Technology and Books for All
Produced by Al Haines
Updated Version
NEF, University of Toronto, 2008
Copyright © 2008 Marie Lebert
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From Project Gutenberg in 1971 to the Encyclopedia of Life in 2007, 38 milestones and as many pages, with an overview and an in-depth description for each milestone. This book is also available in French, with a different text. Both versions are available on the NEF <http://www.etudes-francaises.net/dossiers/technologies.htm>.
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Marie Lebert is a researcher and journalist specializing in technology and books, other media and languages. She is the author of Les mutations du livre (Mutations of the Book, in French, 2007) and Le Livre 010101 (The 010101 Book, in French, 2003). All her books have been published by NEF (Net des études françaises / Net of French Studies), University of Toronto, Canada, and are freely available online at <http://www.etudes-francaises.net>.
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Most quotations are excerpts from NEF interviews. With many thanks to all the persons who are quoted here, and who kindly answered my questions over the years. Most interviews are available online at <www.etudes-francaises.net/entretiens/index.htm>.
With many thanks to Greg Chamberlain, Laurie Chamberlain, Kimberly Chung, Mike Cook, Michael Hart and Russon Wooldridge, who kindly edited and/or proofread some parts in previous versions. The author, whose mother tongue is French, is responsible for any remaining mistakes.
Introduction
Marie Lebert
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TECHNOLOGY AND BOOKS FOR ALL
MARIE LEBERT
TABLE
INTRODUCTION
1968: ASCII
1971: PROJECT GUTENBERG
1974: INTERNET
1977: UNIMARC
1984: COPYLEFT
1990: WEB
1991: UNICODE
1993: ONLINE BOOKS PAGE
1993: PDF
1994: LIBRARY WEBSITES
1994: BOLD PUBLISHERS
1995: AMAZON.COM
1995: ONLINE PRESS
1996: INTERNET ARCHIVE
1996: NEW WAYS OF TEACHING
1996: PALM PILOT
1997: DIGITAL PUBLISHING
1997: LOGOS DICTIONARY
1997: MULTIMEDIA CONVERGENCE
1998: ONLINE BEOWULF
1998: DIGITAL LIBRARIANS
1998: MULTILINGUAL WEB
1999: DIGITAL AUTHORS
2000: YOURDICTIONARY.COM
2000: ONLINE BIBLE OF GUTENBERG
2000: DISTRIBUTED PROOFREADERS
2000: PUBLIC LIBRARY OF SCIENCE
2001: WIKIPEDIA
2001: CREATIVE COMMONS
2002: MIT OPENCOURSEWARE
2004: PROJECT GUTENBERG EUROPE
2004: GOOGLE BOOKS
2005: OPEN CONTENT ALLIANCE
2006: MICROSOFT LIVE SEARCH BOOKS
2006: FREE WORLDCAT
2007: CITIZENDIUM
2007: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE
WEBSITES