English and German Objectives.
Abbe’s Test-plate.
COVER-GLASS GAUGE.
English Immersion and Dry Objectives.
Magnifying Powers of Eye-Pieces and Objectives.
Compensating Eye-pieces for use with Apochromatic Objectives.
Initial Powers of Objectives calculated for the 10-inch Tube-length.
High-Power Objectives.
Achromatic Condensers.
Abbe’s Condenser.
Oblique Illumination.
Method of Employing the Achromatic Condenser to the Greatest Advantage.
THE DIAPHRAGM.
The Mirror.
Accessories of the Microscope.
The Bull’s-eye Condensing Lens.
Nose-pieces and Objective Changers.
Micro-Photography.
Apparatus and Material.
Polarisation of Light.
Rotation of Plane of Polarisation.
Molecular Rotation.
Formation and Polarisation of Crystals.
SALTS.
MINERALS.
ANIMAL STRUCTURES.
VEGETABLE CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES.
The Micro-spectroscope.
Method of using the Micro-Spectroscope.
Absorption Spectrum of Chromule.
CHAPTER IV.
Practical Microscopy: Manipulation, and Mode of Using the Microscope.
Directions for finding the best Focus.
Working Accessories.
Methods of Preparing, Hardening, Staining and Section Cutting.
Staining Animal Structures.
Double and Treble Staining.
Injecting Small Animal Bodies.
Cutting, Grinding, and Mounting Hard Structures.
Bacteria Cultivation, Sterilising, and Preparing for Microscopical Examination.
Apparatus, Material, and Reagents employed in Bacteriological Investigations.
Apparatus for Incubation and Cultivations in Liquid Media.
THE WARM CHAMBER, STERILISER, AND INCUBATOR.
Preparation of Nutrient Media—Separation, and Cultivation of Bacteria.
Microscopical Examination of Bacteria.
Staining of Flagella.
Bacteria in Sections of Tissues.
Preparing, Mounting, Cementing and Collecting Objects.
Collection of Objects.
CHAPTER I.
Microscopic Forms of Life—Thallophytes—Pteridophyta, Phanerogamæ—Structure and Properties of the Cell.
Pathogenic Fungi and Moulds.
Parasitic Diseases of Plants.
Habitat of Fungi and Moulds.
Habitat, Specialised Forms of Parasites.
Parasitic Fungi of Men and Animals.
Industrial uses of Fungi and Saccharomycetes.
Results of De Bary’s Investigations in Parasitism.
Desmidiaceæ and Diatomaceæ.
Movements of Diatoms.
Diatomaceæ, Recent and Fossil.
Lichenaceæ.
Musci, Bryophyta.
Structure of Phanerogamiæ or Flowering Plants.
CHAPTER II.
The Sub-kingdom Protozoa.
Infusoria.
Porifera. Spongiadæ.
CHAPTER III.
Zoophytes, Cœlenterata, Medusæ, Corals, Hydrozoa.
Bryozoa, Moss-animals.
Annulosa, Worms, and Entozoa.
Crustacea.
CHAPTER IV.
Arthropoda—Insecta.
CHAPTER V.
Vertebrata.
CHAPTER VI.
The Mineral and Geological Kingdoms.
APPENDICES AND TABLES USEFUL TO THE MICROSCOPIST.
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Appendix D.
Appendix E.
INDEX.
FOOTNOTES:
Transcriber’s Note:
