Household Administration, Its Place in the Higher Education of Women
ITS PLACE IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN
EDITED BY ALICE RAVENHILL AND CATHERINE J. SCHIFF
NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1911
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. At the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh
The object of this book is threefold. (1) It endeavours to define the importance and scope of household administration in the twentieth century, which, when analysed into its component parts, is found intimately to concern the right conduct and domestic care of individual human lives, from their inception to their close. (2) It seeks to demonstrate the necessity of an adequate preparation for all who assume the responsibility of such administration; particularly for those who, in consequence of their parental responsibilities, their wealth, their social status, or their professional duties, exercise far-reaching influence through their standard of life and example. (3) Finally, it gives prominence to the fact that the domestic arts are no collection of empirical conventions, to be acquired by imitation or exercised by instinct. It is clearly demonstrated that the group of sciences upon which they rest is more comprehensive than most people suspect, and that their contribution to the solution of pressing domestic problems has so far been but partially realised. It is, therefore, of considerable interest to observe the remarkable consensus of opinion on each of these points among the recognised experts in their subjects, to whom were entrusted the preparation of the various sections of this book. The writers of the papers, untrammelled by editorial restrictions, each writing from the fulness of her knowledge, tested by ripe experience, reached independently conclusions conspicuous for their unanimity. It will be evident to the most casual reader that, in the opinion of these thoughtful women, blind instinct must yield place to trained intelligence, if home life is to be preserved and modern conditions of existence adequately adjusted to human requirements.
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HOUSEHOLD ADMINISTRATION
PREFACE
CONTENTS
FOOTNOTES:
COMMON-SENSE BIOLOGY
THE IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIOLOGY
METHOD OF STUDY
COMMON-SENSE BIOLOGY AS AN ART
THE GAINS AND LOSSES OF CIVILISATION
THE INFLUENCE OF COMMON-SENSE BIOLOGICAL TRAINING ON SOCIAL WORK
ANTHROPOLOGY A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY
WOMAN’S SYNTHETIC POWERS AS AN INSTRUMENT TO EFFICIENCY
FOOTNOTES:
THE AIM AND METHODS OF MODERN EDUCATION
THE VALUE OF A SCIENTIFIC TRAINING
PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE HOUSEHOLD
EFFECTS OF CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE ON AIR
EFFECT OF CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE ON WATER
RADIANT HEAT
CONDUCTION OF HEAT
METHODS OF DOMESTIC HEATING
CHEMICAL SCIENCE IN THE HOUSEHOLD
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE BODY
CONCLUSION
I. INTRODUCTORY
II. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE POSITION OF THE HOUSEHOLD IN ENGLAND
III. THE PRESENT ORGANISATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD
FOOTNOTES:
I. MAN’S PLACE IN NATURE
II. FACTORS ADVERSE TO HUMAN PROGRESS
III. STAGES IN THE GROWTH OF SANITARY SCIENCE
IV. WHY THE IDEALS OF MODERN HYGIENE ARE NOT ATTAINED
V. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MAN’S PHYSICAL NATURE
VI. THE ORIGIN OF FAMILY LIFE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SANITARY SCIENCE
VII. WOMAN’S VOCATION IN HOME AND FAMILY LIFE
VIII. THE FUNCTION OF THE FAMILY IN NATIONAL LIFE
IX. THE MEANING OF INFANCY
X. CAUSES WHICH MENACE HEALTHFUL INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
XI. THE SOURCE OF THESE CAUSES TO BE FOUND IN FAULTY ADMINISTRATION OF THE HOME
XII. HARMONIES AND DISHARMONIES IN HUMAN LIFE
XIII. THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL HYGIENE IN FAMILY LIFE
XIV. WOMAN’S RESPONSIBILITIES FOR HOME ADMINISTRATION
XV. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE HOME
XVI. HOME LIFE AN IMPORTANT SPHERE FOR SANITARY SCIENCE
FOOTNOTES:
I. NEEDLEWORK AND DRESSMAKING
CONCLUSION
II. HOUSECRAFT