Fossil plants, Vol. 1: [A text-book] for students of botany and geology

by A. C. Seward

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[Frontispiece.] Tree Stumps in a Carboniferous Forest. Drawn from a photograph. (M. Seward.) [Page 57].

FIG.			PAGE
[1.]		Lepidodendron. (M. S.)	10
[2.]		Geological section	29
[3.]		Table of strata	32
[4.]		Geological section (coal seam)	44
[5.]		Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hoffm. (M. S.)	45
[6.]		Submerged Forest at Leasowe. (M. S.)	59
[7.]		Ammonite on coniferous wood. (M. S.)	61
[8.]		Coniferous wood in flint. (M. S.)	62
[9.]		Bored fossil wood. (M. S.)	62
[10.]		Section of an old pool filled up with a mass of Chara. (From block lent by Dr Woodward)	69
[11.]		Equisetites columnaris Brongn. (M. S.)	72
[12.]		Stigmaria ficoides Brongn. (M. S.)	73
[13.]		Cordaites etc. in coal. (M. S.)	76
[14.]		Crystallisation in petrified tissues	81
[15.]		Lepidodendron. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson of a specimen lent by Mr Kidston)	82
[16.]		Cast of a fossil cell. (M. S.)	84
[17.]		Calcareous nodule from the Coal-Measures	85
[18.]		Lepidodendron from Arran. (M. S.)	89
[19.]		Trigonocarpon seeds in a block of sandstone. (M. S.)	91
[20.]		Restio, Equisetum, Casuarina and Ephedra. (M. S.)	95
[21.]		Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. and Sm. (M. S.)	96
[22.]		Kaulfussia æsculifolia Blume. (M. S.)	97
[23.]		A branched Lepidodendroid stem (Knorria mirabilis Ren. and Zeill.). (M. S.)	102
[24.]		Partially disorganised petrified tissue	107
[25.]		Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres. (Lent by Messrs Macmillan)	119
[26.]		Girvanella problematica Eth. and Nich. (M. S.)	124
[27.]		Fish-scale and shell perforated by a boring organism. (M. S.)	128
[28.]		Bacillus Tieghemi Ren. and Micrococcus Guignardi Ren. (M. S.)	135
[29.]		Laminaria sp.	140
[30.]		Rill-mark; trail of a seaweed; tracks of a Polychaet. (M. S.)	143
[31.]		Chondrites verisimilis Salt. (M. S.)	146
[32.]		Lithothamnion mamillosum Gümb.; Sycidium melo Sandb.; Bactryllium deplanatum Heer; Calcareous pebble from a lake in Michigan. (M. S.)	155
[33.]		Cymopolia barbata (L.); Acicularia Andrussowi Solms; Acicularia sp.; A. Schencki (Möb.); A. Mediterranea Lamx.; Ovulites margaritula Lamx.; Penicillus pyramidalis (Lamx.) (M. S.)	162
[34.]		Acetabularia mediterranea Lamx. (Photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson)	165
[35.]		Diplopora; Gyroporella; Penicillus; Ovulites margaritula Lam.; Confervites chantransioides (Born.)	174
[36.]		Torbanite; Pila bibractensis and Reinschia australis	180
[37.]		Lithothamnion sp.; L. suganum Roth.; Sphaerocodium Bornemanni Roth.	186
[38.]		Solenopora compacta (Billings). (M. S.)	189
[39.]		Nematophycus Logani (Daws.)	196
[40.]		Nematophycus Storriei Barb. (Photograph by Mr C. A. Barber)	199
[41.]		Cells of Cycadeoidea gigantea Sew., Osmundites Dowkeri Carr and Memecylon with vacuolated contents; Peronosporites antiquarius Smith; Zygosporites	214
[42.]		Tracheids of coniferous wood attacked by Trametes radiciperda Hart and Agaricus melleus Vahl.	215
[43.]		Oochytrium Lepidodendri Ren.; Polyporus vaporarius Fr. var. succinea; Cladosporites bipartitus Fel.; Haplographites cateniger Fel. (M. S.)	217
[44.]		Cells of fossil plants with fungal hyphae	219
[45.]		Chara Knowltoni Sew.; Chara foetida A. Br. (A and B, Mr Highley; C–E, M. S.)	224
[46.]		Chara Bleicheri Sap.; Chara? sp.; C. Wrighti Forbes. (M. S.)	226
[47.]		Chara Knowltoni Sew. (From block lent by Dr Woodward)	227
[48.]		Tristichia hypnoides Spreng.; Podocarpus cupressina Br. and Ben.; Selaginella Oregana Eat. (M. S.)	231
[49.]		Marchantites erectus (Leck.) (M. S.)	233
[50.]		Marchantites Sezannensis Sap. (M. S.)	235
[51.]		Muscites polytrichaceus Ren. and Zeill. (M. S.)	239
[52.]		Equisetum maximum Lam.; E. arvense L.	246
[53.]		Equisetum palustre L. (M. S.)	247
[54.]		Plan of the vascular bundles in an Equisetum stem; E. arvense L.	250
[55.]		Equisetum variegatum Schl.; E. maximum Lam.	252
[56.]		Calamitean leaf-sheath. (M. S.)	260
[57.]		Equisetites Hemingwayi Kidst. (Mr Highley)	262
[58.]		Equisetites spatulatus Zeill.; E. zeaeformis (Schloth.); Equisetites lateralis Phill.; Equisetites columnaris Brongn.; Equisetum trachyodon A. Br. (M. S.)	265
[59.]		Equisetites platyodon Brongn. (M. S.)	267
[60.]		Equisetites Beani (Bunb.). (From a block lent by Dr Woodward)	271
[61.]		Equisetites Beani (Bunb.). (M. S.)	272
[62.]		E. Beani (Bunb.). (M. S.)	274
[63.]		E. lateralis Phill. (M. S.)	275
[64.]		E. lateralis Phill. (M. S.)	278
[65.]	E. Burchardti Dunk. (M. S.)	279
[66.]	E. Yokoyamae Sew. (From a block lent by Dr Woodward)	280
[67.]	Phyllotheca? sp. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson)	285
[68.]	Phyllotheca Brongniarti Zigno; P. indica Bunb.; Calamocladus frondosus Grand’Eury. (M. S.)	287
[69.]	Schizoneura gondwanensis Feist. (M. S.)	293
[70.]	Transverse section of a Calamite stem. (M. S.)	299
[71.]	Transverse section of a young Calamite stem	305
[72.]	Longitudinal and transverse sections of Calamites	308
[73.]	Transverse section of a Calamite stem	310
[74.]	Transverse section of Calamites (Arthropitys) sp.	312
[75.]	Longitudinal section (tangential) of Calamites (Arthropitys) sp.	313
[76.]	Longitudinal section (tangential) of Calamites (Arthropitys) sp.	314
[77.]	Portion of a Calamite stem; partially restored. (M. S.)	316
[78.]		Transverse and longitudinal (radial) sections of a thick Calamite stem. (Mr Highley)	318
[79.]			319
[80.]		Transverse section of a Calamite showing callus wood	320
[81.]		Longitudinal section of a young Calamite	321
[82.]		Pith-casts of Calamites (Stylocalamites) sp. (M. S.)	323
[83.]		Calamites (Arthrodendron) sp. Transverse and longitudinal sections	327
[84.]		Transverse section of Calamites (Calamodendron) intermedius Ren.	328
[85.]		Leaves of a Calamite. (M. S.)	330
[86.]		Transverse section of a Calamite leaf	331
[87.]		Calamocladus equisetiformis (Schloth.) (Miss G. M. Woodward)	334
[88.]		Annularia stellata (Schloth.) (M. S.)	339
[89.]		Annularia sphenophylloides Zenk. (M. S.)	340
[90.]		Pith-cast of a Calamite, with roots. (M. S.)	343
[91.]		Transverse sections of Calamite roots	345
[92.]		Root given off from a Calamite stem	347
[93.]		Calamostachys sp. (M. S.)	350
[94.]		C. Binneyana (Carr.). (Mr Highley)	352
[95.]		C. Binneyana (Carr.)	354
[96.]		C. Casheana Will.	356
[97.]		Palaeostachya pedunculata Will. (M. S.)	357
[98.]		P. vera sp. nov.	359
[99.]		Calamites (Calamitina) Göpp. (Ett.) (M. S.)	368
[100.]		Calamites (Calamitina) approximatus Brongn. From a photograph by Mr Kidston	370
[101.]		Calamites (Calamitina) sp. (From a block lent by Dr Woodward)	373
[102.]		Calamites (Eucalamites) cruciatus Sternb. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson)	377
[103.]		Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus (Schloth.). (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson)	385
[104.]		Diagrammatic longitudinal section of Sphenophyllum	393
[105.]		Transverse and longitudinal sections of Sphenophyllum insigne (Will.) and S. plurifoliatum Will. and Scott	394
[106.]		Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum Will. and Scott. (From a photograph by Mr Highley)	398
[107.]		Sphenophyllum strobilus, stem and root	400
[108.]		Diagrammatic longitudinal section of a Sphenophyllum strobilus. (M. S.)	402
[109.]		Sphenophyllum emarginatum (Brongn.) (M. S.)	407
[110.]		Sphenophyllum Thoni Mahr.; S. trichomatosum Stur. (M. S.)	410
[111.]		Sphenophyllum speciosum (Royle). (M. S.)	411

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Note. The references in the footnotes require a word of explanation. The titles of the works referred to will be found in the Bibliography at the end of the volume. In this list the authors’ names are arranged alphabetically and the papers of each author are in chronological order. The numbers in brackets after the author’s name in the footnotes, and before his name in the bibliographical list, refer to the year of publication. Except in cases where the works were published prior to 1800, the first two figures are omitted: thus Ward (84) refers to a paper published by L. F. Ward in 1884. This system was suggested by Dr H. H. Field in the Biologisches Centralblatt, vol. XIII. 1893, p. 753. (Ueber die Art der Abfassung naturwissenschaftlicher Litteraturverzeichnisse.)

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PART I. GENERAL.

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