The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 09 (of 10)

by A. H. Evans

ADDENDUM

Since the text has been printed off, several new species have been described, and of these it is necessary to mention at least the following;–

Archaeopteryx siemensi, from Solenhofen, where the original form was obtained.–(Dames.)

Euryapteryx exilis (Dinornithidae); a new genus, Anomalornis, is also proposed for Anomalopteryx (preoccupied).–(Hutton.)

Ammoperdix cholmleyi (Phasianidae), from Suakin.–(Ogilvie-Grant.)

Cepphus snowi (Alcidae), from the Kurile Is.–(Stejneger.) The range of C. columba will now be "Bering Sea to California;" and of C. carbo "North-East Asia and Japanese Seas."

Podoces pleskii (Corvidae), from East Persia.–(Zarudny.)

Some new fossil forms from Patagonia.–(Mercerat.)

Mr. F. E. Blaauw has published a Monograph of the Cranes, and Mr. C. W. de Vis has described the eggs and young of Salvadorina (Anatidae).

In all these cases the Zoological Record for 1897 may be consulted.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Preface	[v]
Addendum	[vi]
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book	[xi]
CHAPTER I
Introduction	[1]
CHAPTER II
Archaeornithes–Neornithes Ratitae–Neornithes Odontolcae	[23]
CHAPTER III
NEORNITHES CARINATAE
Brigade I–Legion I (Colymbomorphae). Orders: Ichthyornithes–Colymbiformes–Sphenisciformes–Procellariiformes	[48]
CHAPTER IV
NEORNITHES CARINATAE CONTINUED
Brigade I–Legion II (Pelargomorphae). Orders: Ciconiiformes–Anseriformes–Falconiformes	[70]
CHAPTER V
NEORNITHES CARINATAE CONTINUED
Brigade II–Legion I (Alectoromorphae). Orders: Tinamiformes–Galliformes–Gruiformes–Charadriiformes	[182]
CHAPTER VI
NEORNITHES CARINATAE CONTINUED
Brigade II–Legion II (Coraciomorphae). Orders: Cuculiformes–Coraciiformes	[351]
CHAPTER VII
NEORNITHES CARINATAE CONCLUDED
Brigade II–Legion II (Coraciomorphae concluded). Order: Passeriformes	[466]
Index	[589]

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

CLASS AVES (p. [23]).
Sub-Class I. Archaeornithes (p. [23]).
Archaeopteryx (pp. [viii], [23]).
Sub-Class II. Neornithes (p. [25]).
Division A. NEORNITHES RATITAE (p. [25]).
RATITAE (p. [26])	III. Struthiones (p. [27]): Fam. Struthionidae (p. [27]). III. Rheae (p. [30]): Fam. Rheidae (p. [30]).
	III. Megistanes (p. [32]):	Fam. II. Casuariidae (p. [33]). Fam. II. Dromaeidae (p. [36]).
	IV. Apteryges (p. [38]): Fam. Apterygidae (p. [38]). IV. Dinornithes (p. [41]): Fam. Dinornithidae (p. [41]). VI. Aepyornithes (p. [43]): Fam. Aepyornithidae (p. [43]).
?? STEREORNITHES (p. [43])	?	Mesembriornis, etc. (p. [44]). Diatryma (p. [45]). Dasornis (p. [45]). Remiornis (p. [45]). Gastornis (p. [45]).
Division B. NEORNITHES ODONTOLCAE (p. [45]).
? HESPERORNITHES (p. [46]). ? ENALIORNITHES (p. [46]). ? Baptornis (p. [46]).
Division C. NEORNITHES CARINATAE (p. [48]).
ICHTHYORNITHES (p. [48])	Fam. Ichthyornithidae (p. [48]):		Ichthyornis (p. [48]). ? Apatornis (p. [49]).
Order.	Sub-Order.	Family.	Sub-Family.
COLYMBIFORMES (p. [49])	Colymbi (p. [49])	Colymbidae (p. [50]).
	Podicipedes (p. [49])	Podicipedidae (p. [52]).
SPHENISCIFORMES (p. [54])	Sphenisci (p. [54])	Spheniscidae (p. [54]).
PROCELLARIIFORMES (p. [59])	Tubinares (p. [59])	Procellariidae (p. [59])	Diomedeinae (p. [63]). Oceanitinae (p. [65]). Procellariinae (p. [65]). Pelecanoïdinae (p. [68]).
CICONIIFORMES (p. [70])	Steganopodes (p. [70])	Phaëthontidae (p. [72]). Sulidae (p. [73]). Phalacrocoracidae (p. [75]). Fregatidae (p. [81]). Pelecanidae (p. [83]).
	Ardeae (p. [86])	Ardeidae (p. [87]). Scopidae (p. [95]).
	Ciconiae (p. [95])	Ciconiidae (p. [95]).
		Ibididae (p. [99])	Ibidinae (p. [100]). Plataleinae (p. [103]).
	Phoenicopteri (p. [105])	Phoenicopteridae (p. [105]). Palaelodidae (pp. [105], [108]).
ANSERIFORMES (p. [108])	Palamedeae (p. [108]).	Palamedeidae (p. [108])
	Anseres (p. [110])	Anatidae (p. [111])	Merginae (p. [115]). Merganettinae (p. [116]). Erismaturinae (p. [117]). Fuligulinae (p. [118]). Anatinae (p. [123]). Chenonettinae (p. [130]). Anserinae (p. [131]). Cereopsinae (p. [133]). Plectropterinae (p. [133]). Anseranatinae (p. [135]). Cygninae (p. [135]).
FALCONIFORMES (p. [137])	Cathartae (p. [137])	Cathartidae (p. [137]).
	Accipitres (pp. [137], [141])	Serpentariidae (p. [141]). Vulturidae (p. [143]).
		Falconidae (p. [146])	Gypaëtinae (p. [150]). Polyborinae (p. [151]). Accipitrinae (p. [153]). Aquilinae (p. [159]). Buteoninae (p. [164]). Falconinae (p. [173]).
		Pandionidae (p. [180]).
TINAMIFORMES (p. [182])	Tinami (p. [182])	Tinamidae (Crypturidae) (p. [182]).
GALLIFORMES (p. [186])	Mesitae (p. [186])	Mesitidae (p. [186]).
	Turnices (p. [187])	Turnicidae (p. [187]). Pedionomidae (p. [189]).
	Galli (p. [190])	Megapodiidae (p. [190]).
		Cracidae (p. [194])	Cracinae (p. [196]). Penelopinae (p. [197]). Oreophasinae (p. [198]).
		Phasianidae (p. [198])	Numidinae (p. [204]). Meleagrinae (p. [206]). Phasianinae (p. [206]). Odontophorinae (p. [230]). Tetraoninae (p. [233]).
	Opisthocomi (p. [241])	Opisthocomidae (p. [241]).
GRUIFORMES (p. [243])		Rallidae (p. [243]). Gruidae (p. [251]). Aramidae (p. [256]). Psophiidae (p. [257]). Cariamidae (p. [258]). Otididae (p. [260]). Rhinochetidae (p. [263]). Eurypygidae (p. [265]). Heliornithidae (p. [267]).
CHARADRIIFORMES (p. [268])	Limicolae (p. [268])	Charadriidae (p. [272])	Charadriinae (p. [272]). Tringinae (p. [278]). Scolopacinae (p. [289]).
		Chionididae (p. [292]).
		Glareolidae (p. [293])	Glareolinae (p. [293]). Dromadinae (p. [296]).
		Thinocorythidae (p. [296]). Oedicnemidae (p. [297]). Parridae (p. [297])
	Lari (pp. [268], [300])	Laridae (p. [300])	Stercorariinae (p. [304]). Larinae (p. [305]). Rhynchopinae (p. [310]). Sterninae (p. [310]).
	Alcae (p. [315])	Alcidae (p. [315]).
	Pterocles (p. [321])	Pteroclidae (p. [321]).
	Columbae (p. [325])	Dididae (p. [328]). Didunculidae (p. [331]).
		Columbidae (p. [333])	Gourinae (p. [334]). Peristerinae (p. [334]). Columbinae (p. [342]). Treroninae (p. [344]).
CUCULIFORMES (p. [351])	Cuculi (p. [351])	Cuculidae (p. [351])	Cuculinae (p. [352]). Centropodinae (p. [356]). Phaenicophainae (p. [357]). Neomorphinae (p. [357]). Diplopterinae (p. [359]). Crotophaginae (p. [359]).
		Musophagidae (p. [359]).
	Psittaci (p. [361])	Psittacidae (p. [366])	Stringopinae (p. [366]). Psittacinae (p. [367]). Cacatuinae (p. [372]).
		Trichoglossidae (p. [373])	Cyclopsittacinae (p. [373]) Loriinae (p. [373]). Nestorinae (p. [374]).
CORACIIFORMES (p. [376])	Coraciae (p. [376])	Coraciidae (p. [376])	Coraciinae (p. [376]). Leptosomatinae (p. [378]).
		Momotidae (p. [379])	Momotinae (p. [380]). Todinae (p. [381]).
		Alcedinidae (p. [382])	Halcyoninae (p. [385]). Alcedininae (p. [386]).
		Meropidae (p. [387]). Bucerotidae (p. [390]).
		Upupidae (p. [395])	Upupinae (p. [395]). Irrisorinae (p. [397]).
	Striges (p. [397])	Strigidae (p. [398])	Striginae (p. [403]). Buboninae (p. [404]).
	Caprimulgi (p. [415])	Caprimulgidae (p. [417])	Caprimulginae (p. [418]). Nyctibiinae (p. [418]).
		Podargidae (p. [419]). Steatornithidae (p. [419]).
	Cypseli (p. [419])	Cypselidae (p. [420])	Macropteryginae (p. [422]). Chaeturinae (p. [422]). Cypselinae (p. [424]).
		Trochilidae (p. [426]).
	Colii (p. [439])	Coliidae (p. [439]).
	Trogones (p. [441])	Trogonidae (p. [441]).
	Pici (p. [445])	Galbulidae (p. [445])	Galbulinae (p. [445]). Bucconinae (p. [446]).
		Capitonidae (p. [448])	Capitoninae (p. [448]). Indicatorinae (p. [451]).
		Rhamphastidae (p. [453])
		Picidae (p. [457])	Picinae (p. [457]). Iynginae (p. [464]).

Order.	Group.	Division.	Family.	Sub-Family.
PASSERIFORMES (p. [466])	Passeres anisomyodae (p. [467])	Subclamatores (p. [467])	Eurylaemidae (p. [467]).
		Clamatores (p. [469])	Pittidae (p. [469]). Philepittidae (p. [471]). Xenicidae (p. [472]).
			Tyrannidae (p. [473])	Taeniopterinae Platyrhynchinae Elaineinae Tyranninae	(p. [473]).
			Oxyrhamphidae (p. [477]). Pipridae (p. [477]).
			Cotingidae (p. [479])	Tityrinae Lipauginae Attilinae Rupicolinae Cotinginae Gymnoderinae	(p. [479]).
			Phytotomidae (p. [483]).
			Dendrocolaptidae (p. [483])	Furnariinae Synallaxinae Sclerurinae Dendrocolaptinae	(p. [484]).
			Formicariidae (p. [488])	Thamnophilinae Formicariinae Grallariinae	(p. [488]).
			Conopophagidae (p. [489]). Pteroptochidae (p. [490]).
	Passeres diacromyodae (p. [491])	Suboscines (p. [491])	Menuridae (p. [491]). Atrichornithidae (p. [493]).
		Oscines (p. [494])	Alaudidae (p. [496]).
			Motacillidae (p. [498])	Motacillinae Anthinae	(p. [498]).
			Henicuridae (p. [501]). Timeliidae (p. [501]). Pycnonotidae (p. [504]). Muscicapidae (p. [506]).
			Turdidae (p. [509])	Turdinae (p. [509]). Myiodectinae (p. [513]). Sylviinae (p. [513]). Polioptilinae (p. [514]). Miminae (p. [514]).
			Cinclidae (p. [519]). Troglodytidae (p. [521]). Chamaeidae (p. [522]). Hirundinidae (p. [522]). Campephagidae (p. [525]). Dicruridae (p. [527]). Ampelidae (p. [529]). Artamidae (p. [530]).
			Laniidae (p. [531])	Gymnorhininae (p. [532]). Malaconotinae (p. [533]). Pachycephalinae (p. [533]). Laniinae (p. [534]). Prionopinae (p. [535]).
			Vireonidae (p. [536]). Sittidae (p. [536]). Paridae (p. [538]). Panuridae (p. [541]). Oriolidae (p. [542]). Paradiseidae (p. [543]).
			Corvidae (p. [552])	Corvinae Garrulinae Fregilinae	(p. [552]).
			Sturnidae (p. [559]). Drepanididae (p. [562]).
			Meliphagidae (p. [564])	Myzomelinae Meliphaginae	(p. [564]).
			Zosteropidae (p. [568]). Nectariniidae (p. [568]). Dicaeidae (p. [570]). Certhiidae (p. [571]). Coerebidae (p. [572]). Mniotiltidae (p. [573]). Tanagridae (p. [575]).
			Ploceidae (p. [576])	Viduinae (p. [576]). Ploceinae (p. [577]).
			Icteridae (p. [579])	Cassicinae Agelaeinae Sturnellinae Icterinae Quiscalinae	(p. [579]).
			Fringillidae + Emberizidae (p. [582]).

CLASS AVES (p. [23]).
Sub-Class I. Archaeornithes (p. [23]).
Archaeopteryx (pp. [viii], [23]).
Sub-Class II. Neornithes (p. [25]).
Division A. NEORNITHES RATITAE (p. [25]).
RATITAE (p. [26])		III. Struthiones (p. [27]): Fam. Struthionidae (p. [27]). III. Rheae (p. [30]): Fam. Rheidae (p. [30]).
		III. Megistanes (p. [32]):		Fam. II. Casuariidae (p. [33]). Fam. II. Dromaeidae (p. [36]).
		IV. Apteryges (p. [38]): Fam. Apterygidae (p. [38]). IV. Dinornithes (p. [41]): Fam. Dinornithidae (p. [41]). VI. Aepyornithes (p. [43]): Fam. Aepyornithidae (p. [43]).
?? STEREORNITHES (p. [43])		?		Mesembriornis, etc. (p. [44]). Diatryma (p. [45]). Dasornis (p. [45]). Remiornis (p. [45]). Gastornis (p. [45]).
Division B. NEORNITHES ODONTOLCAE (p. [45]).
? HESPERORNITHES (p. [46]). ? ENALIORNITHES (p. [46]). ? Baptornis (p. [46]).
Division C. NEORNITHES CARINATAE (p. [48]).
ICHTHYORNITHES (p. [48])		Fam. Ichthyornithidae (p. [48]):			Ichthyornis (p. [48]). ? Apatornis (p. [49]).
Order.		Sub-Order.		Family.		Sub-Family.
COLYMBIFORMES (p. [49])		Colymbi (p. [49])		Colymbidae (p. [50]).
		Podicipedes (p. [49])		Podicipedidae (p. [52]).
SPHENISCIFORMES (p. [54])		Sphenisci (p. [54])		Spheniscidae (p. [54]).
PROCELLARIIFORMES (p. [59])		Tubinares (p. [59])		Procellariidae (p. [59])		Diomedeinae (p. [63]). Oceanitinae (p. [65]). Procellariinae (p. [65]). Pelecanoïdinae (p. [68]).
CICONIIFORMES (p. [70])		Steganopodes (p. [70])		Phaëthontidae (p. [72]). Sulidae (p. [73]). Phalacrocoracidae (p. [75]). Fregatidae (p. [81]). Pelecanidae (p. [83]).
		Ardeae (p. [86])		Ardeidae (p. [87]). Scopidae (p. [95]).
		Ciconiae (p. [95])		Ciconiidae (p. [95]).
				Ibididae (p. [99])		Ibidinae (p. [100]). Plataleinae (p. [103]).
		Phoenicopteri (p. [105])		Phoenicopteridae (p. [105]). Palaelodidae (pp. [105], [108]).
ANSERIFORMES (p. [108])		Palamedeae (p. [108]).		Palamedeidae (p. [108])
		Anseres (p. [110])		Anatidae (p. [111])		Merginae (p. [115]). Merganettinae (p. [116]). Erismaturinae (p. [117]). Fuligulinae (p. [118]). Anatinae (p. [123]). Chenonettinae (p. [130]). Anserinae (p. [131]). Cereopsinae (p. [133]). Plectropterinae (p. [133]). Anseranatinae (p. [135]). Cygninae (p. [135]).
FALCONIFORMES (p. [137])		Cathartae (p. [137])		Cathartidae (p. [137]).
		Accipitres (pp. [137], [141])		Serpentariidae (p. [141]). Vulturidae (p. [143]).
				Falconidae (p. [146])		Gypaëtinae (p. [150]). Polyborinae (p. [151]). Accipitrinae (p. [153]). Aquilinae (p. [159]). Buteoninae (p. [164]). Falconinae (p. [173]).
				Pandionidae (p. [180]).
TINAMIFORMES (p. [182])		Tinami (p. [182])		Tinamidae (Crypturidae) (p. [182]).
GALLIFORMES (p. [186])		Mesitae (p. [186])		Mesitidae (p. [186]).
		Turnices (p. [187])		Turnicidae (p. [187]). Pedionomidae (p. [189]).
		Galli (p. [190])		Megapodiidae (p. [190]).
				Cracidae (p. [194])		Cracinae (p. [196]). Penelopinae (p. [197]). Oreophasinae (p. [198]).
				Phasianidae (p. [198])		Numidinae (p. [204]). Meleagrinae (p. [206]). Phasianinae (p. [206]). Odontophorinae (p. [230]). Tetraoninae (p. [233]).
		Opisthocomi (p. [241])		Opisthocomidae (p. [241]).
GRUIFORMES (p. [243])				Rallidae (p. [243]). Gruidae (p. [251]). Aramidae (p. [256]). Psophiidae (p. [257]). Cariamidae (p. [258]). Otididae (p. [260]). Rhinochetidae (p. [263]). Eurypygidae (p. [265]). Heliornithidae (p. [267]).
CHARADRIIFORMES (p. [268])		Limicolae (p. [268])		Charadriidae (p. [272])		Charadriinae (p. [272]). Tringinae (p. [278]). Scolopacinae (p. [289]).
				Chionididae (p. [292]).
				Glareolidae (p. [293])		Glareolinae (p. [293]). Dromadinae (p. [296]).
				Thinocorythidae (p. [296]). Oedicnemidae (p. [297]). Parridae (p. [297])
		Lari (pp. [268], [300])		Laridae (p. [300])		Stercorariinae (p. [304]). Larinae (p. [305]). Rhynchopinae (p. [310]). Sterninae (p. [310]).
		Alcae (p. [315])		Alcidae (p. [315]).
		Pterocles (p. [321])		Pteroclidae (p. [321]).
		Columbae (p. [325])		Dididae (p. [328]). Didunculidae (p. [331]).
				Columbidae (p. [333])		Gourinae (p. [334]). Peristerinae (p. [334]). Columbinae (p. [342]). Treroninae (p. [344]).
CUCULIFORMES (p. [351])		Cuculi (p. [351])		Cuculidae (p. [351])		Cuculinae (p. [352]). Centropodinae (p. [356]). Phaenicophainae (p. [357]). Neomorphinae (p. [357]). Diplopterinae (p. [359]). Crotophaginae (p. [359]).
				Musophagidae (p. [359]).
		Psittaci (p. [361])		Psittacidae (p. [366])		Stringopinae (p. [366]). Psittacinae (p. [367]). Cacatuinae (p. [372]).
				Trichoglossidae (p. [373])		Cyclopsittacinae (p. [373]) Loriinae (p. [373]). Nestorinae (p. [374]).
CORACIIFORMES (p. [376])		Coraciae (p. [376])		Coraciidae (p. [376])		Coraciinae (p. [376]). Leptosomatinae (p. [378]).
				Momotidae (p. [379])		Momotinae (p. [380]). Todinae (p. [381]).
				Alcedinidae (p. [382])		Halcyoninae (p. [385]). Alcedininae (p. [386]).
				Meropidae (p. [387]). Bucerotidae (p. [390]).
				Upupidae (p. [395])		Upupinae (p. [395]). Irrisorinae (p. [397]).
		Striges (p. [397])		Strigidae (p. [398])		Striginae (p. [403]). Buboninae (p. [404]).
		Caprimulgi (p. [415])		Caprimulgidae (p. [417])		Caprimulginae (p. [418]). Nyctibiinae (p. [418]).
				Podargidae (p. [419]). Steatornithidae (p. [419]).
		Cypseli (p. [419])		Cypselidae (p. [420])		Macropteryginae (p. [422]). Chaeturinae (p. [422]). Cypselinae (p. [424]).
				Trochilidae (p. [426]).
		Colii (p. [439])		Coliidae (p. [439]).
		Trogones (p. [441])		Trogonidae (p. [441]).
		Pici (p. [445])		Galbulidae (p. [445])		Galbulinae (p. [445]). Bucconinae (p. [446]).
				Capitonidae (p. [448])		Capitoninae (p. [448]). Indicatorinae (p. [451]).
				Rhamphastidae (p. [453])
				Picidae (p. [457])		Picinae (p. [457]). Iynginae (p. [464]).

Order.		Group.		Division.		Family.		Sub-Family.
PASSERIFORMES (p. [466])		Passeres anisomyodae (p. [467])		Subclamatores (p. [467])		Eurylaemidae (p. [467]).
				Clamatores (p. [469])		Pittidae (p. [469]). Philepittidae (p. [471]). Xenicidae (p. [472]).
						Tyrannidae (p. [473])		Taeniopterinae Platyrhynchinae Elaineinae Tyranninae		(p. [473]).
						Oxyrhamphidae (p. [477]). Pipridae (p. [477]).
						Cotingidae (p. [479])		Tityrinae Lipauginae Attilinae Rupicolinae Cotinginae Gymnoderinae		(p. [479]).
						Phytotomidae (p. [483]).
						Dendrocolaptidae (p. [483])		Furnariinae Synallaxinae Sclerurinae Dendrocolaptinae		(p. [484]).
						Formicariidae (p. [488])		Thamnophilinae Formicariinae Grallariinae		(p. [488]).
						Conopophagidae (p. [489]). Pteroptochidae (p. [490]).
		Passeres diacromyodae (p. [491])		Suboscines (p. [491])		Menuridae (p. [491]). Atrichornithidae (p. [493]).
				Oscines (p. [494])		Alaudidae (p. [496]).
						Motacillidae (p. [498])		Motacillinae Anthinae		(p. [498]).
						Henicuridae (p. [501]). Timeliidae (p. [501]). Pycnonotidae (p. [504]). Muscicapidae (p. [506]).
						Turdidae (p. [509])		Turdinae (p. [509]). Myiodectinae (p. [513]). Sylviinae (p. [513]). Polioptilinae (p. [514]). Miminae (p. [514]).
						Cinclidae (p. [519]). Troglodytidae (p. [521]). Chamaeidae (p. [522]). Hirundinidae (p. [522]). Campephagidae (p. [525]). Dicruridae (p. [527]). Ampelidae (p. [529]). Artamidae (p. [530]).
						Laniidae (p. [531])		Gymnorhininae (p. [532]). Malaconotinae (p. [533]). Pachycephalinae (p. [533]). Laniinae (p. [534]). Prionopinae (p. [535]).
						Vireonidae (p. [536]). Sittidae (p. [536]). Paridae (p. [538]). Panuridae (p. [541]). Oriolidae (p. [542]). Paradiseidae (p. [543]).
						Corvidae (p. [552])		Corvinae Garrulinae Fregilinae		(p. [552]).
						Sturnidae (p. [559]). Drepanididae (p. [562]).
						Meliphagidae (p. [564])		Myzomelinae Meliphaginae		(p. [564]).
						Zosteropidae (p. [568]). Nectariniidae (p. [568]). Dicaeidae (p. [570]). Certhiidae (p. [571]). Coerebidae (p. [572]). Mniotiltidae (p. [573]). Tanagridae (p. [575]).
						Ploceidae (p. [576])		Viduinae (p. [576]). Ploceinae (p. [577]).
						Icteridae (p. [579])		Cassicinae Agelaeinae Sturnellinae Icterinae Quiscalinae		(p. [579]).
						Fringillidae + Emberizidae (p. [582]).