The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 09
Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.
MACCHIAVELLI
THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD
A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages: edited, with the assistance of a distinguished board of advisers and contributors, by HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.
IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES
VOLUME IX—ITALY
T he Outlook Company New York
T he History Association London
1905
Unknown
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THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD
Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.
CONTENTS
THE DARK AGE
THE ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH CENTURIES
THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER I. ITALY IN THE DARK AGE
THE BARBARIAN INVADERS
CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS SUCCESSORS
THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY
THE DISUNITED MUNICIPALITIES
THE ORIGIN OF VENICE
THE ORIGIN OF THE DOGESHIP
VENICE IN THE TENTH CENTURY
PROSPERITY AND POLITICAL REFORMS
OTHER MARITIME CITIES
THE LOMBARD CITIES AND THEIR ALLIES
FLORENCE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER II. IMPERIAL AGGRESSIONS OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY
FREDERICK BARBAROSSA IN ITALY
RIVAL POPES
IMPERIAL CAMPAIGNS AND REVERSES
FREDERICK ONCE MORE AGGRESSIVE
THE BATTLE OF LEGNANO; THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE
DEATH OF FREDERICK; HIS SUCCESSOR
GROWING POWER OF THE NOBILITY
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER III. THE NORMANS IN SICILY
THE NORMANS IN FRANCE
THE NORMANS COME TO ITALY
CAPTURE OF THE POPE; ROBERT GUISCARD (1053 A.D.)
CONQUEST OF SICILY; EASTERN INVASIONS (1060-1090 A.D.)
ROGER, GREAT COUNT OF SICILY (1101-1138 A.D.)
ROGER II (1138-1154 A.D.)
WILLIAM THE BAD (IL MALO) (1154-1166 A.D.)
WILLIAM THE GOOD (1166-1189 A.D.)
NORMAN INFLUENCE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER IV. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
FACTIONS IN FLORENCE
FREDERICK II CROWNED EMPEROR
RENEWAL OF THE LOMBARD LEAGUE
FREDERICK II AND THE LOMBARD LEAGUE
THE BATTLE OF CORTENUOVA
POPE AGAINST EMPEROR
THE GUELFS EXPELLED FROM FLORENCE; THE BATTLE OF FOSSALTA
DEATH OF FREDERICK II: THE SUCCESSION
THE POPE AND THE CITIES
FLORENTINE AFFAIRS; THE GUELFS RECALLED
FLORENCE AND SIENA AT WAR; THE BATTLE OF MONTAPERTI
THE TYRANT EZZELINO
THE BEGINNING OF FEUDAL TYRANNY IN LOMBARDY
PERENNIAL STRIFE OF GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES
CHARLES OF ANJOU CONQUERS SICILY
THE FALL OF CONRADIN; GREGORY X; OTTO VISCONTI
GHIBELLINE SUCCESSES; THE SICILIAN VESPERS
WANING INFLUENCE OF KING, EMPEROR, AND POPE
THE REPUBLIC OF PISA
FLORENCE; THE FEUD OF THE BIANCHI AND THE NERI
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER V. THE FREE CITIES AND THE EMPIRE
AN EMPEROR ONCE MORE IN ITALY
MILAN SEDITIONS; GENOA AND VENICE AT WAR
HENRY’S CORONATION AND SUDDEN DEATH
RIVAL EMPERORS; ECCLESIASTICAL DISSENSIONS
CASTRUCCIO CASTRACANI
FLORENCE MENACED
THE FLORENTINE ARMY UNDER RAYMOND OF CARDONA
RAYMOND TEMPORISES
A BRILLIANT SKIRMISH
THE BATTLE OF ALTOPASCIO
CASTRUCCIO ADDS INSULT TO INJURY
FLORENCE IN DESPAIR CALLS ON THE DUKE OF CALABRIA
CHARLES AND HIS ARMY
THE GHIBELLINES CALL ON LUDWIG OF BAVARIA
SUCCESSES OF COUNT NOVELLO
LUDWIG COMES TO ITALY
CASTRUCCIO GOES TO ROME
CASTRUCCIO’S NEW CONQUEST; HIS SUDDEN DEATH
ESTIMATES OF CASTRUCCIO
DUKE OF CALABRIA DIES: LUDWIG RETIRES
CAN’ GRANDE DELLA SCALA
JOHN OF BOHEMIA COMES TO ITALY
LUCCA A BONE OF CONTENTION
THE DUKE OF ATHENS MADE PROTECTOR OF FLORENCE
GROWING UNPOPULARITY OF THE DUKE OF ATHENS
THE DUKE DRIVEN FROM THE CITY
ATTEMPTED REFORMS
WAR OF THE FACTIONS IN FLORENCE
THE GREAT PLAGUE
BOCCACCIO’S ACCOUNT OF THE PLAGUE IN FLORENCE
NAPIER’S REFLECTIONS ON THE PLAGUE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VI. THE VANGUARD OF THE RENAISSANCE
EUROPEAN CULTURE IN GENERAL
THE UNIVERSITIES AND NASCENT SCHOLARSHIP
LATIN AND THE VERNACULAR
THE MASTER POET, AND HIS THEME
LESSER CONTEMPORARIES OF DANTE
PETRARCH
EARLY ITALIAN PROSE
BOCCACCIO
LESSER CONTEMPORARIES OF PETRARCH AND BOCCACCIO
ART IN THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VII. ROME UNDER RIENZI
THE RISE OF RIENZI
LORD LYTTON ON THE SPEECH OF RIENZI
RIENZI’S OPPONENTS; HIS FRIENDS; HIS PROCLAMATIONS
DISASTER SUCCEEDS VICTORY
ANARCHY AND JUBILEE IN ROME
RIENZI IN EXILE; HIS RENEWED OPPORTUNITY; HIS DEATH
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER VIII. DESPOTS AND TYRANTS OF THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES
THE KINGDOM OF NAPLES
THE TYRANTS OF LOMBARDY
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER IX. THE MARITIME REPUBLICS IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES
THE AFFAIRS OF PISA AND GENOA
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER X. THE COMMERCE OF VENICE
VENICE IN THE LEVANT
THE COMMERCIAL FOREBEARS OF THE VENETIANS
VENETIAN GLASS
OTHER MANUFACTURES
THE SLAVE TRADE
THE DECLINE OF VENETIAN COMMERCE
THE BANK OF VENICE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XI. THE GUILDS AND THE SEIGNIORY IN FLORENCE
SOCIAL UPHEAVALS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
MACCHIAVELLI’S ACCOUNT OF THE CIOMPI INSURRECTION
CHAPTER XII. FLORENCE UNDER THE MEDICI
THE RISE, REVERSES, AND POWER OF COSMO DE’ MEDICI
COSMO’S SUCCESSOR
PIERO’S SONS AND THE CONSPIRACIES
LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT IN POWER
LAST YEARS OF LORENZO
VON REUMONT’S ESTIMATE OF LORENZO
CHAPTER XIII. ASPECTS OF LATER RENAISSANCE CULTURE
FIFTEENTH CENTURY ART
THE END OF THE MEDIÆVAL EPOCH
THE AGE OF MICHELANGELO
RAPHAEL
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XIV. THE “LAST DAY OF ITALY”
CHARLES VIII; HIS ARMY (1494 A.D.)
FLORENTINE AFFAIRS; SAVONAROLA
THE FRENCH IN MILAN
THE FRENCH AND SPANIARDS IN NAPLES
NORTHERN ITALY
THE LEAGUE OF CAMBRAY
THE BATTLE OF RAVENNA
THE AGE OF LEO X
SUCCESSORS OF LEO; FRANCIS I AND CHARLES V
CAPTURE AND SACK OF ROME
THE FALL OF FLORENCE
CHAPTER XV. THE BEGINNING OF THE AGE OF SLAVERY
THE SIEGE AND FALL OF SIENA
AN ITALIAN ESTIMATE OF THE ABDICATION OF CHARLES V
RENEWED HOSTILITIES; THE TREATY OF CATEAU-CAMBRÉSIS
A SPANISH ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF LEPANTO
THE GENERAL CONDITION OF ITALY
POPE SIXTUS V; FERDINAND, GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY
POPE CLEMENT VIII (1590-1605 A.D.)
CHAPTER XVI. A CENTURY OF OBSCURITY
GENERAL CONDITIONS
GALILEO AND THE CHURCH
THE SUCCESSORS OF URBAN VIII
LESSER PRINCIPALITIES
TUSCANY
PIEDMONT AND SAVOY
VENICE
CHAPTER XVII. ITALY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
ITALY IN THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
WAR OF THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE
THE WAR OF THE POLISH SUCCESSION
THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION
FORTY YEARS OF “LANGUID PEACE” FOR DIVIDED ITALY
THE KINGDOM OF NAPLES AND SICILY
THE STATES OF THE CHURCH
THE SARDINIAN KINGDOM
THE FOUR REPUBLICS
MILAN AND TUSCANY
ITALY IN THE REVOLUTIONARY AGE
THE GROWING DESIRE FOR LIBERTY
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XVIII. THE NAPOLEONIC REGIME
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC
NAPOLEON MAKES ITALY A KINGDOM
THE KINGDOM OF NAPLES AND THE PAPACY
THE ISLANDS OF SICILY AND SARDINIA
THE RISE OF NATIONAL SPIRIT
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XIX. INEFFECTUAL STRUGGLES
MARRIOTT ON THE RESTORATION
ERRORS OF THE MONARCHY
THE INSURRECTIONS OF 1820-1821
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1831
SASSONE ON MAZZINI AND “YOUNG ITALY”
FYFFE’S ESTIMATE OF MAZZINI
SYMONDS ON THE PROBLEMS AND THE LEADERS
POPE PIUS IX AND HIS LIBERAL POLICY
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XX. THE LIBERATION OF ITALY
THE WAR BETWEEN NAPLES AND SICILY
REVOLT AGAINST THE POPE; ROME A REPUBLIC
THE FRENCH RESTORE THE POPE
REVOLUTIONS IN TUSCANY AND ELSEWHERE
CHARLES ALBERT’S WAR WITH AUSTRIA
CHARLES ALBERT ABDICATES: VICTOR EMMANUEL II SUCCEEDS
VENICE FAILS TO ACQUIRE FREEDOM
LOUIS NAPOLEON’S INTERVENTION
AUSTRIA DECLARES WAR: MAGENTA AND SOLFERINO
THE PAPACY VS. UNITY
GARIBALDI DRIVES THE BOURBONS FROM SICILY
THE DEATH OF CAVOUR AND THE REVOLT OF GARIBALDI
FLORENCE BECOMES THE CAPITAL
THE WAR OF 1866 AND ANNEXATION OF VENICE
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXI. THE COMPLETION OF ITALIAN UNITY
THE REVOLT OF GARIBALDI
THE FRENCH INTERVENE AGAIN: MENTANA, OCTOBER 31ST
THE ROMAN QUESTION RENEWED
PAPAL INFALLIBILITY PROCLAIMED (1869 A.D.)
ROME TAKEN FROM THE POPE (1870 A.D.)
THE PLEBISCITE
ROME AGAIN THE CAPITAL OF ITALY (1871 A.D.)
THE MINGHETTI MINISTRY (1873-1876 A.D.)
DEATH OF VICTOR EMMANUEL AND PIUS IX
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER XXII. RECENT HISTORY
IRREDENTISM, THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE AND “TRASFORMISMO”
THE POWER OF CRISPI
DEATH OF KING HUMBERT, OF CRISPI, AND OF LEO XIII
BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS
Chapter I. The Dark Age
Chapter II. Imperial Aggressions of the Twelfth Century
Chapter III. The Normans in Sicily
Chapter IV. The Thirteenth Century
Chapter VI. The Vanguard of the Renaissance
Chapter VII. Rome under Rienzi
Chapter VIII. The Despots and Tyrants of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Chapter IX. The Maritime Republics of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Chapter X. The Commerce of Venice
Chapter XI. The Guilds and the Seigniory in Florence
Chapter XII. Florence under the Medici
Chapter XIII. Aspects of Renaissance Culture
Chapter XIV. The “Last Day of Italy”
Chapter XV. The Beginning of the Age of Slavery
Chapter XVI. A Century of Obscurity
Chapter XVII. The Eighteenth Century
Chapter XVIII. The Napoleonic Régime (1800-1815 A.D.)
Chapter XIX. Ineffectual Struggles (1815-1847 A.D.)
Chapter XX. The Liberation of Italy (1848-1866 A.D.)
Chapter XXI. The Completion of Italian Unity (1867-1878 A.D.)
Chapter XXII. 1878-1903
A CHRONOLOGICAL RÉSUMÉ OF ITALIAN HISTORY
THE NORTH ITALIAN STATES AND REPUBLICS
THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
THE KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES
