The Pleistocene of North America / and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95°
Transcriber’s Note:
The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
OLIVER P. HAY
Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, February, 1923
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
Publication No. 322
TECHNICAL PRESS
WASHINGTON, D. C.
The writer has been engaged for several years on an investigation of the Pleistocene geology of North America and of the Vertebrata which have been discovered in the deposits of this epoch. It had been his expectation to publish the results of all his studies at the same date. However, on consultation with Dr. John C. Merriam, it was agreed that it would be better to publish immediately that part which pertains to the region lying east of the Mississippi River and, as to the country further north, that east of longitude 95°.
At the outset the writer was convinced that, before just conclusions could be reached, it was necessary to know what fossil materials had been collected and under what geological and geographical conditions. He therefore made as thorough a search as possible of the literature for reports of discoveries of fossil vertebrates. Also, when in scientific journals or in newspapers the finding of fossils was recorded, recourse was had to correspondence, thus securing much exact information as to locality, kind of matrix, depth, and other important data. Often photographs have been obtained and even the materials themselves. The writer has also visited many museums and colleges throughout the country and examined their collections. Even in the smaller institutions, where perhaps only a few objects have been secured and preserved, some of these have furnished important information. Regret may be expressed that in the larger museums and colleges, as well as the smaller ones, too often there have been preserved only meager or no records regarding the history of what would otherwise be valuable specimens.
Oliver Perry Hay
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THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS VERTEBRATED ANIMALS FROM THE STATES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND FROM THE CANADIAN PROVINCES EAST OF LONGITUDE 95°.
CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
PREFACE.
CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE DIVISIONS OF THE PLEISTOCENE.
I. Limits of the Pleistocene.
II. The Blanco Pliocene.
III. The Historical Divisions of the Pleistocene.
IV. Elevations of the Continent Immediately Preceding or Accompanying the Opening of the Pleistocene.
V. Connections with Asia and South America.
VI. The Sources of the Vertebrates of the Pleistocene.
VII. The Richness of the Pleistocene Vertebrate Life.
VIII. On Evolution During the Pleistocene.
IX. Did the Extinction of Species Take Place Mostly at the End of the Pleistocene?
X. The Stratigraphical and Time Limits of the Earliest Pleistocene.
XI. The First Interglacial, or Aftonian, Stage.
XII. The Yarmouth Interglacial Stage.
XIII. The Illinoian Glacial Stage.
XIV. The Sangamon Interglacial Stage.
XV. The Peorian Interglacial Stage.
XVI. The Wisconsin Glacial Stage and the Wabash Beds.
XVII. On the Theory of the Pleistocene Terraces of the Coastal Plain.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE CETACEANS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
QUEBEC.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
VERMONT.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE PINNIPEDIA IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
GRINNELL LAND.
NOVA SCOTIA.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
QUEBEC.
ONTARIO.
MAINE.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
MASSACHUSETTS.
NEW JERSEY.
VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
FINDS OF XENARTHRA IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
VIRGINIA.
WEST VIRGINIA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
ALABAMA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE MASTODONS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
CAPE BRETON ISLAND.
MASSACHUSETTS.
CONNECTICUT.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND.
VIRGINIA.
WEST VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
ALABAMA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND.
VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
FLORIDA.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF ELEPHAS COLUMBI IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
VERMONT.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
MARYLAND.
WEST VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF ELEPHAS IMPERATOR IN SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
FLORIDA.
ALABAMA.
FINDS OF ELEPHANTS OF UNDETERMINED SPECIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
UNGAVA.
ONTARIO.
VERMONT.
NEW YORK.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
VIRGINIA.
WEST VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
FLORIDA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE EQUIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
MASSACHUSETTS.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
VIRGINIA.
WEST VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
ALABAMA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE TAPIRIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
INDIANA.
MARYLAND.
VIRGINIA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF RHINOCEROSES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
FLORIDA.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE PECCARIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND.
VIRGINIA.
WEST VIRGINIA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
FLORIDA.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE CAMELIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
PENNSYLVANIA.
FLORIDA.
TENNESSEE.
FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE DEER OF THE GENUS ODOCOILEUS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND.
VIRGINIA.
WEST VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
FLORIDA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF CERVUS CANADENSIS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
VERMONT.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF RANGIFER IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
GRINNELL LAND.
ONTARIO.
VERMONT.
CONNECTICUT.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF MUSK-OXEN IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
GRINNELL LAND.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WEST VIRGINIA.
MISSISSIPPI.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF EXTINCT BISONS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND.
VIRGINIA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
ALABAMA.
MISSISSIPPI.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF BISON BISON IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
ONTARIO.
MASSACHUSETTS.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
KENTUCKY.
FINDS OF CASTOROIDES IN PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
NEW YORK.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
ON THE PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS RELATION TO ITS FOSSIL VERTEBRATES.
ONTARIO.
QUEBEC.
NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, AND CAPE BRETON ISLAND.
NEW ENGLAND.
NEW YORK.
NEW JERSEY.
PENNSYLVANIA.
OHIO.
MICHIGAN.
INDIANA.
ILLINOIS.
WISCONSIN.
MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
VIRGINIA.
WEST VIRGINIA.
NORTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
GEORGIA.
FLORIDA.
ALABAMA.
MISSISSIPPI.
TENNESSEE.
KENTUCKY.
MAPS AND THEIR EXPLANATIONS
INDEX
