QUESTIONS

1. What classes of furniture are essential in modern composing-rooms? 2. Give a general statement of articles in each class. 3. What determines the selection of furniture for any given office? 4. What was the first thing needed in a composing-room after the type had been cast? 5. How was it made originally? 6. How is it now made? 7. What are the dimensions of the standard type case of the present time? 8. What other sizes are sometimes used? 9. What effect has the need of economy of space had upon the use of type cases? 10. What are type cases made of? 11. What difficulties were experienced? 12. How were they avoided? 13. Describe the construction of a modern type case. 14. Give some of the uses for which special cases are provided. 15. What are the two purposes of a working stand? 16. What is the proper height for a stand? 17. Should the case lie flat when in use, and why? 18. How are galleys placed for holding type, and why? 19. Describe a simple working stand. 20. How are infrequently used cases stored? 21. What should be avoided in this method of storage? 22. Describe a modern type cabinet. 23. What difficulty arose in working at the earlier forms of cabinet, and how was it avoided? 24. Describe a Polhemus cabinet. 25. What is the advantage of iron case brackets? 26. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tilting case brackets? 27. What are galley brackets? 28. What is a better article for the same purpose? 29. Compare wooden and steel case runs. 30. How are steel case runs constructed? 31. Describe and compare several methods of constructing case racks so that the case may be used without removing it from the rack. 32. What was the old method of keeping reglets and wood furniture, and what was its disadvantage? 33. Describe some modern methods of keeping this material.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Alley—The floor space between two stands or cabinets.

Annex Box—A small wood or metal cup or box attached to the type case for holding special characters.

Bank—A high table with the top inclined upon which composed type is placed temporarily. See Dump.

Blank Case—A wooden tray without partitions, or with one partition only.

Box—A subdivision of a type case, in which a quantity of one particular character is kept.

Bracket—An arm or support, usually of metal, to hold cases on top of a stand, to hold galleys, etc.

Cabinet—An enclosure for cases, shelves, or boxes, closed up on the sides and back. See stand.

California Job Case—An extensively used type case arranged with boxes to hold capitals, small letters, figures, points, and the usual characters of a job font, complete in a single tray.

Cap Case—The top case of a standard pair of book or news cases. The capital case, or upper case.

Case—The printer's name for the shallow wooden tray with small compartments for holding types and other materials.

Case Cleaner—A frame like that of a type case with a wire bottom, used to assist in cleaning out type cases that have become foul with dust, grit, or similar dirt. The case cleaner is placed on top of the type case, fitting snugly over each box, and the whole turned up-side-down to transfer the type into the wire bottom. A gentle shaking then sifts out the dirt. When the case is turned back again the types go back into their original boxes. A vacuum cleaner, a small bellows, or an air pump are sometimes used for cleaning type cases.

Coffin—The box-like frame surrounding an imposing stone on its stand.

Dump—The place in a composing room where dead matter is kept until it is distributed; sometimes said of a standing galley where compositors place their composed lines to be assembled for proofing, etc. See Bank.

Empty Case—A case without the letters or types needed to compose lines. The case may have other letters, but some boxes are empty.

Form Rack—For holding printing forms that are locked in chases, before or after printing. It usually holds them in a perpendicular position.

Foul Case, or Dirty Case—One in which the type or other material is badly mixed or which has material that does not properly belong there, as in hasty distribution or because of carelessness.

Frame—Another name for the compositor's work stand or case rack.

Furniture—In printing-office speech this term is used to mean small pieces of wood or metal designed to fill the blank spaces larger than leads, slugs, spaces, and quads. Furniture is placed between pages and around forms locked in chases.

Galley—A shallow tray used by compositors to hold type after the lines have been set and transferred from the composing stick.

Galley Rack—A place for holding a number of galleys in order.

Harris Rule Case—A quarter-size case for holding assortments of brass rules. Four of these trays may be kept in a regular full size blank case, similar to Wisconsin quarter cases. See size of cases.

Hell-box—The receptacle for old, broken, or discarded types.

Italic Case—A style of case to hold a complete font of capitals, small letters, points, figures, etc. Similar to the California job case, but with more boxes on the capital letter side. See page 15.

Job Case—A general term meaning a type case which holds a complete font of type; in distinction from a case which holds only part of a font, like the ordinary news or book case.

Job Galley—A short galley to place on the work stand for making up pages, small forms, etc.

Labor-saving—Said of assortments of leads, rules, furniture, etc., provided in assorted sizes. The sizes are commonly multiples of 6-point or 12-point, and several small pieces may be combined to fill a large space, thus saving the labor necessary to cut each piece to fit its place.

Laying Type—Placing a new assortment of type in its case.

Lay of the Case—The particular plan or arrangement of the types in the various boxes of a case.

Leader Case—A small case or series of boxes for holding brass or cast-type leaders.

Letter Boards—Movable shelves in racks, under imposing tables, and elsewhere, to hold standing type matter, etc.

Low Case—A case with a small portion of the font in it. See Empty Case.

Lower Case—The bottom case of a pair of book or news cases, which rests nearest the compositor. See page 12.

New York Job Case—A case for holding a font of small capitals in addition to the capitals, small letters, figures, etc., of the usual fonts. See page 15.

Reglet—Thin strips of wood, similar to thick leads; used for making up large pages and filling in forms.

Sizes of Cases—There are a number of standard sizes of cases for printers' purposes, allowing a considerable range in adapting these important articles for particular uses. The common sizes are as follows:

Regular full-size case 32¼ × 16¾ in.
Three-quarter size26¼ × 16¾ in.
Two-third case22¾ × 16¾ in.
Rooker Case (formerly popular in newspaper composing rooms)28½ × 14 in.
Wood type case32¼ × 23 in.
Mammoth wood-type case44 × 23 in.
Bettis case, for leads, rules, etc72 × 18 in.
Bettis case, for leads, rules, border, etc72 in. × 7 in.
Harris case, for rules, border, etcin. × 7 in.
Wisconsin quarter casein. × 7 in.
“Sanspareil” half-size case15¼ × 14¾ in.

Sort Case—For holding extra or special types, etc., with open sides and back.

Stand—The working frame at which a compositor sets type; in distinction from a cabinet, which has closed sides and no back.

Triple Case—A case divided into three principal sections, each section having forty-nine boxes, like one-half of the common capital case.

Unit Type Cabinet—A container for type cases similar to a sectional book case. The parts are built in sections about 12½ inches high, holding eight or ten cases. There is a base piece upon which the cabinet rests, and a top piece. Any number of the sections may be put together to provide room for additional cases as needed. These cabinets have cases of different depths to provide for fonts of different sizes; shallow cases for job fonts of small types, and other cases of varying depths to give room for larger fonts.

TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES

The following list of publications, comprising the Typographic Technical Series for Apprentices, has been prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.

Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of the United States—employers, journeymen, and apprentices—with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.

The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 × 8 inches. Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list.

Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text.

In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books.

These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.

Address all orders and inquiries to Committee on Education, United Typothetae of America, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A.

PART I—Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials

1. Type: a Primer of Information By A. A. Stewart
Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.

2. Compositors' Tools and Materials By A. A. Stewart
A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary.

3. Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture By A. A. Stewart
A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary.

4. Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances By A. A. Stewart
Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.

5. Proof Presses By A. A. Stewart
A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions; glossary.

6. Platen Printing Presses By Daniel Baker
A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary.

7. Cylinder Printing Presses By Herbert L. Baker
Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions; glossary.

8. Mechanical Feeders and Folders By William E. Spurrier
The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

9. Power for Machinery in Printing Houses By Carl F. Scott
A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.

10. Paper Cutting Machines By Niel Gray, Jr.
A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper. 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.

11. Printers' Rollers By A. A. Stewart
A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.

12. Printing Inks By Philip Ruxton
Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.

13. How Paper is Made By William Bond Wheelwright
A primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62 review questions; glossary.

14. Relief Engravings By Joseph P. Donovan
Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

15. Electrotyping and Sterotyping By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart
A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.

PART II—Hand and Machine Composition

16. Typesetting By A. A. Stewart
A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

17. Printers' Proofs By A. A. Stewart
The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

18. First Steps in Job Composition By Camille DeVéze
Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.

19. General Job Composition
How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

20. Book Composition By J. W. Bothwell
Chapters from DeVinne's “Modern Methods of Book Composition,” revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions; glossary.

21. Tabular Composition By Robert Seaver
A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.

22. Applied Arithmetic By E. E. Sheldon
Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and exercises. 159 pp.

23. Typecasting and Composing Machines A. W. Finlay, Editor
A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

Section I—The LinotypeBy L. A. Hornstein
Section II—The MonotypeBy Joseph Hays
Section III—The IntertypeBy Henry W. Cozzens
Section IV—Other Typecasting and Typesetting MachinesBy Frank H. Smith

PART III—Imposition and Stonework

24. Locking Forms for the Job Press By Frank S. Henry
Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

25. Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press By Frank S. Henry
Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

PART IV—Presswork

26. Making Ready on Platen Presses By T. G. McGrew
The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

27. Cylinder Presswork By T. G. McGrew
Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

28. Pressroom Hints and Helps By Charles L. Dunton
Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.

29. Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts By A. W. Elson
A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.

PART V—Pamphlet and Book Binding

30. Pamphlet Binding By Bancroft L. Goodwin
A primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

31. Book Binding By John J. Pleger
Practical information about the usual operations in binding books; folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.

PART VI—Correct Literary Composition

32. Word Study and English Grammar By F. W. Hamilton
A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.

33. Punctuation By F. W. Hamilton
A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions; glossary.

34. Capitals By F. W. Hamilton
A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions; glossary.

35. Division of Words By F. W. Hamilton
Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.

36. Compound Words By F. W. Hamilton
A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.

37. Abbreviations and Signs By F. W. Hamilton
A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.

38. The Uses of Italic By F. W. Hamilton
A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions.

39. Proofreading By Arnold Levitas
The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking, revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.

40. Preparation of Printers' Copy By F. W. Hamilton
Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.

41. Printers' Manual of Style
A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition.

42. The Printer's Dictionary By A. A. Stewart
A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms explained. Illustrated.

PART VII—Design, Color, and Lettering

43. Applied Design for Printers By Harry L. Gage
A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing. Treats of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions; glossary; bibliography.

44. Elements of Typographic Design By Harry L. Gage
Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material of typography: paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.

45. Rudiments of Color in Printing By Harry L. Gage
Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary; bibliography.

46. Lettering in Typography By Harry L. Gage
Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography.

47. Typographic Design in Advertising By Harry L. Gage
The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.

48. Making Dummies and Layouts By Harry L. Gage
A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.

PART VIII—History of Printing

49. Books Before Typography By F. W. Hamilton
A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.; illustrated; 64 review questions.

50. The Invention of Typography By F. W. Hamilton
A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64 pp.; 62 review questions.

51. History of Printing—Part I By F. W. Hamilton
A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.

52. History of Printing—Part II By F. W. Hamilton
A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.

53. Printing in England By F. W. Hamilton
A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.

54. Printing in America By F. W. Hamilton
A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; 84 review questions.

55. Type and Presses in America By F. W. Hamilton
A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions.

PART IX—Cost Finding and Accounting

56. Elements of Cost in Printing By Henry P. Porter
The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.

57. Use of a Cost System By Henry P. Porter
The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. Glossary.

58. The Printer as a Merchant By Henry P. Porter
The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. The relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product. Review questions. Glossary.

59. Fundamental Principles of Estimating By Henry P. Porter
The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for estimating. Review questions. Glossary.

60. Estimating and Selling By Henry P. Porter
An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary.

61. Accounting for Printers By Henry P. Porter
A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary books and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary.

PART X—Miscellaneous

62. Health, Sanitation, and Safety By Henry P. Porter
Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new; practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and rules for safety.

63. Topical Index By F. W. Hamilton
A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic Technical Series, alphabetically arranged.

64. Courses of Study By F. W. Hamilton
A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the United States of America.

The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors, printers, and others identified with this work.

While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest.

The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume.

The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication.

Committee on Education,
United Typothetae of America.
Henry P. Porter, Chairman,
E. Lawrence Fell,
A. M. Glossbrenner,
J. Clyde Oswald,
Toby Rubovits.
Frederick W. Hamilton, Education Director.

CONTRIBUTORS

For Composition and Electrotypes

For Composition

For Electrotypes

For Engravings

For Book Paper