Early Man in the New World
REVISED EDITION
BY Kenneth Macgowan AND Joseph A. Hester, Jr. WITH DRAWINGS BY CAMPBELL GRANT
And these are ancient things. CHRONICLES I, 4:22
PUBLISHED IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
THE NATURAL HISTORY LIBRARY ANCHOR BOOKS DOUBLEDAY & COMPANY, INC. GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK
The Natural History Library Edition, 1962 Copyright © 1962 by The American Museum of Natural History Copyright © 1950, 1962 by Kenneth Macgowan
For permission to quote passages from their respective publications grateful acknowledgment is made to the following authors, publishers, and literary executors:
J. B. Lippincott Company: Aleš Hrdlička, “Early Man in America: What Have the Bones to Say?” in Early Man , ed. George Grant MacCurdy (copyright, 1937, by The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); The Macmillan Company: William B. Scott, History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere , rev. ed. (copyright, 1937, by The American Philosophical Society); G. P. Putnam’s Sons: Earnest A. Hooton, Apes, Men, and Morons (copyright, 1937, by G. P. Putnam’s Sons); Rinehart & Company, Inc.: Robert H. Lowie, The History of Ethnological Theory (copyright, 1937, by Robert H. Lowie); Charles Scribner’s Sons: Roland B. Dixon, The Racial History of Man (copyright, 1923, by Charles Scribner’s Sons) and The Building of Cultures (copyright, 1928, by Charles Scribner’s Sons); Whittlesey House: Harold S. Gladwin, Men Out of Asia (copyright, 1947, by McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.); University of Toronto Press: Earnest A. Hooton, “Racial Types in America and Their Relations to Old World Types” in The American Aborigines , ed. Diamond Jenness; Yale University Press: Earnest A. Hooton, The Indians of Pecos Pueblo (copyright, 1930, by Yale University Press).
Printed in the United States of America
TO GEORGE C. VAILLANT
Since the time of Columbus, when the peoples of the New World were discovered by Europeans, there has been a continuous interest in knowing something about their origin and early history. This has been almost completely shrouded in the primitive past, unmentioned in any written records, and thus largely a matter of speculation of one kind or another. Only very slowly have the means of investigating this history come into being. Greater knowledge of all the world’s peoples has provided the means for solidly based comparative studies, and the developing techniques of archaeology have brought more factual evidence to hand. Gradually the true picture is taking shape as each new discovery is analyzed and discussed and takes its place in the total structure.
Kenneth Macgowan
Joseph A. Hester
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FOREWORD
PREFACE
CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND TABLES
EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD
A NOTE ON NOTES
A Secret Laboratory of Culture
Time-Tests by Travel, Tongues, and Physiques
From the Old Stone Age to the New
From Tools and Bones, Fossils and Rocks
How New Was the New World?
A Passage from Asia to North America
Men Out of Asia—and All the Continents
Bering Strait—Freeway to the New World
Three Roads to the South—with One Detour
Problematical Roads to the New World
Ware Dogma!
Conflicts and Confusions
The Problem of the Ages
The Bronze Age—a Phantasm
Wood, Bone, and Shell Ages
Dividing the Stone Age—the Old and the New
Activities of the New Stone Age
Agriculture—Test of the Neolithic
First a Food Gatherer, Then a Hunter
Our Part of the Geologic Time Scale
The Glacial Hypothesis Appears
The End of the Great Ice Age
River Terraces and Beach Lines
The Cause of Glaciation
Archaeology, a New Science
Mortillet’s Cramping Classification
Enter the Eolith
Flake vs. Core Industries
Dating Early Man in Europe
True Tools—Deceptive Skulls
Ancestors from Heidelberg and Swanscombe?
Putting the Neanderthal in His Place
Ancient Man in Java and China
“Giant Ape”—a Mythical Ancestor?
“Java” Men in Africa and Europe?
Man-Apes or Ape-Men in Africa
The Progressive Neanderthal
Radiocarbon Dates for the Mousterian
Solutrean Flint Workers Invade Europe
Weapons and Tools—from Hand Ax to Arrowhead
The Danger in Universal Time-Scales
Early Man as Adam’s Progeny
Science and Religion Embattled
Reaction, Led by Science
The Red Herring of the “Primitive Skull”
The Mystery of the Missing Bones
South America Provides the First Skulls
North American Skulls and Bones
Early Man Not Solely Mongoloid or Indian
Evidence from Middle America
New Finds in the United States
Artifacts from Heaven
The Folsom Point—Unique and Potent
Americans Hunted Animals Now Extinct
Two Other Folsom Sites—Clovis and Lindenmeier
Another Fine and Ancient Point
The Plainview Point
A New Point—and Sloths—in Gypsum Cave
Old Lake and River Sites
Sandia—Older Than Folsom
The Milling Stone Appears
A Paucity of Art Objects
Hand Axes in the Americas
Early Man in Mexico
From the Glacial to the Archaic
Back of 15,000 Years?
A Twofold Problem
Myths and Mammoths
Archaeological Evidence of Recent Man and the Mastodon
Sloth and Camel in Dry Caves
The Folsom Bison Not Extinct?
The Mystery of Extinction
More Radiocarbon Dates for Extinct Mammals
The Mythical Indian Race
Racial Definition—the Field of the Physical Anthropologist
The Cephalic Index—and Others
What Skull Measurements Tell Us About Early Man
Europe Recognizes the Australoid in America
Hooton and Dixon on Early Invaders
A Potpourri of Races
Pygmies Before Australoids in the New World?
Australoids, Negroids, and Men from Europe
No Mongoloids till 300 B.C.
Siberian Caucasoids
Diffusion vs. Independent Invention
Bastian’s “Psychic Unity”
Complexity an Argument for Diffusion
Dispersion as Well as Diffusion
The Trap of Time
Escape from the Trap
Dead Alexander Invades America
Independent Inventions Neither Parallel Nor Diffused
What Diffusion of Plants and Art?
Inventions—Some New, Some Old
When and Where Did Our Agriculture Begin?
The Indian’s Accomplishment in Agriculture
How Old Is Corn?
The Pendulum Swings
The Puzzle of the Skulls
The Puzzle of the Querns
The Puzzle of the Points
Was Our Early Man a Solutrean?
Or Was the American Aurignacian or Magdalenian?
Chopping Tools Instead of Hand Axes in Asia
Spinden’s Neolithic Blockade
Was the First Migration Interglacial?
Geological Evidence and the Pluvials
In Sum
REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
REFERENCES AS TO ILLUSTRATIONS
INDEX
THE NATURAL HISTORY LIBRARY
EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD
Transcriber’s Notes
