The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 04
Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.
GROTE
THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD
A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages: edited, with the assistance of a distinguished board of advisers and contributors, by HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.
IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES VOLUME IV—GREECE TO THE ROMAN CONQUEST
T he Outlook Company New York
T he History Association London
1904
Unknown
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THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD
Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.
CONTENTS
THE EVOLUTION OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY
I
II
III
CHAPTER XXXVII. THE REIGN OF TERROR IN ATHENS
LYSANDER
CRUELTIES OF THE THIRTY
THE SYCOPHANTS
THE REVOLT OF THRASYBULUS
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE DEMOCRACY RESTORED
THE END OF ALCIBIADES
LIFE AT ATHENS
ARISTOPHANES
EURIPIDES
CHAPTER XXXIX. SOCRATES AND THE SOPHISTS
THE PROSECUTION OF SOCRATES
PLATO’S ACCOUNT OF THE LAST HOURS OF SOCRATES
GROTE’S ESTIMATE OF SOCRATES
CHAPTER XL. THE RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND
THE AFFAIRS OF PERSIA
XENOPHON’S ACCOUNT OF CUNAXA
THE RETREAT
XENOPHON’S PICTURE OF THE HARDSHIPS
END OF THE MARCH
THE MEANING OF XENOPHON’S FEAT
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XLI. THE SPARTAN SUPREMACY
GROTE’S COMPARISON OF SPARTAN AND ATHENIAN RULE
HARSHNESS OF THE SPARTAN HEGEMONY
DEGENERACY OF SPARTA
CHAPTER XLII. SPARTA IN ASIA
WAR OF LACEDÆMON AND ELIS
CINADON’S PLOT
AGESILAUS IN ASIA
PERSIAN GOLD
WAR RISES IN GREECE
LYSANDER’S PLOT
AGESILAUS RECALLED
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XLIII. THE CORINTHIAN WAR
BATTLE OF CNIDUS
THE BATTLE OF CORONEA
LAND AFFAIRS OF THE CORINTHIAN WAR
THE GREAT DEEDS OF CONON
CONON REBUILDS THE LONG WALLS
THE EMBASSY OF ANTALCIDAS
THE KING’S PEACE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XLIV. THE RISE OF THEBES
MANTINEA CRUSHED
THE OLYNTHIAN WAR
THE SURPRISE OF THEBES
FATE OF EVAGORAS AND THE ASIATIC GREEKS
THE REVOLT OF THEBES
THE SECOND ATHENIAN LEAGUE
CORCYRA
THE TRIAL OF TIMOTHEUS
THE CONGRESS AT SPARTA
ATHENS ABANDONS THEBES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XLV. THE DAY OF EPAMINONDAS
SPARTA INVADES BŒOTIA
THE BATTLE OF LEUCTRA
SIGNIFICANCE OF LEUCTRA
JASON OF THESSALY
VON STERN ON THE THEBAN POLICY
A CONGRESS AT ATHENS
MANTINEA RESTORED
THE ARCADIAN REVOLUTION
SPARTAN INTOLERANCE OF COWARDICE
THE THEBANS IN THE PELOPONNESUS
FOUNDING OF MESSENE
ATHENS IN LEAGUE WITH SPARTA
SECOND INVASION OF PELOPONNESUS
EXPEDITION INTO THESSALY
AN EMBASSY TO PERSIA AND A CONGRESS AT THEBES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XLVI. WHEN THEBES WAS SUPREME
JOINT WORK OF EPAMINONDAS AND PELOPIDAS
THE END OF PELOPIDAS
THE BATTLE OF MANTINEA AND THE DEATH OF EPAMINONDAS
XENOPHON’S ACCOUNT OF HOW EPAMINONDAS FOUGHT
GROTE’S ESTIMATE OF EPAMINONDAS
CONFUSION FOLLOWING EPAMINONDAS’ FALL
CHAPTER XLVII. THE TYRANTS IN SICILY
CHAPTER XLVIII. THE RISE OF MACEDONIA
EARLY HISTORY OF MACEDONIA
PHILIP THE ORGANISER
MILITARY DISCIPLINE
MACEDONIAN CULTURE
OLYMPIAS, MOTHER OF ALEXANDER
THE MACEDONIAN PHALANX
THE WAXING OF PHILIP
CHAPTER XLIX. THE TRIUMPHS OF PHILIP
DEMOSTHENES, THE ORATOR
ÆSCHINES, THE RIVAL OF DEMOSTHENES
THE UNPOPULARITY OF DEMOSTHENES
PHILIP’S BETTER SIDE
THE SACRED WAR
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC
PHILIP AND ATHENS
A TREATY OF PEACE
PUNISHMENT OF THE PHOCIANS
THE ATTITUDE OF THE ATHENIANS
THE MACEDONIAN PARTY
THE PATRIOTIC PARTY
PHILIP’S INTRIGUES AND THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
THE THIRD PHILIPPIC
PHILIP RETURNS TO THE FRAY
SIEGE OF PERINTHUS AND BYZANTIUM
DECLINE OF PHILIP’S PRESTIGE; THE SCYTHIAN EXPEDITION
THE CRUSADE AGAINST AMPHISSA
ALLIANCE BETWEEN ATHENS AND THEBES
THE ARMIES IN THE PLAIN OF CHÆRONEA
THE BATTLE OF CHÆRONEA
PHILIP TAKES THEBES
PEACE OF DEMADES
PHILIP IN PELOPONNESUS
POLITICAL SCHEMES; FAMILY BROILS
THE DEATH OF PHILIP
A SUMMING UP OF PHILIP’S CHARACTER
GROTE’S ESTIMATE OF PHILIP
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER L. ALEXANDER THE GREAT
PHILIP AND ALEXANDER COMPARED BY JUSTIN
ALEXANDER’S YOUTH ACCORDING TO QUINTUS CURTIUS
ALEXANDER’S FIRST DEEDS
DEMOSTHENES RIDICULES ALEXANDER
ALEXANDER DASHES THROUGH GREECE
ALEXANDER WINNOWS THE NORTH
THE REVOLT OF THEBES
THE FATE OF THEBES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LI. ALEXANDER INVADES ASIA
SCHEMES OF CONQUEST
THE PROBLEM AND THE TROOPS
THE SIZE OF THE ARMY
THE PHALANX AND THE CAVALRY
THE LIGHT TROOPS
THE CONDITION OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE
THE ENTRY INTO ASIA, ACCORDING TO ARRIAN
THE BATTLE OF THE GRANICUS
EFFECTS OF ALEXANDER’S VICTORY
CHAPTER LII. ISSUS AND TYRE
HALICARNASSUS
GORDIUM
DARIUS MUSTERS A NEW HOST
DARIUS AT ISSUS
PREPARING FOR BATTLE
THE BATTLE OF ISSUS
FROM ISSUS TO TYRE
THE SIEGE OF TYRE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LIII. FROM GAZA TO ARBELA
THE SIEGE OF GAZA ACCORDING TO ARRIAN
INCIDENTS FROM QUINTUS CURTIUS
ALEXANDER IN EGYPT
THE VISIT TO AMMON
ALEXANDER LEAVES EGYPT
THE BATTLE OF ARBELA
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LIV. THE FALL OF PERSIA
THE ENTRY INTO BABYLON DESCRIBED BY QUINTUS CURTIUS
AT THE BORDER OF PERSIA
A SHEPHERD GUIDE
THE RELEASED CAPTIVES; SACKING PERSEPOLIS
CURTIUS TELLS OF THE ENORMOUS LOOT
CURTIUS DESCRIBES AN ORGY AND THE BURNING OF PERSEPOLIS
THE NEW MEANING OF THE CONQUEST
THE PURSUIT OF DARIUS
CONSPIRACIES AGAINST ALEXANDER
CAPTURE OF BESSUS
LIMIT OF ALEXANDER’S PROGRESS NORTHWARD
ALEXANDER MURDERS HIS FRIEND
REMORSE OF ALEXANDER
CONSPIRACY OF THE ROYAL PAGES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LV. THE CONQUEST OF INDIA
THE WAR WITH PORUS
THE EASTERN LIMIT
THE MARCH TO THE WEST
THE BRAVE MALLIANS
ALEXANDER’S SEVERE WOUND AND THE ARMY’S GRIEF
THE DESERT MARCH
EXCESSES AND CRUELTIES DESCRIBED BY CURTIUS
THE RETURN OF NEARCHUS
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LVI. THE END OF ALEXANDER
HIS PROJECTS
THE MARRIAGE OF GREECE WITH PERSIA
THE MUTINY
THE LAST EXPEDITION
GRIEF FOR HEPHÆSTION
TO BABYLON
LAST ILLNESS
THE DEATH-BED OF ALEXANDER
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LVII. VARIOUS ESTIMATES OF ALEXANDER
HIS VICES AND VIRTUES (ARRIAN)
HIS FAVOUR WITH FORTUNE (ÆLIANUS)
IF ALEXANDER HAD ATTEMPTED ROME (LIVY)
HIS INVINCIBILITY (GROTE)
HIS MEANNESS (MÉNARD AND ROLLIN)
HIS EVIL INFLUENCE (NIEBUHR)
HIS MOTIVES (DROYSEN)
HIS EFFECT ON FEDERALISATION (PÖHLMANN)
HIS HERITAGE (HEGEL)
ALEXANDER’S TRUE GLORY (WHEELER)
CHAPTER LVIII. GREECE DURING THE LIFE OF ALEXANDER
CONFEDERACY AGAINST MACEDONIA
WAR IN GREECE
AFFAIRS AT ATHENS
DEMOSTHENES AND ÆSCHINES
DEIFICATION OF ALEXANDER; THE GOLD OF HARPALUS
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LIX. THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER
COUNCIL AT BABYLON AFTER ALEXANDER’S DEATH
PERDICCAS, MELEAGER, EUMENES, AND THE PUPPET KING
THE COMPACT
THE PARTITION
ALEXANDER’S POSTHUMOUS PLANS
ALEXANDER’S FUNERAL DESCRIBED BY DIODORUS
ALEXANDER’S HEIRS
DEATH OF PERDICCAS
THE FEATS OF EUMENES
THE EMPIRE OF ANTIGONUS
POLYSPERCHON VERSUS CASSANDER
LYSIMACHUS
CASSANDER IN POWER
THE NAME OF KING ASSUMED
THE SIEGE OF RHODES
THE FALL OF ANTIGONUS
DEMETRIUS AT LARGE
DEATH OF CASSANDER; DEMETRIUS WINS AND LOSES
LYSIMACHUS, ARSINOE, AND AGATHOCLES
SELEUCUS; ANTIGONUS; THE PTOLEMIES
PTOLEMY CERAUNUS IN MACEDONIA
ANARCHY IN MACEDONIA
ANTIGONUS GONATAS
THE CHREMONIDEAN WAR
PYRRHUS’ SON TAKES MACEDONIA
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LX. AFFAIRS IN GREECE PROPER AFTER ALEXANDER’S DEATH
THE LAMIAN WAR
RETURN OF DEMOSTHENES; DEATH OF LEOSTHENES
LEONNATUS
DEATH OF LEONNATUS; NAVAL WAR; WAR IN THESSALY
DISSOLUTION OF THE LEAGUE
THE CAPITULATION
THE END OF DEMOSTHENES
GROTE’S ESTIMATE OF DEMOSTHENES
ANTIPATER IN GREECE
THE DEATHS OF ANTIPATER AND OF DEMADES
POLYSPERCHON AND CASSANDER
OLYMPIAS AND EUMENES
IMPERIAL EDICT RECALLING EXILES
CONTEST AT ATHENS
INTRIGUES OF PHOCION
PHOCION’S DISGRACE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LXI. THE FAILURE OF GRECIAN FREEDOM
HELLAS AT PEACE
ATHENS UNDER DEMETRIUS; SPARTA BEHIND WALLS
THE LAST ACTS OF OLYMPIAS’ POWER
PTOLEMY IN GREECE
ATHENS PASSIVE AND SERVILE
SUCCESS OF DEMETRIUS IN GREECE
BATTLE OF IPSUS
CHAPTER LXII. THE EXPLOITS OF PYRRHUS
THE ANTECEDENTS OF PYRRHUS
THE LAST ADVENTURES OF DEMETRIUS
THE END OF LYSIMACHUS, KING OF MACEDON
DEATH OF SELEUCUS
INVASION OF THE GAULS
DEFENCE OF THE TEMPLE AT DELPHI
PYRRHUS AND THE ROMANS
PYRRHUS SUMMONED BY THE TARENTINES
PYRRHUS IN SICILY; HIS RETURN TO ITALY
MAGNA GRÆCIA SUBDUED BY THE ROMANS
RETURN OF PYRRHUS TO MACEDONIA
EXPEDITION OF PYRRHUS AGAINST SPARTA
DEATH OF PYRRHUS
ANTIGONUS GONATAS
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LXIII. THE LEAGUES AND THEIR WARS
THE ÆTOLIANS
THE ÆTOLIAN LEAGUE
THE ACHÆAN LEAGUE AND ARATUS OF SICYON
ARATUS CONTROLS THE LEAGUE
ARATUS TAKES CORINTH
SPARTA UNDER CLEOMENES
ANTIGONUS CALLED IN
THE SOCIAL WAR
ALLIANCE WITH ROME
GREEK FREEDOM PROCLAIMED
THE ÆTOLIANS CRUSHED
GREECE AT THE MERCY OF “FRIENDLY” ROME
ROME AGAINST PHILIP
PERSEUS, KING OF MACEDONIA
THE HUMILIATION OF GREECE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER LXIV. THE FINAL DISASTERS
THE MACEDONIAN INSURRECTION
THE ACHÆAN WAR
THE DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH
GREECE UNDER THE ROMANS
CHAPTER LXV. THE KINGDOM OF THE SELEUCIDÆ
SELEUCUS
ANTIOCHUS SOTER
SELEUCUS PHILOPATOR
CHAPTER LXVI. THE KINGDOM OF THE PTOLEMIES
PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS
PTOLEMY EUERGETES
PTOLEMY PHILOPATOR
EPIPHANES
PHILOMETOR AND PHYSCON
ROMAN INTERFERENCE
PTOLEMY AULETES; CLEOPATRA AND THE END
CHAPTER LXVII. SICILIAN AFFAIRS
AGATHOCLES
PYRRHUS AND THE ROMANS
GREECE
BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS
Chapter XXXVII. The Reign of Terror in Athens
Chapter XXXVIII. The Democracy Restored
Chapter XXXIX. Socrates and the Sophists
Chapter XL. The Retreat of the Ten Thousand
Chapter XLI. The Spartan Supremacy
Chapter XLII. Sparta in Asia
Chapter XLIII. The Corinthian War
Chapter XLIV. The Rise of Thebes
Chapter XLV. The Day of Epaminondas
Chapter XLVI. When Thebes was Supreme
Chapter XLVII. The Tyrants in Sicily
Chapter XLVIII. The Rise of Macedonia
Chapter XLIX. The Triumphs of Philip
Chapter L. Alexander the Great
Chapter LI. Alexander Invades Asia
Chapter LII. Issus and Tyre
Chapter LIII. From Gaza to Arbela
Chapter LIV. The Fall of Persia
Chapter LV. The Conquest of India
Chapter LVI. The End of Alexander
Chapter LVII. Various Estimates of Alexander
Chapter LVIII. Greece During the Life of Alexander
Chapter LIX. The Successors of Alexander
Chapter LX. Affairs in Greece Proper After Alexander’s Death
Chapter LXI. The Failure of Grecian Freedom
Chapter LXII. The Exploits of Pyrrhus
Chapter LXIII. The Leagues and their Wars
Chapter LXIV. The Final Disasters
Chapter LXV. The Kingdom of the Seleucidæ
Chapter LXVI. The Kingdom of the Ptolemies
Chapter LXVII. Sicilian Affairs
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GRECIAN HISTORY
A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE SOURCES
FOOTNOTES
LIST OF AUTHORS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
