LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| PAGE | ||
| [Fig. 1.—] | A. Skull of one of the non-poisonous Colubridæ (Ptyas mucosus) | 7 |
| B. Skull of one of the poisonous Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) | 7 | |
| C. Skull of one of the poisonous Colubridæ (Bungarus fasciatus) | 7 | |
| D. Skull of one of the Viperidæ (Vipera russellii) | 7 | |
| E. Skull of one of the Viperidæ Crotalinæ (Crotalus durissus) | 7 | |
| F. Skull of one of the Colubridæ Hydrophiinæ (Hydrophis pelamis) | 7 | |
| [Fig. 2.—] | A. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the Viperidæ (Vipera russellii) | 8 |
| B. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) | 8 | |
| C. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the Colubridæ (Bungarus fasciatus) | 8 | |
| D. Maxillary bone and teeth of one of the non-poisonous Colubridæ (Ptyas mucosus) | 8 | |
| [Fig. 3.—] | A. Fang of one of the Viperidæ (Vipera russellii) | 8 |
| D. Transverse section of the fang | 8 | |
| [Fig. 4.—] | B. Fang of one of the Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) | 9 |
| E. Transverse section | 9 | |
| [Fig. 5.—] | C. Fang of one of the Hydrophiinæ (Hydrophis pelamis) | 9 |
| F. Transverse section | 9 | |
| [Fig. 6—] | Three transverse sections of a poison-fang of one of the Colubridæ | 9 |
| [Fig. 7—] | Marks produced on the skin by the bites of different species of snakes | 10 |
| [Fig. 8—] | Poison-gland and fangs of a venomous snake (Naja tripudians) | 11 |
| [Fig. 9—] | Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Vipera russellii | 12 |
| [Fig. 10—] | Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Vipera russellii | 12 |
| [Fig. 11—] | Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Naja tripudians | 13 |
| [Fig. 12—] | Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of Naja tripudians | 13 |
| [Fig. 13—] | Arrangement of the scales of the head in one of the non-poisonous Colubridæ (Ptyas mucosus) | 14 |
| [Fig. 14—] | Arrangement of the scales of the head in one of the poisonous Colubridæ (Naja tripudians) | 15 |
| [Fig. 15—] | Feeding a poisonous snake (first stage) | 18 |
| [Fig. 16—] | Feeding a poisonous snake (second stage) | 18 |
| [Fig. 17—] | Capture of a Naja tripudians (first stage) | 19 |
| [Fig. 18—] | Capture of a Naja tripudians (second stage) | 20 |
| [Fig. 19—] | Hindu carrying two captured Cobras in “chatties” | 21 |
| [Fig. 20—] | Maxillary bone, mandible, and head of Cœlopeltis monspessulana | 23 |
| [Fig. 21—] | (1) Vipera berus; (2) Vipera aspis; (3) Vipera ammodytes; (4) Vipera ammodytes | 25 |
| [Fig. 22—] | Vipera aspis, from the Forest of Fontainebleau | 28 |
| [Fig. 23—] | Skull of Bungarus | 31 |
| [Fig. 24—] | Bungarus fasciatus (India) | 32 |
| [Fig. 25—] | Skull of Naja tripudians | 34 |
| [Fig. 26—] | Naja tripudians (Cobra-di-Capello) on the defensive, preparing to strike | 35 |
| [Fig. 27—] | Naja tripudians (Cobra-di-Capello) | 36 |
| [Fig. 28—] | Vipera russellii (Daboia) | 45 |
| [Fig. 29—] | Pseudocerastes persicus | 47 |
| [Fig. 30—] | Echis carinatus (India) | 48 |
| [Fig. 31—] | Ancistrodon hypnale (Carawalla, of Ceylon) | 50 |
| [Fig. 32—] | Lachesis okinavensis | 52 |
| [Fig. 33—] | Lachesis flavomaculatus | 55 |
| [Fig. 34—] | Skull of Dendraspis viridis | 65 |
| [Fig. 35—] | Skull of Causus rhombeatus | 68 |
| [Fig. 36—] | Skull of Bitis arietans (Puff Adder) | 70 |
| [Fig. 37—] | Bitis arietans (Puff Adder) | 71 |
| [Fig. 38—] | Bitis cornuta | 73 |
| [Fig. 39—] | Bitis rasicornis | 74 |
| [Fig. 40—] | Cerastes cornutus | 75 |
| [Fig. 41—] | Echis coloratus | 77 |
| [Fig. 42—] | Skull of Atractaspis aterrima | 79 |
| [Fig. 43—] | Skull of Glyphodon tristis (Australian Colubrine) | 83 |
| [Fig. 44—] | Pseudelaps krefftii | 85 |
| [Fig. 45—] | Pseudelaps harriettæ | 85 |
| [Fig. 46—] | Pseudelaps diadema | 85 |
| [Fig. 47—] | Diemenia psammophis | 86 |
| [Fig. 48—] | Diemenia olivacea | 86 |
| [Fig. 49—] | Diemenia textilis | 86 |
| [Fig. 50—] | Diemenia nuchalis | 87 |
| [Fig. 51—] | Pseudechis porphyriacus (Black Snake) | 87 |
| [Fig. 52—] | Denisonia superba (Copperhead) | 89 |
| [Fig. 53—] | Denisonia coronoides | 89 |
| [Fig. 54—] | Denisonia ramsayi | 90 |
| [Fig. 55—] | Denisonia signata | 90 |
| [Fig. 56—] | Denisonia maculata | 91 |
| [Fig. 57—] | Denisonia gouldii | 91 |
| [Fig. 58—] | Hoplocephalus bitorquatus | 94 |
| [Fig. 59—] | Notechis scutatus (Tiger Snake) | 95 |
| [Fig. 60—] | Skull of Acanthophis antarcticus (Death Adder) | 96 |
| [Fig. 61—] | Acanthophis antarcticus | 97 |
| [Fig. 62—] | Rhynchelaps australis | 98 |
| [Fig. 63—] | Skull of Furina occipitalis | 99 |
| [Fig. 64—] | Furina occipitalis | 99 |
| [Fig. 65—] | Skull of Elaps marcgravii | 101 |
| [Fig. 66—] | Elaps fulvius (Harlequin Snake) | 105 |
| [Fig. 67—] | Head and Skull of Crotalus horridus (Horrid Rattle-snake) | 109 |
| [Fig. 68—] | Ancistrodon piscivorus (Water Viper) | 110 |
| [Fig. 69—] | Lachesis lanceolatus (Fer-de-Lance) | 112 |
| [Fig. 70—] | Lachesis neuwiedii (Urutù) | 116 |
| [Fig. 71—] | Sistrurus catenatus (Prairie Rattle-snake) | 121 |
| [Fig. 72—] | A. Horny appendage (rattle) of a Crotalus horridus | 122 |
| B. Horny appendage, longitudinal section | 122 | |
| C. Separated segments of the appendage | 122 | |
| [Fig. 73—] | Crotalus terrificus (Dog-faced Rattle-snake) | 123 |
| [Fig. 74—] | Crotalus scutulatus (Texas Rattle-snake) | 126 |
| [Fig. 75—] | Crotalus confluentus (Pacific Rattle-snake) | 128 |
| [Fig. 76—] | Crotalus cerastes (Horned Rattle-snake) | 130 |
| [Fig. 77—] | Skull of Hydrus platurus | 132 |
| [Fig. 78—] | Hydrus platurus | 133 |
| [Fig. 79—] | Hydrophis coronatus | 134 |
| [Fig. 80—] | Hydrophis elegans | 135 |
| [Fig. 81—] | Skull of Distira | 137 |
| [Fig. 82—] | Enhydrina valakadien (E. bengalensis) | 138 |
| [Fig. 83—] | Skull of Platurus colubrinus | 139 |
| [Fig. 84—] | Platurus laticaudatus (P. fischeri) | 140 |
| [Fig. 85—] | Collecting venom from a Lachesis at the Serotherapeutic Institute of São Paulo (Brazil) | 154 |
| [Fig. 86—] | Chloroforming a Cobra in order to collect venom at Pondicherry (first stage) | 155 |
| [Fig. 87—] | Chloroforming a Cobra in order to collect venom at Pondicherry (second stage) | 157 |
| [Fig. 88—] | Collecting Cobra-venom at Pondicherry (third stage) | 158 |
| [Fig. 89—] | Mongoose seized by a Cobra | 225 |
| [Fig. 90—] | Indian Snake-charmer at Colombo (Ceylon) | 230 |
| [Fig. 91—] | Indian Snake-charmer at Colombo (Ceylon) | 231 |
| [Fig. 92—] | Musical instrument used by Indian snake-charmers to charm Cobras | 232 |
| [Fig. 93—] | Vaccinating a horse against venom at the Pasteur Institute, Lille | 244 |
| [Fig. 94—] | Aseptically bleeding a horse, vaccinated against venom, in order to obtain antivenomous serum, at the Pasteur Institute, Lille | 245 |
| [Fig. 95—] | Technique of injecting antivenomous serum beneath the skin of the abdomen | 264 |
| [Fig. 96—] | Lactrodectus mactans | 275 |
| [Fig. 97—] | Scorpio occitanus | 277 |
| [Fig. 98—] | Scolopendra morsitans | 280 |
| [Fig. 99—] | Poison-apparatus of the bee | 281 |
| [Fig. 100—] | Interior of the gorget of the Bee | 282 |
| [Fig. 101—] | Synanceia brachio var. Verrucosa | 291 |
| [Fig. 102—] | Cottus scorpius (Sea Scorpion, or Father Lasher) | 292 |
| [Fig. 103—] | Scorpæna grandicornis | 293 |
| [Fig. 104—] | Scorpæna diabolus | 294 |
| [Fig. 105—] | Pterois artemata | 295 |
| [Fig. 106—] | Pelor filamentosum | 296 |
| [Fig. 107—] | Trachinus vipera (Lesser Weever) | 297 |
| [Fig. 108—] | Operculum and opercular spine of the Lesser Weever | 298 |
| [Fig. 109—] | Callionymus lyra (Dragonet) | 300 |
| [Fig. 110—] | Batrachus grunniens | 302 |
| [Fig. 111—] | Thalassophryne reticulata | 302 |
| [Fig. 112—] | Lophius setigerus | 303 |
| [Fig. 113—] | Serranus ouatabili | 304 |
| [Fig. 114—] | Holacanthus imperator | 305 |
| [Fig. 115—] | Tetrodon stellatus | 306 |
| [Fig. 116—] | Tetrodon rubripes | 306 |
| [Fig. 117—] | Chilomycterus orbicularis | 307 |
| [Fig. 118—] | Chilomycterus tigrinus | 307 |
| [Fig. 119—] | Silurus glanis | 308 |
| [Fig. 120—] | Muræna moringa | 310 |
| [Fig. 121—] | Salamandra maculosa (Spotted Salamander) | 314 |
| [Fig. 122—] | Triton marmoratus (Marbled Newt) | 314 |
| [Fig. 123—] | Cryptobranchus japonicus (Great Japanese Salamander) | 315 |
| [Fig. 124—] | Heloderma horridum | 322 |
| [Fig. 125—] | Ornithorhynchus paradoxus (Duck-billed Platypus) | 324 |
VENOMS.