Index

Adoption, by the Sun-god, [36];

its prevalence in Babylon, [37];

concerning slaves, [38] ff.;

a way to citizenship, [41]

Ainsworth, on coast-line formation, [2]

Allat, goddess of under-world, [242];

in temples, [247]

Amen, used in hymns, [245]

Amorites, the, women, [18], [191];

colonies, [187] ff.;

position of, [189];

freedom of worship, [191-193];

country, [220]

Apprentices, case of slaves, [71]

Arad-Samas, position of his two wives, [27]

Aramaic, taught in schools, [56]

Architecture, features of Babylonian, [9], [10];

use of bricks, [90], [137];

character of, [91];

plans of houses, [92];

foundations, [92];

decorations, [93], [94];

dwellings of poor, [95];

stair-cases, [95]

Army. See under [“State”]

Artists, position of, [166]

Ashtoreth. See [Istar]

Assur, worship of, [256]

Assyrians, compared with Babylonians, [8];

in regard to women, [18];

slave law among, [78];

slave contract, [79], [80];

features of architecture, [93];

gardens of, [95];

land, [123];

contracts, [124];

land measurements, [125];

money interest, [156];

coinage, [157];

medicine, [164];

military character of government, [172];

taxes, [175];

army, [181];

navy, [183];

letters, [217];

religion, [255]

Astrology, [60];

letters relating to, [219]

Baal worship, [233]-234

Babylonia, its importance and situation, [1];

the increase of land, [2];

and its culture, [6];

various nationalities, [7];

Chaldean associations, ibid.;

Kassite influence, [7], [8];

the inhabitants, [9];

trade, ibid., [107];

architecture, [9];

writing, [10];

mode of burial, [10], [11];

cosmogony, [11];

fertility, [11], [12];

features of family life, [13] ff.;

dowry and divorce, [20] ff.;

polygamy, [27];

matrimony, [29];

inheritance, [31];

adoption, [36] ff.;

citizenship, [41];

names, [45] ff.;

literature, [52-54];

burial, [62-66];

slavery, [67] ff.;

labourers, [82] ff., [148];

manners and customs, [90] ff.;

manufactures, [107] ff.;

house property, [118-120];

land, [120] ff.;

money-lending, [157] ff.;

bankers, [151];

barristers, [161];

government, [168] ff.;

army, [177] ff.;

law, [95] ff.;

letter-writing, [208] ff.;

religion, [231] ff.

Balawât, description of shrine at, [247]

Bankers, firms of, [127];

and money-lending, [151] ff.

Barbers, position of, [105]

Beating the bounds, custom of, [121]

Bedâwin, as shepherds, [82];

wages of, [86]

Beer-houses, [113]

Bel, “The Illumination of Bel,” [60]

Bel-Katsir, a plea set aside, [28];

his adoption, [37]

Bel-Merodach and sonship, [36], [168], [169];

hymns and prayers, [260]

Berachiel, his action for adoption, [38], [39]

Berossus, origin of Babylon, [1]

Bethels in shrines, [248]

Bitumen, use of, [90];

prices of, [147]

“Black Stone” of Mecca, [248]

Borsippa, University at, [54];

“The Epic of the Creation,” [55]

Branding in the sole, [44]

Brick-makers, importance of, [137], [138]

Burial, method of Babylonian, [10], [62] ff.;

place of, [62];

cemeteries, [62];

rites of, [63];

tombs, [64]

Canaanitish Women, legal status, [19]

Cape of Good Hope, [45]

Carchemish, importance of, [156];

maneh of, [159]

Carpenters, [134]

Cemeteries, [62]

Chaldea, the origin of, [7]

Chariots for army, [178]

Circumcision, [47]

Clay-tablets, use of, [51]

Colonies of Amorites, [187]

Concubines, allowed, [25];

purchaseable, [26]

Cosmetics, wide use of, [105]

Cosmological beliefs, [243]

Cremation, practised, [62]

Cuneiform writing, [49];

use of clay, [50], [209];

chapters, [52];

origin, [209]

Custom-house, place of, [111]

Customs:

manner of building, [90] ff.;

furniture, [96] ff.;

dress, [99] ff.;

the cylinder, [102];

beards, [104], [105];

cosmetics, [105]

Cylinder, worn on arm, [102];

designs on, [103];

patterns of, [103]

Death, belief about, [242]

Divorce, among Babylonians, [20]-25;

position of divorced wives, [28];

instances, [196], [197]

Doctors. See under [“Medicine”]

Dowry and divorce, [19] ff.;

penalties, [26];

reasons of divorce, ibid.

Dress, many varieties of, [99];

priest's, [101];

poor person's, [101];

women's, [102];

seal cylinder, [102]

Duty, on sheep, [111];

levy of, [113]

Ea, the god of Eridu, [3], [260];

founder of law, [195];

the spirit, [232];

the temple of, [236];

Semitic influence, [237]

Ebers Papyrus on medicine, [163]

Eclipses mentioned, [219]

Education:

a curious procedure, [44];

naming, ibid.;

schooling, [47] ff.;

bodily exercises, [48];

cuneiform writing, [47];

writing materials, [50], [51];

books, [52];

kinds of literature, [52];

school buildings, [54];

class education, [55];

dead languages taught, [56];

philology, [57];

history, [58];

other studies, [59]

Egibi, the banker, [127], [152]

Egyptian influence on religion, [233]

El-lil, the god of Nippur, [3]

Eridu, a seaport of primitive Chaldea, [2];

a great centre, [3], [4];

its god, [3];

its origin, [4];

its temple, [236]

Exorcisms, form of, [260]

Family life among Semites, [13];

equality of sexes, [14]

Farmers, tenure, [84], [85]

Fasts and feasts prescribed, [246]

Footstool, [96]

Furniture, scanty but artistic, [96]

Gardens, largely used, [94], [127]

Gem-cutting, art of, [103]

Gods and goddesses, relation of king to, [169] ff.

Grain, varying prices of, [142], [145];

as exchange, [144];

store-house, [206]

Gudea, priest-king of Lagas, [90];

works of, [93], [94];

a vase of, [97];

dress, [102];

deification of, [169]

Guilds for traders, [141]

Hades, belief about, [242]

Herodotus, quoted on Babylonian fertility, [11];

on prostitution, [30]

History, the favourite study, [58]

Hit, bitumen procured from, [90]

“House of Cereals,” the, [206]

House-property, value of, [114];

lease of, [115];

payment for, [116];

a lawsuit, [118]-120

Hymns, Sumerian origin, [244];

Amen, [245];

hymns and prayers to Bel, [260]

Ideograph, or picture-writing, [236]

Inheritance, laws of, [31];

private ownership, [32];

testaments, ibid.;

the will of Sennacherib, [35];

the theory of adoption, [36];

disputes, [42]

Iron, general use of, [136]

Irrigation, necessity of, [88]

Istar, the goddess, significant changes, [13], [14];

the priestesses of, [16], [17];

land of temple of, [126];

independence of, [239];

as Ashtoreth, [240];

story of, ibid.;

prophetesses of, [252];

the Istar of witchcraft, [259]

Ivory, large trade in, [136]

Jews, position of, in Babylonia, [68];

colonists, [190]

Judges, appointment of, [197];

trials before, [199]

Juries, existence of, [198]

Kassites, their dynasty, [7];

effect of conquest in Babylonia, [171]

Khalutê, battle of, [53]

Khunnatu, [72]

Khammurabi, letters of, [210] ff.

Ki-makh, or cemetery, [62]

King. See under [“State”]

Labourers, classes of, [82];

farmers, [84];

wages, [85], [86], [148]-150;

songs of, [87]

Land, value of, [120] ff.;

rent of, [121];

in Assyria, [123] ff.

Law, the study of, [59];

early origin, [195];

judges, [197];

case of foreigners, [198];

trials, [199];

careful procedure, [201];

punishments, [205];

bail, [206];

prisons, ibid.

Layard, his discovery of a lens, [51]

Letter-writing no modern invention, [208];

material used, [209];

cuneiform writing and its advantages, [210];

early examples, [211] ff.;

Assyrian, [216] ff.;

private letters, [225];

sealing, [228];

noticeable features, [229], [230]

Literature, place of, [52];

poetry, [165]

Maneh. See [“money-lending”]

Marriage ceremonies among Babylonians, [29];

among Israelites, [30];

permitted degrees, [31]

Medicine, early use, [162];

Egyptian influence, [163];

court physicians, [164];

in Assyria, [164];

doctors' letters, [218]

Metals, use of, [131];

where found, [132];

method of working, [132];

copper, [133];

prices for, [147]

Money-lending, a lucrative profession, [151];

a coin currency, [152];

repayments, [153];

rate of interest, [153], [154];

securities, [155];

Assyrian interest, [156];

standard of coins, [158];

fixed values, [160]

Monotheism in hymns, [262]

Moon-god, temple of, [2];

cult of, [257];

hymn to, [261]

Murasu, the firm of, [161]

Music and its cultivation, [166]

Naming a child, [44];

and a god, [45];

reasons for changes, [46]

Nebo-akhi-iddin, contract of, [75]

Nebuchadnezzar's army, [181]

Nergal, the Lord of the Dead, [65]

Nidinti, case of the slave in, [70]

Nineveh, letters in library at, [216]

Nippur, excavations at, [3];

its god, ibid.;

its origin, [4];

the temple, [236]

Nublâ, a law case, [15];

her slave, [71];

apprenticing a slave, [141]

Oannes. See [“Ea”]

Oracles, in writing, [48]

Palms, high prices, [127]

Paradise, origin of, [95]

Partnerships, frequent, [127];

with women, [128];

form of deeds of, [128], [129];

terms of, [129]

Peters, Dr., quoted, [66]

Philology cultivated, [57], [58]

Phœnicians, [183]

Physical exercises, [48], [52]

Pilasters, use of, [91]

Poets, position of, [165]

Polygamy, among Babylonians, restricted, [27];

but possible, [27], [28]

Porcelain, trade in, [137]

Portents, the study of, [59], [60]

Postal system established, [104];

extensive use, [228]

Priest, dress of, [101];

classes of, [249];

eunuch-priests, [250];

marriage, [252]

Prisons, [206]

Professions:

bankers, [151];

barristers, [161];

doctors, [162];

poets, [165];

musicians, [165], [166];

artists, [166]

Property, a legal point relating to, [23];

a woman's power, ibid.;

disputes, [42];

temple prop, [255]

Prostitution in Babylonia, [30], [252]

Punishments, legal. See [“Law”]

Qubtâ, and her slave, [70]

Quddâ, and his slave, [70]

Rab-mugi, or court-physician, [164]

Rab-saris, office of, [176]

Rab-shakeh, or vizier, knowledge of language, [57];

office of, [176]

Religion, letters relating to, [223];

popular superstition, [231], [257];

twofold influence in official creed, ibid.;

Sumerian and Semitic conceptions compared, [232];

Shamanism, [235];

ideograph, [236];

the centres and their influence, [236], [237];

Semitic influence, [237] ff.;

Istar, [239];

Tammuz, [240];

the origin of things, [241];

various beliefs, [242];

Hades, [242];

cosmological, [243];

sacred books, [244];

hymns, [244], [260];

numerous services, [245];

temples, [246];

sacrifices, [248];

hierarchy, [249];

temple revenues, [253], [255];

witchcraft, [259];

exorcisms, [260];

monotheism, [263]

Rimanni-Bel, a slave's adoption cancelled, [40]

Sabbath, origin of word, [245];

customs, ibid.

Sacred books, [244]

Sacrifices, various kinds, [248]

Sandals used, [100], [101]

Sargon, his empire, [5], [6];

a tradition of, [83];

houses in time of, [92];

dress, [101];

survey of land, [122];

carpenters' trade under, [134]

Satraps, or governors, [176]

Schools, [47] ff.;

buildings, [54];

dead languages taught, [56];

subjects of study, [56] ff.

Scribes, the position of, [161]

Semites, connection with Sumerians, [4] ff.;

influence on religion, [231], [237];

Semitic conception of deity, [233];

the goddess, [238]

Sennacherib's will, [35];

garden, [94], [95]

Shamanism of the Sumerians, [235]

Sheep, largely kept, [109];

a contract, [111];

duty, ibid.;

market, [112]

Shekel, [158]

Ships, character of, [185]

Sippara, situation of, [113];

letters found at, [214]

Slaves, position of, [67], [68];

classes of, [68];

price of, [69], [70], [75];

law regarding, [69];

apprentices, [71];

privileges, [71];

restrictions, [74];

emancipation of, [77], [78];

in Assyria, [78], [79]

Songs of peasants, [87], [88]

Spelling, correctness of, [230]

State:

theocratic character, [168];

relation of sovereign to God, [169-171];

the Western Empire, [171], [172];

contrasts in Assyria, [172];

aristocracy, [173], [174];

taxes, [175];

officials, [176-177];

divisions of army, [177-182];

chariots, [178];

developments, [180];

Assyrian army, q.v.;

under Nebuchadnezzar, [181];

navy, [183];

merchant boats, [184];

character of ships, [185];

Amorite colonies, [187];

immunities, [194]

Stables, letters relating to, [222]

Stars, worship of, [62]

Stela of the Vultures, [105]

Stone used for decoration, [93]

Stone-cutters, perfect work of, [135]

Streets, character of, [112], [113]

Stucco, largely used, [92]

Sumerians, race influence, [4];

influence on Semites, ibid.;

marriage law, [25];

marriage ceremony, [29];

dictionaries, [50];

language taught, [56];

law for slaves, [69], [81], [82];

text-book on farming, [84];

beardless, [104];

law as to barbers, [105];

weights, [158];

deification of Sumerian kings, [170];

code of law, [195];

influence on religion, [231];

Sumerian conception of a god, [232];

no moral nature, [234];

Shamanism, [235];

Tammuz, [240];

hymns, [244]

Sun, belief about, [242]

Superstition, popular, [231], [257]

Surveyors, importance of, [123]

Tables, fashion of, [97]

Tablets of Tel-el-Amarna, [7];

the use of clay, [10]

Talent, [158]

Tammuz, worship of, [240], [251]

Tapestries, [107]

Taxes, nature of, [175];

immunity from, [194]

Tel-el-Amarna tablets, quoted, [7], [19];

ladies' letters, [48], [215];

other letters, [209];

points of letter-writing, [229]

Temples, construction of, [246];

temple ministers, [251];

revenues of, [253]

Tiglath-pileser, his gardens, [94]

Tithes paid, [253]

Tombs. See [“Burial”]

Trades, [107] ff.;

woollen, [108];

partnerships, [127];

carpenters, [135];

stonecutters, [135];

iron-smith, [136];

ivory carvers, [136];

porcelain-makers, [137];

brick-makers, [137];

vintners, [139]

Tsarpî, an Assyrian prefectess, [18]

Tylos, island of, [108]

Ubaru, contract of, [85]

Under-world, belief in an, [64]

Ur of the Chaldees, foundation of the town, [2];

its moon-god, [2];

its connection with Nippur, [3];

a custom with daughters, [14];

comparative prices, [147], [148];

hymn used at, [261]

Ustanni, an interesting contract, [73]

Vases, plentiful and various, [97]

Weights. See [Appendix]

Will, an example of a, [32];

an heiress, [34];

the document of Sennacherib, [35];

disputes, [42]

Wine, manufacture of, [139], [140];

letters relating to, [221]

Women:

family, legal and religious status in Babylonia, [14] ff.;

in Assyria, [18];

in Canaan, [19];

divorce, [20];

dowries, [20];

traders, [24];

a superior slave, ibid.;

concubines, [26];

testatory rights, [29];

legal forms of matrimony, [29];

prostitutes, [30];

adoption, [37];

dress, [102];

as trade partners, [128]

Wool, manufacture of, [107] ff.;

looms, [108]

Writing materials, [50], [51].