Venoms: Venomous Animals and Antivenomous Serum-therapeutics

by A. Calmette

INDEX.

d’Abbadie, M., on inoculation, [238]. Acalyptophis, [133]. Acanthophis, [96]. “antarcticus (death adder), [96]. ““““bite dangerous, [100]. Acanthopterygii, [290], [301], [304]. Acanthurus, [301]. “ luridus, [301]. Adder, [25], [26]. See also Vipera berus. Africa, poisonous snakes in, [57-81]. “““ geographical distribution of genera (tables), [143], [144]. “ (Central), witch doctors of, snake-bite remedies, [237]. “ (East), Vatuas’ method of inoculation, [239]. Agglutinins of venoms, [202]. Aipysurus, [140]. “ annulatus, [140]. “ australis, [140]. “ lævis, [140]. “ eydouxii, [140]. Albuminoid of snake-venom produces hæmorrhages, [162]. Albumins of venom devoid of toxic power, [164]. Albumose of snake-venom attacks nerve-cell of respiratory centres, [162]. Albumoses of venoms of Colubridæ, [162]. “““ method of separation, [162]. “See also Proto-albumoses, Hetero-albumoses. Alcatifa, extraction of venom from, for inoculation, [239]. Alcock, researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. Alexins, [198], [209]. “ characteristics of, [207]. “ fixation of, [210], [211]. “ of normal serum, fixation by cobra-venom, [211]. “ neutralisation of, [212]. Alkaloids in venom, [160]. Alps, and mountains of Central Europe, Salamandra atra found in, [313]. Amboceptors, [198], [210]. “ fixation of, [208], [220]. America, snakes in, geographical distribution of genera of (table), [146]. “venomous snakes in, [100-131]. America, (Central), Batrachus tau found on shores of, [302]. “ (North), musical toad found in, [318]. “ (South), witch doctors of, snake-bite remedies, [237]. “ (Tropical and Sub-tropical), Latrodectus mactans found in, [275]. Ammonia, injection of, only temporary antidote against snake-venom, [261]. Ancistrodon, [49], [109], [110]. “ venom of, precipitation of anticoagulant substance in, [195]. “ acutus, [49]. “ bilineatus, [111]. “ blomhoffii, [50]. “ contortrix, [111]. “ himalayanus, [50]. “ hypnale, [51]. “ intermedius, [50]. “ piscivorus, [110]. “ rhodostoma, [51]. Anderson, relation of escape from Naja haje, [60]. Anemone scultata, [269]. Aniline colours, action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms, [167]. Animals, venomous, definition of, [1]. Arachnolysin, poison from Latrodectus prepared by, [276]. Araneida (spiders), [274]. Armstrong, H., chemical analysis of cobra-venom, [159]. Arrows, poisoned by Hottentots with venom of Bitis arietans, [72]. Arthropods, poisonous species of, [274]. Asia, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30], [57]. ““““ geographical distribution of genera (tables), [142], [143]. Asp, [27], [28]. See also Vipera aspis. Aspidelaps, [64]. “ lubricus, [64]. “ scutatus, [64]. Atheris, [78]. “ ceratophorus, [78]. “ chlorechis, [78]. “ squamiger, [78]. Atlantic (Tropical), Acanthurus found in, [301]. ““ Muræna moringa found in, [309]. Atractaspis, [78]. “ aterrima, [80]. “ bibronii, [80]. “ congica, [79]. “ corpulenta, [80]. “ dahomeyensis, [80]. “ hildebrandtii, [79]. “ irregularis, [79]. “ leucomelas, [81]. “ microlepidota, [81]. “ micropholis, [81]. “ rostrata, [80]. Australia, health authorities’ notices against venomous reptiles, [100]. “ mortality from snake-bite in, [100], [261]. “ poisonous snakes of, [81-100]. “ snakes of, almost all confined to sub-family Elapinæ, [5].
Bacteriolytic action of venoms, [206]. “““ how differing from that of rat-serum, [208]. Bailey, action of venom on brain, [185]. Batrachians, [312]. Batrachiidæ, [302]. Batrachus grunniens, [302]. “ tau, [302]. Bavay on the spitting snake, [63]. Bee-sting, remedies for, [286]. Bees, venom of, [282]. Bertrand, researches of, [147]. Bertrand and Phisalix, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, [226]. ““ preparation of toad-venom, [319]. Bettencourt, R., venom antitoxin treatment of yellow fever, [184]. Bibron and Duméril on coloration of snakes, [16]. ““ Naja worship in Egypt, [61]. Bile, destructive effect on cobra-venom, [215]. Birds, symptoms after inoculation with lethal doses of venom, [172]. Bitis, [69]. “ arietans (puff adder), [69]. ““““ bite from, [350]. ““““ venom used for poisoning arrows by Hottentots, [72]. “ atropos, [72]. “ caudalis, [73]. “ cornuta, [73]. “ gabonica, [73]. ““ does not attack man, [74]. “ inornata, [72]. “ peringueyi, [72]. Black snake, [88]. See also Pseudechis porphyriacus. Blin, bite from Cerastes, [349]. Blindness following bite of viper, [178]. Blood, anticoagulant action of venom on, mechanism of, [195]. “ coagulability, action of venom of Lachesis lanceolatus on, [191]. ““ destroyed by venoms of Colubridæ, [179], [188], [189], [191], [192], [193]. ““““ certain species of Crotalinæ, [191], [192], [193]. ““ uncertain action of venom of Vipera berus on, in certain animals, [189], [190]. “ coagulation of, connected with action of venoms of Viperidæ on nervous system, [185], [186]. ““ produced by venoms of Viperidæ, [179], [188], [189]. “ not coagulated after death caused by venoms of Colubridæ, [171], [188], [189]. “ of hedgehog toxic before heating, antitoxic afterwards, [226]. “ of scorpion antitoxic, [279]. Blood, toxicity of, in reptiles, [217]. “““ confers partial immunity to venom, [218], [219]. “““ destroyed by heating, [218]. ““ in venomous snakes, [217]. Blood-corpuscles, red, agglutination by venoms, [202]. ““ dissolution only effected by combination of venom with blood-serum or lecithin, [197]. ““ dissolved by snake-serums, [219], [220]. ““ effects of venom upon, [196]. ““ resistance to large doses of venom, [199], [200], [201]. ““““““ explanation, [200], [201]. ““ washing of, important before presentation to action of venom, [196], [197]. “ unaltered under action of simultaneous doses of venom and serum, [220]. “ white, effects of venom on, [203]. Bombay, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Bonaparte, Lucien, chemistry of venom of vipers, [160]. Bothrops, bites from, [353], [354]. Bottard on venomous fishes, [288]. Boulengerina, [58]. “ stormsi, [58]. Brachyaspis, [95]. “ curta, [95]. Brain, comparative action of venoms of Colubridæ and Viperidæ on, [185], [186]. “ substance of, fixation of venom on, [186]. Brazil, Thalassophryne maculosa found on shores of, [303]. Brehm, on Crotalus confluentus, [125]. “ the daboia (Vipera russellii), [46]. “ Echis carinatus (efa, viper of the pyramids), [76], [77]. “ reverence paid by Hindus to Naja, [38]. Broad-headed snake, [94]. See also Hoplocephalus variegatus. Briot, A., experiments with weever-venom, [298], [299]. “ poison of Scolopendra prepared by, [280]. Bromized water, saturated, modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Brown snake, [87]. See also Diemenia textilis. Brunton, Sir Lauder, on harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. Bufo calamita (natter-jack), [318]. “ musicus (musical toad), [318]. “ viridis (green toad), [318]. “ vulgaris (common toad), [318]. Bufotalin, [319], [320]. “ first active principle of toad-venom, and cardiac poison, [319], [320]. Bufotenin, [320]. “ second active principle of toad-venom, and neurotoxic poison, [320]. Bungarus, [30]. “ venom of, active hæmolysing power possessed by, [199]. “ cæruleus (common krait), bite, cure of, [337]. ““““ venom of, dose lethal for different animals, [174]. “ candidus, [32]. Bungarus candidus, resemblance to Lycodon aulicus, [33]. “ fasciatus, [31], [32]. Buprestidæ, food for larvæ of Cerceris bupresticida, [285]. Bushmaster, or surucucu, [112]. See also Lachesis mutus.
Calamaridæ, species of Callophis feed only upon, [42]. Callionymus, [301]. “ belennus, [301]. “ lacertus, [301]. “ lyra, [300-301]. “ vulsus, [301]. Callophis, [40]. “ feeds only on snakes belonging to Calamaridæ, [42]. “ bibronii, [41]. “ gracilis, [41]. “ maclellandi, [41]. “ maculiceps, [41]. “ trimaculatus, [41]. Calmette’s serum, cobra-bites treated with, [363-5]. See also Serum, antivenomous. Calvados, Callionymus lyra common on coast of, [301]. Cantharis (blister-beetles), [281]. Cantor, on venom of Naja bungarus, [39]. “ vindictiveness of Naja bungarus, [39]. Captivity, poisonous snakes kept in, [61], [62], [125], [156], [223]. Carawalla. See Ancistrodon hypnale. Cardiac poison of toad-venom (bufotalin), [319], [320]. Caribbean Sea, Scorpæna grandicornis found in, [293]. Carpi and Morgenroth, lecithide of bee-venom prepared by, [285]. Carrière, experiments on ingestion of venom, [214]. Cascavella (Crotalus terrificus), [124]. Cato, army of, patronage of snake-charmers by, [228]. Causus, [67]. “ defilipii, [67]. “ lichtensteinii, [68]. “ resimus, [67]. “ rhombeatus, [67]. Cells, dissolution of. See Cytolytic action. Cerastes, [47], [75]. “ bites from, [348-350]. ““ cured, [358]. “ secretion of, [150]. “ venom of, fatal to barefooted pedestrians, [76]. “ cornutus, [47], [75]. “ vipera, [75]. Cerceris bupresticida, [285]. Ceylon, snake-charmers of, [229]. Chameleons succumb rapidly to snake-poisoning, [172]. Chelicera (fang of spider), [274]. Chemical reactions exhibited by venoms, [162]. Chemical substances modifying or destroying venoms, [164]. Chemistry of snake-venoms, [159]. Cherry and Martin on antagonism between toxins and antitoxins, [253]. Chilomycterus, [307]. “ orbicularis, [307]. “ tigrinus, [307]. China and Japan, Lophius setigerus found in seas of, [304]. Chloride of gold, antidote to venom before absorption, [261], [263]. ““ solution, modifies or destroys venom, [164]. “ lime solution, modifies or destroys venom, [164]. Cholesterin, antidote to lecithin, [198]. Chromic acid, antidote to venom before absorption, [260]. ““ solution, modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Clamouse, on bites from European vipers, [343]. Clot Bey on Egyptian snake-charmers, [228-229]. Clothing protective against dangerous effects of snake-bite, [170]. Cobra, bite of, clinical symptoms, [169]. ““““ exhibit rapid general intoxication, [169]. ““ treated with Calmette’s serum, [363]. “ extraction of venom from, method, [153]. “ Egyptian (Naja haje or haie), [59]. “ method of carrying after capture, [21]. “ snake-charmers’ skill with, [229]. “ venom of, [149]. ““ alkaloids in, [160]. ““ chemical analysis, [159]. ““ comparison of toxicity by means of intra-cerebral injections, [186]. ““ destructive action of bile on, [215]. ““ dissolution of trypanosomes by, [207]. ““ dose lethal for different animals in twenty-four hours, [174]. ““ fixation on nervous elements, [186]. ““ local effects on serous membranes slight, [179]. ““ potency of antineurotoxic antivenomous serum against, [250], [251], [252]. ““ vaccination against, [242], [244], [245]. Cobra-di-Capello, [33]. See also Naja tripudians. ““ spectacled, used by Hindu snake-charmer, [229]. Cœlenterates, poisonous species of, [269]. Cœlopeltis, [22]. “ moilensis, [23]. “ monspessulana, [23]. Cold, intense, toxicity of venom not diminished by, [166]. Colombia, herons of, probably immune to snake-venom, [227]. ““ hunt young snakes for food, [226]. Coloration of snakes, [15], [16]. ““ subject to biological laws of mimicry, [15], [16]. Colubridæ, [3], [30], [57], [82], [100], [101-109]. See also Acanthophis, Aspidelaps, Boulengerina, Brachyaspis, Dendraspis, Denisonia, Diemenia, Elapechis, Elapognathus, Furina, Glyphodon, Homorelaps, Hoplocephalus, Micropechis, Notechis, Ogmodon, Opisthoglypha, Proteroglypha, Pseudechis, Pseudelaps, Rhinhoplocephalus, Rhynchelaps, Sepedon, Tropidechis, Walterinnesia. Colubridæ (sub-family Elapinæ). See also Bungarus, Naja, Hemibungarus, Callophis, Doliophis. “ resemblance to harmless snakes, [3]. “ species of, bite rapidly produces general intoxication, [168]. “ venoms of, absorption by digestive tract often without ill-effect, [180], [181]. “““““““ cause, [181]. ““ action on nervous centres profound, [185]. ““ affinity of scorpion poison to, [278]. ““ albumoses of, [162]. ““ destroy coagulability of blood, [179], [188], [189]. ““ dialyse slowly, [161]. ““ lethal effects on mammals, [170]. ““ minimum doses lethal for guinea-pig in twenty-four hours, [173]. ““ precipitation of anticoagulant substance in, [195]. ““ recovery rapid after non-lethal doses, [177]. ““ resistant to heat, [161]. ““ richness in neurotoxin, [249]. Common rattle-snake, [125]. See also Crotalus durissus. Congestin, poison from Anemone scultata, [271]. Conjunctivitis caused by discharge into eyes of venom of spitting snake, [63], [64]. Copperhead, [90]. See also Denisonia superba. Coral-snake, [104]. “ immunity from bite of, [238]. “ venomous nature of, [108]. “ See also Elaps corallinus. Coral or harlequin snake, [106]. See Elaps fulvius. Cordier, D., cobra-bites treated with Calmette’s serum, [363]. Cotes, E. C., on extraction of venom by charmers, [234]. Cottus, [289], [290], [292]. “ poison-apparatus of, [293]. Crabronidæ, [285]. “ stings of females of, toxic to other insects, nearly harmless to man, [285]. Crotalinæ (Viperidæ), [101], [109]. “ characteristics of, [6]. “ venoms of certain species of, non-coagulant, [191], [192], [193]. “ See Ancistrodon; Lachesis. Crotalus (rattle-snake), [110], [122]. “ comparative toxicity of organs, [220]. “ eggs of, rich in poison, [220]. “ poison glands of, [148]. “ venom of, alkaloids in, [160]. ““ comparison of toxicity by means of intra-cerebral injections, [186]. ““ ingestion causing death, [180]. ““ weak hæmolysing power possessed by, [199]. “ adamanteus, venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, [175]. “ cerastes (horned rattle-snake), [129]. “ confluentus (Pacific or mottled rattle-snake), [124]. “““““ habits, [125]. ““ devoured by pigs, [125]. Crotalus confluentus, secretion of, [150]. “ durissus (common rattle-snake), [125]. “ horridus, [127]. ““ bites from, [355]. “ lepidus, [129]. “ mitchelli, [127]. “ polystictus, [129]. “ scutulatus (Texas rattle-snake), [124]. “ terrificus (dog-faced rattle-snake or cascavella), [124]. “ tigris, [127]. “ triseriatus, [129]. Cryptobranchus japonicus (great Japanese salamander), [313-315], [317]. ““ venom of, [317]. “““ action similar to that of viperine venoms, [317]. Curados de Culebras, immunity produced by inoculation by, [235-237]. Cytolytic action of venoms, [206].
Daboia. See Vipera russellii. Deafness following bite of viper, [178]. Death adder, [96]. See also Acanthophis antarcticus. Delezenne, establishment of existence of kinase in venoms, [204]. “ on the kinasic properties of venoms, [204], [213]. Dendraspis, [65]. “ angusticeps, [66]. “ antinorii, [66]. “ jamesonii, [66]. “ viridis, [66]. Denisonia, [88]. “ carpentariæ, [92]. “ coronata, [89]. “ coronoides, [89]. “ dæmelii, [90]. “ flagellum, [91]. “ frenata, [90]. “ frontalis, [91]. “ gouldii, [91]. “ maculata, [91]. “ melanura, [92]. “ muelleri, [90]. “ nigrescens, [92]. “ nigrostriata, [92]. “ pallidiceps, [92]. “ par, [92]. “ punctata, [91]. “ ramsayi, [90]. “ signata, [90]. “ superba (the copperhead), [89]. “ suta, [90]. “ woodfordii, [93]. Dialysis, results of, in experiments with venoms of Colubridæ and Viperidæ, [161]. Diastases, action upon venoms, [214]. Diastasic actions of venoms, [212]. Diemenia, [86]. “ modesta, [87]. “ nuchalis, [87]. “ olivacea, [87]. “ psammophis, [87]. “ textilis (brown snake), [87]. ““““ bite dangerous, [100]. “ torquata, [87]. Digestion of snakes aided by venoms, [213], [214]. Digestive tract, absorption of venoms of Colubridæ often without ill-effect on, [180], [181]. “““““““ cause, [181]. Diodon, [305]. Dipsadomorphinæ, sub-family of Opisthoglypha, [3]. “ geographical distribution, [4]. Dipsas, teeth of, [8].

Distira, fresh-water genus of Hydrophiinæ, [5], [136]. “ cyanocincta, [137]. “ jerdonii, [137]. “ ornata, [136]. “ subcincta, [137]. Dog, minimal dose of cobra-venom lethal for, [174]. Dog-faced rattle-snake, [124]. See also Crotalus terrificus. Doliophis, [42]. “ bilineatus, [43]. “ bivirgatus, [42]. “ intestinalis, [42]. “ philippinus, [43]. Domestic animals, treatment of poisonous bites in, [265]. Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus paradoxus or O. anatinus), [323]. Duméril and Bibron, on coloration of snakes, [16]. ““ Naja worship in Egypt, [61]. Dutch Indies, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30-57]. Dyer, venom antitoxin treatment of yellow fever, [184].
Eau de Javel, antidote to venom before absorption, [263]. ““ in treatment of wasp- or bee-stings, [286]. Echidnin, chemistry of, [160]. Echinoidea (sea-urchins), [273]. Echinoderms, poisonous species of, [273]. Echis, [48], [76]. “ carinatus (efa, viper of the pyramids), [48], [76]. ““ bite from, [347]. ““ dreaded by Egyptians, [77]. ““ venom rapid in action, [49]. “ coloratus, [77]. Efa (Echis carinatus), [48], [76]. See also Echis carinatus. Eggs of bees, venom contained in, [284]. “ fowls, artificial intoxication by venom, effect on embryo, [214]. “ Crotalus rich in poison, [220]. Egypt, laboratory researches in, [149], [150]. “ snake-charmers of, [228-229]. Egyptians, dread of Echis carinata (Efa) shown by, [77]. ““ and pursuit of Naja haje among, [60]. Ehrlich, theory of lateral chains, [208], [220]. Elachistodontinæ, sub-family of Opisthoglypha, [3]. “ geographical distribution, [4]. Elapechis, [58]. “ boulengeri, [59]. “ decosteri, [59]. “ hessii, [59]. “ guentheri, [58]. “ niger, [58], [59]. “ sundevallii, [59]. Elapinæ, sub-family of Colubridæ, [30]. “ geographical distribution, [5]. Elapognathus, [97]. “ minor, [97]. Elaps, [101], [108]. “ ancoralis, [108]. “ annellatus, [103]. “ anomalus, [103]. “ buckleyi, [103]. “ corallinus (coral snake), [104]. See also Coral-snake. “ decoratus, [104]. “ dissoleucus, [106]. “ dumerilii, [104]. “ elegans, [103]. “ euryxanthus (Sonoran coral-snake), [102]. “ filiformis, [107]. “ fraseri, [107]. “ frontalis, [106]. “ fulvius (harlequin or coral-snake), [106]. “ gravenhorstii, [102]. “ hemprichii, [104]. “ heterochilus, [102]. “ heterozonus, [103]. “ langsdorffii, [103]. “ lemniscatus, [107]. “ marcgravii, [106]. “ mentalis, [107]. “ mipartitus, [107]. “ narduccii, [108]. “ psyches, [106]. “ spixii, [106]. Elaps surinamensis, [102]. “ tschudii, [104]. Electricity passed through solution of venom in form of continuous electrolytic current destroys toxicity, [165]. See also High frequency currents. Embryo, anomalies in development consequent on introduction of venom into eggs of fowl, [214]. Enhydrina, [139]. “ venom of, fixation on nervous elements, [186]. “ bengalensis (syn. E. valakadien), [139]. “ valakadien (syn. E. bengalensis), [139]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for different animals, [174]. Enhydris, [138]. “ curtus, [138]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for rat, [174]. Entomophaga, [286]. Eosin, photodynamic action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms, [167]. Epeira, [276]. Erythrosin, photodynamic action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms, [167]. Europe, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [22-29]. ““ geographical distribution of genera (tables), [142]. “ (Central). See Alps. “ Triton cristatus and T. marmoratus found in, [313]. Ewing, action of venom on brain, [185].
Facial bones, special arrangements of, characteristic of poisonous snakes, [6]. Fasting, prolonged, snake-venom shows greatest activity after, [176]. Faust, S., salamandrine prepared by, [316]. Fayrer, Sir J., fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, [180]. ““ on the daboia (Vipera russellii), [47]. ““ habits of the krait (Bungarus candidus), [33]. ““ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. ““ Naja bungarus, [39]. Feeding, artificial, in laboratories for collection of venom, [157]. ““ of poisonous snakes, [17], [18]. Fer-de-lance (Lachesis lanceolatus), [112], [113], [114]. Féré, Ch., experiments on development of embryo after introduction of venom into fowl’s egg, [214]. Fishes succumb rapidly to snake-venom, [172]. “ venomous, [288]. ““ poison-apparatus of, [289]. Flexner and Noguchi, on action of snake-serum on red corpuscles, [219]. ““ cytolytic action of venoms, [206]. ““ investigations on toxicity of snakes’ organs, [220]. Food, abstinence from, by snakes, [149]. Fowls killed by causing them to ingest venom, [180]. Fox, W. A., bite from Sepedon hæmachates, [337]. France, mortality from snake-bite in, [3]. Fraser, on destructive action of bile on cobra-venom, [215]. Frog-serum, antidote to poison of pedicellariæ, [274]. Frogs succumb slowly to snake-poisoning, [172]. Furina, [98]. “ bimaculata, [99]. “ calonota, [99]. “ occipitalis, [99].
Gaboon viper, [73]. See also Bitis gabonica. Gangrene, produced by venom of Viperidæ, [177]. Gautier, Armand, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Geographical distribution of poisonous snakes in Africa, [143], [144]. ““““ America, [146]. ““““ Asia, [142], [143]. ““““ Europe, [142]. ““““ Oceania, [145]. Geracki, collection of venom, [156]. Gibbs, Wolcott, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Glands (acid and alkaline), poison-organs of the hymenoptera, [282]. “ secretion of venom from, [147]. Glandular secretions of persons and animals bitten by venomous snakes, toxic, [181]. Glycerine, means of preservation of concentrated solution of venom, [166]. Glyphodon, [83]. “ tristis, [84]. Gobiidæ, [300]. Gouzien, Paul, collection of venom from poisonous snakes in French settlements in India, [359]. ““ on collection of venom, [156]. Grage (Lachesis atrox), immunity from bite of, [238]. Grass-snakes, parotid glands of, [147]. ““ withstand large doses of venom, [172]. Gressin on poisoning from weever-stings, [299]. de Gries on bites from Bothrops, [353], [354]. Ground rattle-snake, [120]. See also Sistrurus miliarius. Grunting batrachus. See Batrachus grunniens. Guiana, witch-doctors of, snake-bite remedies, [237], [238]. Guinea-pig, minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, [173], [174], [175]. “ vaccination against cobra-venom, [242].
Hæmolysins of venom, resistance to heat, [202]. Hæmolysis, failure of, under exposure of red corpuscles to large doses of venom, [199], [200], [201]. “ in venoms, comparative study of, [196]. “ power of, possessed by various venoms, [199]. Hæmorrhages produced by albuminoid of snake-venom, [162]. “ visceral, complicating recovery from bites of Viperidæ, [177], [178]. Hæmorrhagin in venoms, [187]. “ local effects of, not prevented by antineurotoxic serum, [251]. “ predominance in venom of Viperidæ, [249]. Hæmorrhagin, present in some species of Viperidæ, [249]. “ sensitive to heat, [249]. Hamadryas elaps, [37]. See also Naja bungarus. Harlequin or coral snake, [106]. See also Elaps fulvius. Heart, action of venom on, [184]. Heat, comparative effect on venoms of Colubridæ, Hydrophiidæ and Viperidæ, [161]. “ hæmorrhagin sensitive to, [249]. “ resistance of hæmolysins of venoms to, [202]. “ sole agent in attenuating venom submitted to alternating high frequency currents, [165]. Heating destroys toxicity of blood of reptiles, [218]. Hedgehog, immunity of, to venom of Vipera berus, [226]. ““““ proved experimentally, [226]. “ blood of, toxic before heating, antitoxic afterwards, [226]. Heloderma horridum, [321]. ““ saliva sometimes toxic, sometimes harmless, [323]. ““ venom of, [321], [322]. Hemibungarus, [39]. “ calligaster, [40]. “ collaris, [40]. “ japonicus, [40]. “ nigrescens, [40]. Henri, V., poison from pedicellariæ prepared by, [273]. Herons of Colombia hunt young snakes for food, [227]. ““ probable immunity to snake-venom, [226], [227]. Hetero-albumoses, active principle of snake-venom, [164]. “ separation from snake-venom, [162], [163]. Heterometrus maurus, venom of, [279]. “““ effect upon sparrows, [279]. High frequency currents, alternating, attenuate venom only by thermic action, [165]. Hill, Patrick, on duck-billed platypus, [324]. Hindus, worship bestowed on Naja by, [38]. Holbrook on Crotalus confluentus, [125]. Holocanthus, [305]. “ imperator, [305]. Homalopsinæ, sub-family of Opisthoglypha, [3]. “ geographical distribution, [4]. “ aquatic, [4]. Homorelaps, [57]. Hoplocephalus, [93]. “ bitorquatus, [94]. “ bungaroides (syn. H. variegatus, broad-headed snake), [94]. “ curtus (Notechis scutatus, tiger-snake), [95]. “““““ bite dangerous, [100]. “““““ secretion of, [149]. “ stephensii, [94]. Horned rattle-snake, [129]. See also Crotalus cerastes. Horse, bleeding, aseptically, after vaccination to obtain antivenomous serum, [245], [246]. “ immunisation to venom, difficulties attending, [244], [245]. Horse, minimal dose of venom lethal for, [176]. “ polyvalent serum prepared from, [251]. “ red corpuscles of, reasons for choice of, for exposure to action of venom, [196], [197]. “ vaccination of, against cobra-venom, [244], [245]. Horse-serum must be added to venom to dissolve washed red corpuscles, [197]. Hottentots, venom of Bitis arietans employed for poisoning arrows by, [72]. Hydrelaps, [134]. Hydrophiidæ (sea-snakes), [100]. “ bite from, cure, [338]. ““ rapidly produces general intoxication, [168]. “ venoms of, resistant to heat, [161]. Hydrophiinæ (sea-snakes), [4], [131]. ““ habitat and geographical distribution, [4], [5]. ““ habits of, [131]. Hydrophis (sea-snakes), [134]. ““ venom from, [360]. “ cærulescens, [135]. “ cantoris, [135]. “ elegans, [135]. “ fasciatus, [136]. “ gracilis, [135]. “ leptodira, [136]. “ nigrocinctus, [135]. “ obscurus (syn. H. stricticollis), [136]. “ spiralis, [135]. Hydrus, [132]. Hymenoptera, [281]. “ poison-glands of, [281], [282]. Hypochloride of calcium solution modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Hypochlorite of lime, antidote to venom before absorption, [261], [263]. ““ remedy for wasp- or bee-sting, [286]. Hypochlorites, alkaline, antidotes to venom before absorption, [261]. Hypoleucocytosis, accompanying snake-bite, in lethal cases, [211], [212]. “ following fatal dose of venom, [216].
Immunity to venom, active, incontestably possible, [240]. ““ doubtful, by Vatuas’ method, [239]. ““ hereditary, pretended, [238]. ““““ in India and Egypt, [240]. ““ natural, [222]. ““ partial, enjoyed by snakes due to diastasic substances in blood, [218], [219]. ““ in lethal doses not conferred by ingestion of venom, [215]. India, French Settlements in, collection of venom and treatment of bites from poisonous snakes in, [359]. “ legend relating to Naja in, [37]. “ mortality from snake-bite in, [2], [38], [363]. ““““ excessive, due to snake-worship, [2]. “““ Naja bites, [38]. India, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30-57]. ““ snake-charmers in, [229-234]. “““ remedies for bites, [237]. “ Teuthis found in, [301]. Indian Ocean, Chilomycterus orbicularis and C. tigrinus, [307]. ““ Naseus found in, [301]. ““ Plotosus found in, [308]. ““ Pterois found in, [296]. ““ Scorpæna diabolus found in, [293]. ““ Tetrodon stellatus found in, [306]. Inoculation, experimental, by Fraser, of Edinburgh, [235]. “ extraction of venom from alcatifa for, [239]. “ graduated, by French viper-catchers, [234]. “ immunity incontestable from, [240]. “ subcutaneous, productive of immunity, [234]. Insects, venomous species of, [281]. Invertebrata easily killed by venom inoculation, [173].
Jacolot, on Mexicans’ method of immunisation, [255-257]. Japan, Cryptobranchus japonicus found in, [315]. “ Prionurus found in, [301]. “ Tetrodon rubripes found on shores of, [306]. “““ See also China and Japan. Jararacussu (Lachesis lanceolatus), [112], [113], [114]. Jean, bite from Trigonocephalus, [352]. Jugglers called in to expel efas (echis carinatus) from Egyptian houses, [77]. Julus, [280].

Kanthack, A. A., on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Kasauli, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Katipo (Latrodectus scelio), [275]. Kayalof, Mlle., poison from pedicellariæ prepared by, [273]. Kidney, action of venom on, [183]. Kinase in snake-venoms, [204]. Kinasic properties of venom, how produced, [213]. “““ See also Diastasic actions. King cobra. See Naja bungarus. Kipling, Rudyard, account of battle between mongoose and cobra, [223]. Kobert, poison from Latrodectus and Epeira prepared by, [276]. Krait, [30]. See also Bungarus. Krefft, Gerard, on snakes of Australia, [81], [82]. Kyes, lecithide from scorpion-venom, [278]. “ on relation of toxins to antitoxins, [254], [255], [257]. “ the production of lecithides, [197], [199].
Labaria (Lachesis atrox), [114]. Labial glands, upper, venomous secretions, [147]. Laboratories for preparation of antivenomous serum, [248], [252]. de Lacerda, on diastatic actions of venoms, [212]. “ Elaps, [108]. “ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. Lacertidæ, [321]. Lachesis, [51], [109], [111]. “ bite of, clinical symptoms, [169]. “““ primarily local, violent, [169]. “ classification of species, [52]. “ venom of, absorption by digestive system, cause of acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane, [180]. ““ rich in kinase, [204]. “ alternatus, [115]. “ ammodytoides, [117]. “ anamallensis, [56]. “ atrox (grage), immunity from bite of, [238]. ““ (labaria), [114]. “ aurifer, [119]. “ bicolor, [119]. “ bilineatus, [118]. “ borneensis, [57]. “ brachystoma, [118]. “ cantoris, [53]. “ castelnaudi, [117]. “ ferox (grage), bites from, cure, [351]. “ flavomaculatus, [55]. “ flavoviridis, [53]. “ godmani, [118]. “ gramineus, [55]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, [175]. “ jerdonii, [54]. “ lanceolatus (fer-de-lance, or jararacussu), [112]. ““ description and habits, [113], [114]. ““ mortality from bite of, [113]. ““ secretion of, [150]. ““ venom of, [325]. “““ coagulant action on blood, [191]. “““““ diminishes when heated, [191]. “ lansbergii, [118]. “ lateralis, [119]. “ luteus, [54]. “ macrolepis, [56]. “ microphthalmus, [114]. “ monticola, [52]. “ mucrosquamatus, [54]. “ mutus (bushmaster or surucucu), [112]. “ neuwiedii (urutù), [115]. “ nigroviridis, [119]. “ nummifer, [117]. “ okinavensis, [52]. “ pictus, [115]. “ pulcher, [114]. “ puniceus, [56]. Lachesis purpureomaculatus, [54]. “ schlegelii, [119]. “ strigatus, [53]. “ sumatranus, [56]. “ trigonocephalus, [56]. “ undulatus, [118]. “ wagleri, [57]. “ xanthogrammus, [117]. Lamb, G., on action of venom on brain, [185]. “ on coagulant action of venom of Vipera russellii, [191]. Landouzy, Prof., on serum therapeutics, [240]. Lannoy, on diastasic actions of venoms, [212], [213]. “ proteolytic action of venoms, [204]. “ researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. Lapeyre, on bites from European vipers, [346]. Latrodectus, [276]. “ erebus, [276]. “ mactans, [275]. “ malmignattus, [275]. Lavigne, bite from Trigonocephalus, [354]. de Lavison, R., on Lachesis lanceolatus, [113]. Lecithides, production of, [191], [197], [198], [199], [254], [258]. ““ from bee-venom, [285]. “““scorpion-venom, [278]. Lecithin, added to venom to dissolve washed red corpuscles, [197]. “ cholesterin antidote to, [198]. “ combination with snake-venom, [254]. Leipothymia following inoculation of venom of Synanceia brachio, [292]. Le Naour, on the spitting snake, [63]. Leucocytes, protective rôle against snake-poisoning, [216]. Leucolysin, mode of producing, [203]. Lewin, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, [226]. Leydig, researches of, [147]. Lhomme, bite from Lachesis ferox, [351]. “ collection of venom, [156]. Light, destructive effect of, on venom in solution, [165]. Liver, action of venom on, [182]. Livingstone, mention of Naja haje by, [60]. Lizards, [321-323]. “ only one species venomous, [322]. “ succumb rapidly to snake-poisoning, [172]. Lophius, [304]. “ piscatorius, [301]. “ setigerus, [303-304]. Lucan, passage from, quoted, on immunity of Psylli, [240]. Lumière, A., and Nicolas, J., on effect of intense cold on venom, [166]. Lungs, action of venom on, [184]. Lycodon aulicus, resemblance of Bungarus candidus to, [33].
Maclaud, bite from Naja haje, [356]. Madsen, Th., and Noguchi, H., on ratio between dose of venom and time elapsing till death, [177]. Mal on Hindu snake-charmers, [229]. Malaysia, poisonous snakes of, [81]. Malmignatte, [275]. Mammals, action of Colubrine venom on, symptoms and course, [171]. ““““ post-mortem findings, [171]. ““ Viperine venoms on, symptoms and course, [171]. ““““ post-mortem findings, [171]. Man, minimal dose of venom lethal for, [176]. “ not attacked by Bitis gabonica (Gaboon viper), [74]. Mano de sapo root, eaten by Mexicans during immunisation treatment, [236]. Maoris’ fear of Katipo, [275]. Marchand, on bites from European vipers, [339]. Mariadassou, P., serum treatment, [363-371]. Mariapregassam, collection of venom, [361]. Marotte, on Naja haje bite, [356]. Martin, C. J., chemical constituents of venom, [160]. ““ experiments on Pseudechis, [162]. “““ with rats proving harmlessness of ingestion of venom of Pseudechis, [181]. ““ on venom of Ornithorhynchus, [324]. ““ and Cherry, on antagonism between toxins and antitoxins, [253]. ““ and Smith, MacGarvie, on local and general effects of albumoses derived from snake-venom, [163]. Martinique, mortality from bite of fer-de-lance in, [113]. Massasanga, [120]. See also Sistrurus catenatus. de Maupas on Pelias berus bite, [357]. Mediterranean Sea, Muræna helena found in, [309]. ““ Scorpæna porcus found in, [294]. Medulla, substance of, fixation of venom on, [186]. Meloë (oil-beetles), [281]. Mexico, inoculation of natives in, successful, [235-237]. Micropechis, [93]. “ elapoides, [93]. “ ikaheka, [93]. Milk from mother bitten by poisonous snake causing death of young, [181], [214]. Mimicry, biological laws of, coloration of snakes subject to, [15], [16]. Mitchell, S. Weir, on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. ““ fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, [180]. ““ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. Moindrot, H., bites from European vipers, [345]. Molluscs, poisonous species of, [286]. Mongoose, battles with hamadryads and cobras, [223], [224]. ““ victory mainly due to natural agility, [225]. “ immunity to snake-venom, [223]. “““ not absolute, [225]. “““ proved by injections, [224], [225]. Monotremata. See Ornithorhynchus paradoxus or O. anatinus. Mons on bite from horned viper, [349]. Morgenroth, on combination of venom with lecithin, [254]. “ reconstitution of toxins, [257]. “ and Carpi, lecithide of bee-venom prepared by, [285]. Mortality from bite of Naja in India, [38]. ““ Vipera berus (common viper or adder), [27]. ““ poisonous snake-bite; localities:— Australia, [100], [261]. France, [3]. India, [2], [38], [363]. Martinique, [113]. Mottled Rattle-snake [124], [125]. See also Crotalus confluentus. Moudon, on bite from Cerastes, [348]. Moult of snake’s skin, [16], [20]. “ venom shows greatest activity after, [176]. Mouse, experiments on, demonstrating neutralisation of venom by antitoxin, [254]. Mucous membranes, acute inflammation produced by deposit of venoms on, [180]. Muræna, [309]. “ poison apparatus in buccal teeth, [288]. “““ of, [309], [310]. “ helena, [309]. “ moringa, [309]. Murænidæ, [307], [309]. Murex brandaris, [286]. “ trunculus, [286]. Murison, Lieutenant C. C., on bite from Echis carinata, [347]. Muscles, striated, action of venoms on, [184]. Muscular apparatus of head of poisonous snakes, [11], [12], [13]. Myriopods, venomous species of, [280].
Naja (cobra), [33], [59]. “ habits of species of, [37]. “ legend relating to marks on its neck, [37]. “ mortality from bite of, in India, [38]. “ poison-glands of, [148]. “ venom of, active hæmolysing power possessed by, [199]. “ worship bestowed on, by Hindus, [38]. “ anchietæ, [62]. “ bungarus (Ophiophagus or Hamadryas elaps, king cobra or hamadryad), [37], [38]. ““ action of venom, [39]. ““ feeds on other snakes, [38]. ““ killed by mongoose, [223]. ““ method of procuring food, [38], [39]. ““ vindictiveness of, [39]. “ flava, [61]. ““ goldii, [62]. “ haje or haie (Egyptian cobra), [59]. ““ bites from, [356]. Naja haje, danger extreme from its boldness in pursuit of victims, [60]. ““ dreaded and hunted down in Egypt, [60]. ““employed by Egyptian snake-charmers, [61]. ““ secretion of, [149]. “““ tables, [150]. ““ worshipped among ancient Egyptians, [61]. “ melanoleuca, [62]. “ nigricollis, [62]. “ samarensis, [36]. “ tripudians (Cobra-di-capello), [33-36]. ““ collection of venom from, [156], [360]. ““ marks produced on skin by bite of, [10]. ““ muscular apparatus of head of, [11], [13]. ““ poison-gland of, [11], [13]. ““ var. cæca, [35]. “““ fasciata, [35]. “““ miolepsis, [36]. “““ sputatrix, [35]. “““ typica, [34]. Naseus, [301]. Natter-jack, [318]. Neurotoxic and hæmolytic actions of venoms, parallelism between, [255]. Neurotoxin, [191], [195]. “ essential active substance in venoms, [187], [250]. “ highly resistant to heat, [249]. “ of scorpion-poison, [278]. “ of toad-venom (bufotenin), [320]. “ potency of antineurotoxic serum against, [250], [251]. “ predominance in venom of Colubridæ, [249]. “ present in venoms of some species of Viperidæ, [249]. Neuwied on Elaps, [108]. New Caledonia, terrestrial poisonous snakes unknown in, [100]. New Guinea, poisonous snakes of, [81-100]. New Zealand, Katipo found in, 275. “ no poisonous snakes in, [100]. Nicolas, J., and Lumière, A., on effect of intense cold on venom, [166]. Noc, on action of different venoms, [190], [191]. “ bacteriolytic property of venom, with respect to different micro-organisms, [207], [208], [209]. “ hæmolytic powers of venoms, [196]. “ study of venom of Ornithorhynchus, [324]. Noguchi, H., on action of aniline colours on venom, [167]. “ failure of hæmolysis under large doses of venom, [200], [201]. “ and Flexner, cytolytic action of venoms, [206]. “““ investigations on toxicity of snakes’ organs, [220]. “““ on action of snake-serums on red corpuscles, [219]. ““ Madsen, Th., on ratio between dose of venom and time elapsing till death, [177]. Normandy, coast of, Cottus abundant on, [292]. Notechis, [95]. “ scutatus (syn. Hoplocephalus curtus, tiger-snake), [95]. “““““ bite dangerous, [100]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, [175].
Oceania, geographical distribution of genera of poisonous snakes (tables), [145]. Octopods, poisonous juice exuded by, a means of overpowering prey, [287]. Ogmodon, [82]. “ vitianus, [82]. Oil beetles, [281]. See also Meloë. Ophiogeni in Egypt, [228]-229. Ophiophagus, [37]. See also Naja bungarus. Ophthalmia, purulent, produced by snake-venom experimentally, [180]. “““ venom of species of Sepedon, [180]. Opisthoglypha, group of Colubridæ, [3]. “ sub-families of, [3]. See also Homalopsinæ, Dipsadomorphinæ, Elachistodontinæ. ““ slightly poisonous and not dangerous to man, [4]. Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, or O. anatinus (duck-billed platypus), [323]. “““““ venom of, [324], [325]. “““““ action similar to venoms of Viperidæ, [324]. “““““ toxicity very slight, [325].
Pacific Ocean (Equatorial), Pterois found in, [296]. ““ (Tropical), Scorpæna diabolus found in, [293]. “““ Synanceia brachio most commonly found in, [291]. “ rattle-snake, [124], [125]. See also Crotalus confluentus. Pain, severe, after bite of species of Viperidæ, [169]. “ slight from bite of cobra, [169]. Panama, Thalassophryne reticulata found on shores of, [303]. Pancreatic juice, addition to venom produces kinasic power, [213]. Paris, brown Pelobates found near, [318]. Parotid glands, venomous secretions, [147]. Pasteur Institute (Lille), poisonous snakes in captivity at, [72]. “““ preparation of antivenomous serum at, [245-248]. “““ rattle-snakes in captivity at, [125]. “““ work and experiments at, [189], [190], [191], [204], [214], [223], [224], [244-248], [267]. Paterne, D., bites from European vipers, [341]. Peal, H. W., on bite from Hydrophiidæ (sea-snakes), [338]. Pedicellariæ (organs of the Echinoidea), poison prepared from, [273]. Pediculati, [303]. Pedlar on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Pelias berus (common viper), bite from, [339]. “““““ cure, [357]. Pelobates fuscus (brown Pelobates), [318]. Pelor, [293], [296]. Percidæ, [304]. Peritoneum, hæmorrhagic injections of, produced by venoms of Viperidæ, [179], [180]. Permanganate of potash, antidote to venom before absorption, [260]. ““ solution, modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Philadelphia, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Philippine Islands, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30-57]. Phisalix, experiments of, on venom with alternating currents of high frequency, [165]. “ on effects of emanations of radium on venom, [166]. “ variations in local effects of venoms, [176]. “ venom of Cryptobranchus japonicus, [317]. “ poison from bee-venom prepared by, [283]. “ researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. “ and Bertrand, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, [226]. “““ preparation of toad-venom, [319]. Phoorsa. See Echis carinatus. Phrynolysin, [320]. “ extracted from skins of toads, [320]. Physiology of experimental poisoning, [170]. Physostomi, [307]. Pig, destruction of vipers and rattle-snakes by, [125], [222], [226]. “ immunity to snake-venom due to defence provided by adipose tissue, [222]. “ serum, devoid of antitoxic substance, [222]. Pigeons, vaccination against rattle-snake-venom, [241]. “ killed by causing them to ingest venom, [180]. Pinto, Col. S., on immunity to inoculation, [238], [239]. Platurus, [140]. “ colubrinus, [141]. “ laticaudatus, [141]. “ muelleri, [141]. “ schistorhynchus, [141]. Plectognathi (family Gymnodontes), [305]. Pliny on salamanders, [312]. “ treatment of poisonous snake-bites, [259]. Plotosus, [308]. “ lineatus, [308]. ““ poison-apparatus of, [308]. Plutarch on snake-charmers, [228]. Poison-apparatus of Cottus, [293]. “ Muræna, [309], [310]. “ Plotosus lineatus, [308]. “ Scorpæna, [294]. “ snakes, [8]. “ Synanceia, [291]. “ Trachinus (weevers), [297], [298], [299]. “ venomous fishes, [289]. Poison-fang, [8]. “ action of, [148]. “ of Proteroglypha grooved, [4], “ Viperidæ canaliculate, [5]. Poison-gland of Hymenoptera, [281], [282]. Poison-gland of non-venomous snakes, [217]. “ venomous snakes, [10], [11], [12], [13]. Polistes, [285]. Pompilus, [285]. Pondicherry, collection of venom at, [156-158]. “ Hospital, collection of venom, method, [362]. “ public notice in, re capture of poisonous snakes, [360]. Prairie rattle-snake, [120]. See also Sistrurus catenatus. Pravaz syringe, injection of serum with, [263]. Precipitins of venoms, [202]. Prionurus, [301]. Pröscher on extraction of phrynolysin from skins of toads, [320]. Proteids, extraction from snake-venom, [163]. Proteolytic action of venoms, [204]. “““ extent and limitations, [205]. Proteroglypha (group of Colubridæ), [4]. “ bite rapidly produces general intoxication, [168]. “ poison-fangs of, grooved, [4]. “ sub-families of, [4]. See also Hydrophiinæ; Elapinæ. Proto-albumoses, active principle of snake-venom, [164]. “ separation from snake-venom, [162], [163]. Pseudechis, [87]. “ venom of, experiments on, [162]. ““ ingestion by rats harmless, [181]. “ australis, [88]. “ cupreus, [88]. “ darwiniensis, [88]. “ ferox, [88]. “ microlepidotus, [88]. “ papuanus, [88]. “ porphyriacus (black snake), [88]. ““““ bite dangerous, [100]. ““““ secretion of, [149]. “ scutellatus, [88]. Pseudelaps, [84]. “ diadema, [85]. “ harriettæ, So. “ krefftii, [85]. “ muelleri, [84]. “ squamulosus, [84]. “ sutherlandi, [86]. “ warro, [86]. Pseudocerastes persicus, [47]. Psylli, Egyptian charmers and healers, [228-229]. “ Roman charmers and healers, [228]. “““““ Lucan on, [240]. Pterois, [293], [295-296]. Puff adder, [69]. See also Bitis arietans. Putrefaction, rapid, following death from snake-bite, [211], [212]. Pyramids, viper of (Echis carinatus), [76].
Queensland, mortality from snake-bite slight in, [100].
Rabbit, experiments on, demonstrating neutralisation of venom by antitoxin, [255]. “ minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, [173], [174], [175]. “ vaccination against cobra-venom, [243]. Rascasse, [296]. Rat, P., on common viper’s bite, [358]. “ ingestion of venom of Pseudechis harmless to, [181]. “ minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, [174]. Rat-serum, bacteriolytic action of venom not comparable to, [208]. Rattle-snake, common, [125]. See also Crotalus durissus. “ dog-faced, [124]. See also Crotalus terrificus. “ ground, [120]. See also Sistrurus miliarius. “ horned, [129]. See also Crotalus cerastes. “ Pacific, or mottled, [124]. See also Crotalus confluentus. “ prairie, [120]. See also Sistrurus catenatus. “ Texas, [124]. See also Crotalus scutulatus. “ venom, vaccination of pigeons against, [241]. Red Sea, Naseus found in, [301]. Reichert on chemical constituents of venom, [160].

Renaux, P., on bites from Crotalus horridus, [355]. Rennie, Major S. J., case of bite of Bungarus cæruleus, [337]. Reptiles, toxicity of blood in, [217]. Respiratory centres, nerve-cell of, attacked by albumose of snake-venom, [162]. Rhinhoplocephalus, [95]. “ bicolor, [95]. Rhynchelaps, [97]. “ australis, [98]. “ bertholdi, [97]. “ fasciolatus, [98]. “ semifasciatus, [98]. Richards on fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, [180]. Richet, C., congestin from Anemone scultata prepared by, [270]. “ thalassin, from Anemone scultata prepared by, [269]. Ringhals slang, [63]. See also Sepedon hæmachates. River-jack viper, [73]. See also Bitis gabonica. Rogers, Major L., experiments on action of venom on nervous centres, [186]. ““ researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. Romans, snake-charmers’ customs among, [228]. ““““ Lucan on, [240]. Roudot, Natalis, on Hindu snake-charmers, [229]. Russell, on the venom of daboia (Vipera russellii), [46].
Sachs, on relation of toxins to antitoxins, [254]. Salamandarin, [316]. See also Salamandrine. Salamander, Japanese, [317]. See also Cryptobranchus japonicus. “ venom of, closely analogous to that of toad, [321]. ““ potency exaggerated by the ancients, [312]. Salamanders and toads most dreaded by ancients, [312]. Salamandra atra (black salamander), [313]. “ maculosa (spotted salamander), [313], [314]. Salamandridine prepared from venom of salamanders, [317]. Salamandrine, prepared from venom of salamanders, [317]. Saliva of Heloderma horridum sometimes toxic, sometimes harmless, [323]. “ venomous, of non-poisonous snakes, [214]. Sangis, name of snake-charmers of Bengal, [229]. São-Paulo (Brazil), laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Scales, arrangement of, on heads of poisonous snakes, [14], [15]. Scolopendra, [280]. Scolopendridæ, bite of, [281]. Scorpæna, [288], [289], [293]. “ poison-apparatus of, [294]. “ diabolus, [293]. “ grandicornis, [293]. “ porcus, [294]. Scorpio occitanus, [277], [278]. Scorpion, blood of, antitoxic, [279]. “ manner of stinging, [277]. “ poison, [278]. ““ affinities with that of Colubridæ, [278]. ““ neurotoxin of, [278]. Scorpionidea (scorpions), [276]. Sea-snakes, [131]. See also Hydrophiinæ. “ (Hydrophis), venom from, [360]. Sepedon hæmachates (spitting snake or ringhals slang), [63]. ““ bite of, cure, [337]. ““ venom of, purulent ophthalmia discharged by spitting, [63], [64]. “““““ caused by projection of, [62], [180]. Serous membranes, local effects on, of cobra-venom, slight, [179]. ““““ venoms of Viperidæ, severe, [179]. Serph, collection of venom. [156]. Serranus, [304]. “ ouatabili, [304]. Serum, antivenomous, antineurotoxic, [250], [251]. “““ potency against cobra-venom, [250], [251], [252]. ““ in treatment of bites of poisonous snakes, [326]. “““ yellow fever, [184]. ““ method for measuring power of, [256], [257]. “““““ in vitro, [202]. ““ neutralisation of snake-venom by, [253-258]. “““““ experiments showing necessary proportions to effect, [254], [255]. ““ polyvalent, [251]. “““ prepared from horse, [251]. ““ preparation of, [246]. “““ test-solutions, [217]. “““ at Pasteur Institute, Lille, [245-248]. “““ special laboratories, [248], [252]. Serum, antivenomous, preventive power tested by intravenous injection, [246]. ““ rules respecting proportions of quantity to be administered, [266], [267], [268]. ““ specificity of, [248]. “ Calmette’s, in treatment of cobra-bites, [363], [364], [365]. “ therapeutics, antivenomous, [241-252]. “““ technique of, [262-265]. “ See also Snake serum. Serums, specific against coagulant venoms, [192]. Sewall on vaccination of pigeons against rattle-snake venom, [241]. Siluridæ, [307], [308]. Silurus glanis, [308]. Sistrurus, [110], [120]. “ catenatus (prairie rattle-snake, or massasanga), [120]. “ miliarius (ground rattle-snake), [120]. “ ravus, [120]. Skin, marks produced on, by bites of different species of snakes (venomous and non-venomous), [10]. Smell, loss of, following bite of viper, [178]. Smith, MacGarvie, researches of, [149]. ““ on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. ““ and Martin, C. J., on local and general effects of albumoses derived from snake-venoms, [163]. Snake-bite, death from, rapid putrefaction following, [211], [212]. “ hypoleucocytosis accompanying, in lethal cases, [211], [212]. “ mortality from, [2], [3], [38], [57], [100], [261], [363]. “ non-lethal, suppuration following, [212]. “ poisonous, treatment in domestic animals, [265]. “““ men and animals, [259]. “““ See also Serum therapeutics, antivenomous. Snake-charmers, [228]. “ deaths from bites, [234]. “ Egyptian, [228-229]. ““ employment of Naja haje for performances, [61]. “ Indian, [229-234]. “ Libyan, [228]. “ Roman, [228]. “ safety in skill, [234]. Snake-serum combined with snake-venom does not destroy red corpuscles, [220]. “ dissolution of red corpuscles by, [219]. Snake-venom, action on heart, [184]. ““ kidney, [183]. ““ liver, [182]. ““ lungs, [184]. ““ nervous centres, [185]. ““ spleen, [183]. ““ striated muscles, [184]. “ activity greatest after prolonged fasting and after moult, [176]. “ aids digestion of prey, [213], [214]. Snake-venom, antagonism between coagulant and anticoagulant kinds, [194]. “ antidotes to, before absorption, [260], [261]. “ artificial introduction into egg of fowl, effect on embryo, [214]. “ bacteriolytic action, [206]. ““ substance in, peculiarities of, [207], [208]. “ chemical study of, [159]. “ collection of, [147], [152-158]. ““ in French Settlements in India, [359]. “ combination with lecithin, [254]. “ combined with snake-serum does not dissolve red corpuscles, [220]. “ complex effects on tissues, [215]. “ complexity of means of defence against, [215]. “ cytolytic action, [206]. “ diastasic action of, [212]. “ dried, [149]. “ effects of, in non-lethal doses, [177]. “ extraction of, by Hindus, [233]. ““ from Alcatifa, for inoculation, [239]. “ freshly collected, [149]. “ hypoleucocytosis following fatal dose, [216]. “ immunity to, [222]. ““ from inoculation, [234-235]. ““ of herons to, probable, [226], [227]. “ ingestion of, fails to secure immunity to lethal dose, [214], [215]. ““ harmless, [214]. “ lethal to snakes of other species, [219]. “ neutralisation by antitoxin, [253-258]. ““ injection of antitoxic serum, second step in treatment after bite, [262]. “ no strict ratio between dose inoculated and time elapsing till death, [177]. “ parallelism between neurotoxic and hæmolytic action, [255]. “ prevention of absorption first step in treatment after bite, [262]. “ produces acute inflammation of mucous membrane, [180]. “ protective rôle of leucocytes against, [216]. “ proteolytic action, [204]. “ reconstitution, method of, [257], [258]. “ secretion of, [147-152]. “ temperature lowered after fatal dose, [216]. “ toxic conditions of, [151]. “ vaccination against, [241]. “ variations in local effects of, [176]. Snakes, coloration of, [15], [16]. ““ subject to biological laws of mimicry, [15], [16]. “ cranial skeleton of, [6]. “ dentition of, [6]. “ moulting of skin, [16], [20]. “ non-poisonous, arrangement of scales on head of, [14]. ““ poison-glands in, [217]. ““ venomous saliva of, [214]. Snakes, non-poisonous, withstand large doses of venom, [172]. “ poisonous, all species carnivorous, [17]. ““ arrangement of scales on head of, [15]. ““ artificial feeding of, [17], [18]. ““ bite of, danger diminished by clothing or other means of protection, [170]. ““ blood of, toxicity, [217]. ““ characterised by special arrangement of facial bones, [6]. ““ deaths from, in Queensland, [100]. ““ devoured by herons, [227]. ““ different species should not be placed in same cage, [219]. ““ difficult to distinguish from non-venomous, [2]. ““ digestion aided by venom, [213], [214]. ““ dread of destruction of, cause of excessive mortality from snake-bite in India, [2]. ““ geographical distribution of, [2], [3]. ““ habits of, [17]. ““ health authorities’ notices respecting, in Australia, [100]. ““ kept in captivity, [61], [72], [125], [156], [223]. ““ method of capture, [20], [21]. “““ striking and seizing prey, [17]. ““ muscular apparatus of head of, [11], [12], [13]. “ of Africa, [57-81]. ““ Asia, Dutch Indies and Philippine Islands, [30-57]. ““ Australia, [81-100]. ““ Europe, [22-29]. ““ Malaysia, [81]. ““ New Guinea, [81-100]. ““ South Sea Islands, [81-100]. ““ Sunda Islands, [81]. ““ poison-apparatus of, [8]. ““ poison-fangs of, [8]. ““ poison-glands of, [10], [11], [12], [13]. ““ succumb to venom of other species, [173]. ““ teeth of, difference in arrangement and dimensions of various species, [9]. ““ treatment of bites from, in French Settlements in India, [359]. ““ unaffected by enormous doses of their own venom, [172]. ““ unknown in New Caledonia, [100]. “““New Zealand, [100]. ““ victory of mongooses over, in combat, due mainly to natural agility, [225]. “ worship of, [2]. ““ extant in India, [2]. Solenoglypha, [109]. “ bite produces important local disorders, [168]. “ marks produced on skin by bite of one of, [10]. Sonoran coral-snake, [102]. See also Elaps euryxanthus. South Sea Islands, poisonous snakes of, [81-100]. Sparrows, effect of venom of Heterometrus maurus on, [279]. Sphærechinus granularis, poison from pedicellariæ, [273]. Spinal cord, comparative actions of venoms of Colubridæ and Viperidæ on, [185], [186]. Spiders. See Araneida. Spitting snake, [63]. See also Sepedon hæmachates. Spleen, action of venom on, [183]. Sponge-divers, malady of, [272]. Squamipinnes, [304]. Stings (wasp- or bee-), treatment for, [286]. Stomach, acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane produced by ingestion of venoms of Viperidæ, [180]. Strongylocentrotus lividus, poison from pedicellariæ of, [273]. Strychnine, injection of, of no value as antidote against snake-venom, [261]. Sunda Islands, poisonous snakes of, [81]. Superstitions, native methods of inoculation full of, [239-240]. Suppuration following non-lethal snake-bites, [212]. Surucucu or bushmaster, [112]. See also Lachesis mutus. Sutherland, Surgeon-Captain, bite from Echis carinatus, [348]. Sydney, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Synanceia, [288], [289], [290]. “ poison-apparatus of, [291]. “ brachio, [291]. Syncope, following inoculation of venom of Synanceia brachio, [292].
Teleostei, [290], [305], [307]. Temperature, effect of, on venoms, [161]. Tetrodon, [290], [305]. “ rubripes, [306]. “ stellatus, [306]. Teuthididæ, [301]. Teuthis, [301]. Texas rattle-snake, [124]. See also Crotalus scutulatus. Thalassin, poison from Anemone scultata, [270]. Thalassophis, [133]. Thalassophryne, [288], [303]. “ maculosa, [303]. “ reticulata, [302-303]. Thuau on bites from European vipers, [342]. Tidswell, F., on venom of Ornithorhynchus, [324]. Tiger-snake, [95]. See also Notechis scutatus. Toad, common, [318]. “ green, [318]. “ musical, [318]. “ and frog, distinctions between, [318]. ““ salamander, much dreaded by ancients, [312]. “ venom of, [318], [319]. ““ active principles of, [319], [320]. ““ closely analogous to that of salamander, [321]. ““ preparation, [319]. ““ exaggerated by the ancients, [312]. Trachinidæ, [297]. Trachinus (weever), [288], [289], [297]. Trachinus (weever) poison-apparatus of, [297], [298], [299]. “ araneus, [297]. “ draco, [297]. “ radiatus, [297]. “ vipera, [297]. Travers, P. M., on bite from Bitis arietans, [350]. Trichloride of iodine modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Triglidæ, [290]. Trigonocephalus, bites from, [352], [355]. Trimeresurus gramineus, [55]. See also Lachesis gramineus. “riukianus, [53]. See also Lachesis flavoviridis. Triodon, [305]. Triton cristatus, [313]. “ marmoratus, [313], [314]. Tropidechis, [94]. “ carinatus, [94]. Tropidonotus matrix (grass-snake), venogen of, [151]. Trypanosomes, dissolution by cobra-venom, [207]. Tubriwallahs, snake-charmers of Bengal, [229]. Tunis, snake-charmers of, [228]. Tuxpan, natives of, inoculation methods, [235-237].
Urodela, salamanders belong to order of, [312]. Urutù, [115]. See also Lachesis neuwiedii.
Vaccination against cobra-venom, [242]. ““ snake-venom, [241]. Van Denburgh, J., observations on Heloderma horridum, [323]. Vatuas, method of inoculation of, [239]. Venomous secretion, histology, [151]. de Villiers, on common viper’s bite, [357]. Viper, common, of Europe. See Vipera berus. “ horned, bite from, [349]. “ inoculation of professional catchers of, in France, [234]. Vipera, [43]. “ zoological characters of, [23], [24]. “ ammodytes, [29], [69]. “ aspis (asp, or red viper), [27], [28]. ““ bite from, cure, [339]. ““ poison-cells, [151]. “ berus (common viper, or adder), [25], [26]. ““ devoured by hedgehogs, [222], [226]. ““ mortality from bite, [27]. ““ venom of, chemical constituency, [149], [160]. “““ immunity of hedgehog to, [226]. “““ uncertain coagulant action on blood, [189], [190]. “ latastii, [28], [69]. “ lebetina, [44], [69]. Vipera raddii, [44]. “ renardi, [44]. “ russellii (daboia, or Russell’s viper), [45], [40]. ““ muscular apparatus of head of, [11], [12]. ““ poison-gland of, [11], [12]. ““ protection against, adopted by natives, [46]. ““ venom of, coagulant action on blood, diminished when heated, [191]. “““ extremely potent, [46]. “““ dose lethal for rabbit, [175]. “““ ingestion causing death, [180]. “ superciliaris, [69]. “ ursinii, [24], [25], [44]. Viperidæ, [5], [43], [66]. “ bites of, local gangrene resulting from, [177]. “ characteristics of, [5]. “ geographical distribution, [6]. “ poison-fangs canaliculate, [5]. “ species of, bite produces grave local disorders, [168]. “ sub-families of, [6]. See also Viperinæ, Crotalinæ. “ venoms of, absorption by digestive tract sets up acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane, [180]. ““ action on nervous centres weak, [185], [186]. ““ comparison of coagulant action on blood of various species, [190]. ““ easily destroyed by heat, [161]. ““ hæmolysing power, weak, [199]. ““ lethal effects on mammals, [171]. ““ neurotoxin present in those of some species, [249]. ““ non-dialytic, [161]. ““ produce coagulation of blood, [179], [188], [189]. “““ hæmorrhagic injections of peritoneum, [179], [180]. ““ recovery after non-lethal doses, slow, [177]. “““““ followed by loss of sight, smell, or hearing, [178]. ““ recovery after non-lethal doses complicated by visceral hæmorrhages, [177], [178]. ““ resemblance in action of that of Japanese salamander to, [317]. “““““ Ornithorhynchus to, [324]. ““ richness in hæmorrhagin, [249]. Viperin, chemistry of, [130]. Viperinæ, [43], [66], [101]. See also Atheris, Atractaspis, Bitis, Causus, Cerastes, Echis, Pseudocerastes, Vipera. “ characteristics of, [6]. Viscera, hæmorrhages from, complicating recovery from bites of Viperidæ, [177], [178]. “ hyperæmia of, caused by fatal bite of species of Colubridæ, [171].
Wall, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Waller, fatal instance of rapid poisoning from bite of Naja haje, [60]. Walterinnesia, [64]. Walterinnesia ægyptia, [65]. Wasp, sting of, death from, [283]. ““ remedies for, [286]. Weevers, [297]. See also Trachinus. “ stings of, [298], [299]. Wehrmann, on diastasic actions of venoms, [212], [213]. “ experiments on ingestion of venom, [214]. Wertheimer, Austrian naturalist, fatally bitten by coral snake, [108]. Witch-doctors, remedies of, [237], [238], [239]. Wolfenden, Norris, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Wright, O. B., observations on Heloderma horridum, [323].
Yellow fever, treatment by antitoxin of venom, [184].
Zervos, Dr. S., malady of sponge-divers, [272].