History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume II (of 2) / Revised Edition

E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
Professor of Chemistry in the University of New York, Author of a Treatise on Human Physiology, Civil Policy of America, History of the American Civil War, &c. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by HARPER & BROTHERS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.
THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY REPULSE.
Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.—Attacks upon it.
The Northern or moral Attack.—The Emperor of Germany insists on a reformation in the Papacy.—Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas, is made Pope.—They are both poisoned by the Italians.
Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.—It originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over Authority.—The question of Transubstantiation.—Rise and development of Scholasticism.—Mutiny among the Monks.
Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.—Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.—Is on the point of establishing a European Theocracy.—The Popes seize the military and monetary Resources of Europe through the Crusades.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST—( Continued ).
THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.
The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of Arabian Spain.
Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.—Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in Algazzali.—Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.—Results to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.