Appendix I.
The Egyptian Dynasties According To Manetho (As Quoted By Julius Africanus, a.d. 220), Etc.
[The excerpts of Africanus are known from George the Synkellos (a.d. 790) and Eusebius (a.d. 326): where Eusebius differs from Synkellos the fact is stated.]
(Each king is followed by the number of years reigned.)
Dynasty i.—Thinites: 8 kings.
| 1. Menes | 62 |
| 2. Athôthis his son | 57 |
| 3. Kenkenes his son | 31 |
| 4. Ouenephes his son | 23 |
| 5. Ousaphaidos his son (Ousaphaes, Eus.) | 20 |
| 6. Miebidos his son (Niebaes, Eus.) | 26 |
| 7. Semempses his son | 18 |
| 8. Biênakhes his son (Oubienthes or Vibethis, Eus.) | 26 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 253 |
| (Eus. | 252 |
| Really | 263) |
Dynasty ii.—Thinites: 9 kings.
| 1. Boêthos (Bôkhos, Eus.) | 38 |
| 2. Kaiekhôs (Khoos or Kekhous, Eus.) | 39 |
| 3. Binôthris (Biophis, Eus.) | 47 |
| 4. Tlas (unnamed by Eus.) | 17 |
| 5. Sethenês (unnamed by Eus.) | 41 |
| 6. Khaires (unnamed by Eus.) | 17 |
| 7. Nepherkheres | 25 |
| 8. Sesôkhris | 48 |
| 9. Kheneres (unnamed by Eus.) | 30 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 302 |
| (Eus. | 297) |
Dynasty iii.—Memphites: 9 kings.
| 1. Nekherophes (Nekherôkhis, Eus.) | 28 |
| 2. Tosorthros (Sesorthos, Eus.) | 29 |
| 3. Tyreis (unnamed by Eus.) | 7 |
| 4. Mesôkhris (unnamed by Eus.) | 17 |
| 5. Sôyphis (unnamed by Eus.) | 16 |
| 6. Tosertasis (unnamed by Eus.) | 19 |
| 7. Akhes (unnamed by Eus.) | 42 |
| 8. Sêphouris (unnamed by Eus.) | 30 |
| 9. Kerpheres (unnamed by Eus.) | 26 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 214 |
| (Eus. | 197) |
Dynasty iv.—Memphites: 8 kings. (Eus. 17.)
| 1. Sôris (unnamed by Eus.) | 29 |
| 2. Souphis i. (3rd king of the dynasty, Eus.) | 63 |
| 3. Souphis ii. (unnamed by Eus.) | 66 |
| 4. Menkheres (unnamed by Eus.) | 63 |
| 5. Ratoises (unnamed by Eus.) | 25 |
| 6. Bikheris (unnamed by Eus.) | 22 |
| 7. Seberkheres (unnamed by Eus.) | 7 |
| 8. Thamphthis (unnamed by Eus.) | 9 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 277 |
| (Eus. | 448 |
| Really | 284) |
Dynasty v.—Elephantines: 9 kings.
(Eus. 31 kings, including Othoês or Othius the First and Phiôps; the others are unnamed.)
| 1. Ouserkheres | 28 |
| 2. Sephres | 13 |
| 3. Nepherkheres | 20 |
| 4. Sisires or Sisikhis | 7 |
| 5. Kheres or Ekheres | 20 |
| 6. Rathoures | 44 |
| 7. Menkheres | 9 |
| 8. Tankheres | 44 |
| 9. Ounos or Obnos | 33 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 248 |
| (Really | 218) |
Dynasty vi.—Memphites: 6 kings. (No number in Eus.)
| 1. Othoês | 30 |
| 2. Phios | 53 (or 3) |
| 3. Menthu-Souphis | 7 |
| 4. Phiôps (lived 100 years) | 94 |
| 5. Menthe-Souphis | 1 |
| 6. Nitôkris, a queen | 12 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 160 |
| (Eus. | 245) |
Dynasty vii.—70 Memphites for 70 days. (Eus. 5 kings for 75 days, or 75 years according to the Armenian Version.)
Dynasty viii.—27 Memphites for 146 years. (Eus. 5 kings for 100 years, or 9 kings according to the Armenian Version.)
Dynasty ix.—19 Herakleopolites for 409 years. (Eus. 4 kings for 100 years.)
| 1. Akhthoes | ? |
Dynasty x.—19 Herakleopolites for 185 years.
Dynasty xi.—16 Thebans for 43 years, after whom Ammenemes reigned 16 years.
End of Manetho's first book, the kings of the first eleven dynasties reigning altogether 2300 years (Eus. 2200) and 70 days (really 2287 years and 70 days).
Dynasty xii.—Thebans: 7 kings.
| 1. Sesonkhôsis, son of Ammenemes | 46 |
| 2. Ammanemes, slain by his eunuchs | 38 |
| 3. Sesôstris | 48 |
| 4. Lakhares (Lamaris or Lambares, Eus.), the builder of the Labyrinth | 8 |
| 5. Ammeres (unnamed by Eus.) | 8 |
| 6. Ammenemes (unnamed by Eus. | 8 |
| 7. Skemiophris his sister (unnamed by Eus.) | 4 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 160 |
| (Eus. | 245) |
Dynasty xiii.—Thebans: 60 kings for 453 years.
Dynasty xiv.—Xoites: 76 kings for 134 years. (Eus. 484 years).
Dynasty xv.—Shepherds: 6 Phœnician strangers at Memphis for 284 years. (Eus. Thebans for 250 years).
| 1. Saites | 19 |
| 2. Bnôn | 44 |
| 3. Pakhnan | 61 |
| 4. Staan | 50 |
| 5. Arkles | 49 |
| 6. Aphôbis | 61 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 284 |
Dynasty xvi.—Shepherds: 32 kings for 582 years. (Eus. 5 Thebans for 190 years).
Dynasty xvii.—Shepherds: 43 kings for 151 years and 43 Thebans for 151 years. (Eus. Shepherds, Phœnician strangers for 103 years:
| 1. Saites | 19 |
| 2. Bnôn | 40 |
| 3. Arkles (Arm. Version) | 30 |
| 4. Aphôphis (Arm. Version) | 14 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 103 |
Dynasty xviii.—Thebans: 16 kings. (Eus. 14 kings.)
| 1. Amôs[is] | 25 |
| 2. Khebrôs (Khebrôn, Eus.) | 13 |
| 3. Amenôphthis (Amenôphis for 21 years, Eus.) | 24 |
| 4. Amensis or Amersis (omitted by Eus.) | 22 |
| 5. Misaphris (Miphris for 12 years, Eus.) | 13 |
| 6. Misphragmouthôsis | 26 |
| 7. Touthmôsis | 9 |
| 8. Amenôphis Memnôn | 31 |
| 9. Horos (Oros, Eus.) | 37 |
| 10. Akherres (Akhenkheres or Akhenkherses for 16 or 12 years, Eus.) | 32 |
| 11. Rathôs (omitted by Eus.) | 6 |
| 12. Khebrés (Akherres for 8 years, Eus.) | 12 |
| 13. Akherres (Kherres for 15 years, Eus.) | 12 |
| 14. Armeses (Armais Danaos, Eus.) | 5 |
| 15. Ramesses (Ramesses Ægyptos for 68 years, Eus.) | 1 |
| 16. Amenôphath (Amenôphis for 40 years, Eus.) | 19 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 263 |
| (Eus. | 348 |
| Really | 287) |
Dynasty xix.—Thebans: 7 kings. (Eus. 5 kings.)
| 1. Sethôs (for 55 years, Eus.) | 51 |
| 2. Rapsakes (Rampses for 66 years, Eus.) | 61 |
| 3. Ammenephthes (for 8 years, Eus.) | 20 |
| 4. Ramesses (omitted by Eus.) | 60 |
| 5. Ammenemmes (for 26 years, Eus.) | 5 |
| 6. Thouôris or Polybos | 7 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 209 |
| (Eus. | 194 |
| Really | 204) |
Dynasty xx.—Thebans: 12 kings for 135 years. (Eus. 172 or 178 years.)
Among the 12 kings were:—
| Nekhepsôs | 19 |
| Psammouthis | 13 |
| Kêrtos | 16 (Eus. 12) |
| Rampsis | 45 |
| Amenses or Ammenemes | 26 |
| Okhyras | 14 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 137 |
Dynasty xxi.—Tanites: 7 kings.
| 1. Smendes | 26 |
| 2. Psousennes (for 41 years, Eus.) | 46 |
| 3. Nephelkheres (Nepherkheres, Eus.) | 4 |
| 4. Amenôphthis | 9 |
| 5. Osokhôr | 6 |
| 6. Psinakhes | 9 |
| 7. Psousennes (for 35 years, Eus.) | 14 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 130 |
| (Eus. | 130 |
| Really | 114) |
Dynasty xxii.—Bubastites: 9 kings. (Eus. 3 kings.)
| 1. Sesonkhis (Sesonkhôsis, Eus.) | 21 |
| 2. Osorthôn | 15 |
| 3, 4, 5. Unnamed (omitted by Eus.) | 25 |
| 6. Takelôthis | 13 |
| 7, 8, 9. Unnamed (omitted by Eus.) | 42 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 120 |
| (Eus. | 44 |
| Really | 116) |
Dynasty xxiii.—Tanites; 4 kings. (Eus. 3 kings.)
| 1. Petoubates (Petoubastes for 25 years, Eus.) | 40 |
| 2. Osorkhô Hêraklês (Osorthôn for 9 years, Eus.) | 8 |
| 3. Psammous | 10 |
| 4. Zêt (omitted by Eus.) | 31 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 89 |
| (Eus. | 44) |
Dynasty xxiv.—One Saite.
| 1. Bokkhôris the legislator (for 44 years, Eus.) | 6 |
Dynasty xxv.—Ethiopians: 3 kings.
| 1. Sabakôn (for 12 years, Eus.) | 8 |
| 2. Sebikhôs his son (for 12 years, Eus.) | 14 |
| 3. Tearkos (Tarakos for 20 years, Eus.) | 18 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 40 |
| (Eus. | 44) |
Dynasty xxvi.—Saites: 9 kings. (Eus. 1, Ammeris the Ethiopian for 18 or 12 years.)
| 1. Stephinates (Stephinathis, the 2nd king, Eus.) | 7 |
| 2. Nekhepsôs (the 3rd king, Eus.) | 6 |
| 3. Nekhaô (for 6 years, Eus.) | 8 |
| 4. Psammêtikhos (for 44 or 45 years, Eus.) | 54 |
| 5. Nekhaô II. | 6 |
| 6. Psammouthis II. (or Psammitikhos, for 17 years, Eus.) 6 | |
| 7. Ouaphris, (for 25 years, Eus.) | 19 |
| 8. Amôsis (for 42 years, Eus.) | 44 |
| 9. Psammekherites (omitted by Eus.) | 1/2 |
| ———- | |
| Sum | 150-1/2 |
| (Eus. | 167) |
Dynasty xxvii.—Persians: 8 kings.
(Each king is followed by the number of years and months reigned.)
| 1. Kambyses, in the 5th year of his reign (for 3 years, Eus.) | 6 0 |
| 2. Dareios, son of Hystaspes | 36 0 |
| 3. Xerxes I. | 21 0 |
| 4. Artabanos (omitted by Eus.) | 0 7 |
| 5. Artaxerxes | 41 0 |
| 6. Xerxes II. | 0 2 |
| 7. Sogdianos | 0 7 |
| 8. Dareios, son of Xerxes | 19 0 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 124 4 |
| (Eus. | 120 4) |
Dynasty xxviii.—One Saite.
| 1. Amyrtaios | 6 0 |
Dynasty xxix.—Mendesians: 4 kings. (Eus. 5 kings.)
| 1. Nepherites I. or Nekherites | 6 0 |
| 2. Akhôris | 13 0 |
| 3. Psammouthes | 1 0 |
| (Eus. inserts Mouthis here, 1 year.) | |
| 4. Nepherites II. | 0 4 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 20 4 |
| (Eus. | 21 4) |
Dynasty xxx.—Sebennytes: 3 kings.
(Each king is followed by the number of years reigned.)
| 1. Nektanebes I. (for 10 years, Eus.) | 18 |
| 2. Teôs | 2 |
| 3. Nektanebes II. (for 8 years, Eus.) | 18 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 38 |
| (Eus. | 20) |
Dynasty xxxi.—Persians: 3 kings.
| 1. Okhos, in his 20th year (for 6 years, Eus.) | 2 |
| 2. Arses (for 4 years, Eus.) | 3 |
| 3. Dareios (for 6 years, Eus.) | 4 |
| —— | |
| Sum | 9 |
| (Eus. | 16) |
The Dynasties Of Manetho According To Josephus.
Dynasty xv.—Hyksôs or Shepherds.
After the overthrow of Timaios, the last king of the fourteenth dynasty, a period of anarchy.
(Each king is followed by the number of years and months reigned.)
| 1. Salatis at Memphis | 13 0 |
| 2. Beon | 44 0 |
| 3. Apakhnas | 36 7 |
| 4. Apôphis | 61 0 |
| 5. Yanias or Annas | 50 1 |
| 6. Assis | 49 2 |
Dynasties xviii. and xix.—Thebans.
| 1. Tethmôsis | 25 4 |
| 2. Khebrôn his son | 13 0 |
| 3. Amenôphis i. | 20 7 |
| 4. Amesses his sister | 21 9 |
| 5. Mephres | 12 9 |
| 6. Mephramouthôsis | 25 10 |
| 7. Thmôsis | 9 8 |
| 8. Amenôphis ii. | 30 10 |
| 9. Oros | 36 5 |
| 10. Akenkhres his daughter | 12 1 |
| 11. Rathôtis her brother | 9 0 |
| 12. Akenkheres i. | 12 5 |
| 13. Akenkheres ii. | 12 3 |
| 14. Armais | 4 1 |
| 15. Ramesses | 1 4 |
| 16. Armesses Miamoun | 60 2 |
| 17. Amenôphis iii. | 19 6 |
| 18. Sethôsis Ægyptos and Ramesses (or Hermeus) Danaos | 59 0 |
| 19. Rhampses his son | 66 0 |
| 20. Amenôphis his son | ? |
| 21. Sethôs Ramesses his son | ? |
[The order ought to be: 15, 18, 19 (identical with 16), 20 (identical with 17).]
The Theban Kings Of Egypt According To Eratosthenes.
(Each king is followed by the number of years reigned.)
| 1. Mênes, a Thênite of Thebes, interpreted “of Amon” | 62 |
| 2. Athôthes, son of Mênes, interpreted “born of Thoth” | 59 |
| 3. Athôthes ii. | 32 |
| 4. Diabiês his son, interpreted “loving his comrades” | 19 |
| 5. Pemphôs his brother, interpreted “son of Hêraklês” (Semempsis) | 18 |
| 6. Toigar the invincible Momkheiri, a Memphite, interpreted “with superfluous limbs” (Tosorthros) | 79 |
| 7. Stoikhos his son, interpreted “insensate Arês” [? Set] | 6 |
| 8. Gosormies (perhaps Tosertasis) | 30 |
| 9. Mares his son, interpreted “Sun-given” | 26 |
| 10. Anôyphis his son, interpreted “promiscuous” or “festive” | 20 |
| 11. Sirios, interpreted “son of side-locks” or “unenvied” | 18 |
| 12. Khnoubos Gneuros, interpreted “the golden son of the golden” | 22 |
| 13. Rauôsis, interpreted “chief ruler” (Ratoises) | 13 |
| 14. Biyres (Bikheres) | 10 |
| 15. Saôphis, interpreted “long-haired” or “tradesman” (Kheops) | 29 |
| 16. Saôphis ii. (Khephren) | 27 |
| 17. Moskheres, interpreted “given to the Sun” (Mykerinos) | 31 |
| 18. Mousthis | 33 |
| 19. Pammes Arkhondes (Pepi i.) | 35 |
| 20. Pappos the Great (Pepi ii.) | 100 |
| 21. Ekheso-Sokaras (Sokar-m-saf) | 1 |
| 22. Nitôkris, a queen, interpreted “Nit the victorious” | 6 |
| 23. Myrtaios the given to Amon | 22 |
| 24. Thyosi-mares, interpreted “the strong Sun” | 12 |
| 25. Thirillos or Thinillos, interpreted “who has increased his father's strength” (Nefer-ka-Ra Terel) | 8 |
| 26. Semphroukrates, interpreted “Hêraklês Harpokrates” | 18 |
| 27. Khouthêr Tauros the tyrant (perhaps Akhthoês) | 7 |
| 28. Meures | 12 |
| 29. Khômaephtha, interpreted “a world loving Ptah” | 11 |
| 30. Soikouniosokhos the tyrant | 60 |
| 31. Pente-athyris | 16 |
| 32. Stammenes iii. (Amen-m-hat ii.) | 23 |
| 33. Sistosi-khermes, interpreted “Heraklês the strong” (Usertesen ii.) | 55 |
| 34. Maris (Amen-m-hat iii.) | 43 |
| 35. Siphyas (Siphthas), interpreted “Thoth the son of Ptah” (Si-Ptah) | 5 |
| 36. Name lost | 14 |
| 37. Phrourôn or Neilos (Sebek-neferu-Ra) | 5 |
| 38. Amouthantaios | 63 |
The Egyptian Kings According To The Monuments.
Dynasty i.
| Abydos. | Saqqârah. | Turin Papyrus. | Manetho. | |
| 1. | Meni | Meni | Menes | |
| 2. | Teta | Atut | Athothis | |
| 3. | Atota | Kenkenes | ||
| 4. | Ata | Ouenephes i. | ||
| 5. | Husapti | Husapti | Ousaphaidos | |
| 6. | Mer-ba-pa | Mer-ba-pen | Mer-ba-pen, 73 yrs. Miebidos | |
| 7. | Samsu | Samsu, 72 yrs. | Semempses | |
| 8. | Qabh(u) | Qabhu | Qabhu, 83 yrs. | Bienekhes. |
Dynasty ii.
| Abydos. | Saqqârah. | Turin Papyrus. | Manetho. | |
| 1. | Buzau | Bai-nuter | (Buzau), 95 yrs. | Boêthos |
| 2. | Kakau | Kakau | Kakau | Kaiekhos |
| 3. | Ba-nuter-en | Ba-nuter-en | Ba-nuter-en, 95 yrs. | Binothris |
| 4. | Uznas | Uznas | (Uznas), 70 yrs. | Tlas |
| 5. | Senda[10] | Send | Senda, 74 (?) yrs. | Sethenes |
| 6. | Nefer-ka-Ra | (Nefer-ka-Ra), 70 yrs. | Nepherkheres. |
Dynasty iii.
| Abydos. | Saqqârah. | Turin Papyrus. | Manetho. | |
| 1. | Nefer-ka-Sokar | Nefer-ka-Sokar (? 2) 8 yrs. 4 mths. 2 dys. | Nekherophes | |
| 2. | Zefa | Hu-Zefa, 25(?) yrs. 8 mths. 4 dys. | Tosorthros | |
| 3. | Babai | |||
| 4. | Zazai | Zazai, 37 yrs. 2 mths. 1 day. | Tyreis | |
| 5. | Neb-ka | Neb-ka-(Ra), 19 yrs. | Mesokhris | |
| 6. | Zoser-Sa | Zoser | Zoser, 19 yrs. 2 mths. | Sôyphis |
| 7. | Teta ii. | Zoser-teta | Zoser-teta, 6 yrs. | Tosertasis |
| 8. | Sezes | Neb-ka-Ra | Akhes | |
| 9. | Nefer-ka-Ra i. | (Nefer-ka-Ra), 6 yrs. | Sephouris | |
| 10. | Huni | Huni, 24 yrs. | Kerpheres. |
Dynasty iv.
| Abydos. | Saqqârah. | Turin Papyrus. | Manetho. | |
| 1. | Snefru | Snefru | Snefru, 24 yrs. | Soris |
| 2. | Khufu | Khufuf | (Khufu), 23 yrs. | Souphis i. |
| 3. | Ra-dad-f | Ra-dad-f | (Ra-dad-f), 8 yrs. | Ratoises |
| 4. | Khâ-f-Ra | Khâ-f-Ra | Souphis ii. | |
| 5. | Men-kau-Ra | [Men]-kau-[Ra] | Menkheres | |
| 6. | Shepseskaf | Shepseskaf | Seberkheres (?) |
Dynasty v.
| Abydos. | Saqqârah. | Turin Papyrus. | Manetho. | |
| 1. | User-ka-f | User-ka-f | (Userkaf), 28 yrs. | Ouserkheres |
| 2. | Sahu-Ra | Sahu-Ra | (Sahu-Ra), 4 yrs. | Sephres |
| 3. | Kaka | (Kaka), 2 yrs. | ||
| 4. | Nefer-Ra | Nefer-ar-ka-Ra[11] | (Nefer-ar-ka-Ra), 7 yrs. | Nepherkheres |
| 5. | Shepses-ka-Ra | (Shepses-ka-Ra), 12 yrs. | Sisires | |
| 6. | Khâ-nefer-Ra | Kheres | ||
| 7. | Akau-Hor, 7 yrs.[12] | Rathoures | ||
| 8. | Ra-n-user (An) | (Ra-n-user-An), 25 yrs. | ||
| 9. | Men-kau-Hor | Men-ka-Hor | Men-ka-Hor, 8 yrs. | Menkheres |
| 10. | Dad-ka-Ra (Assa) | Mâ-ka-Ra | Dad(-ka Ra Assa), 28 yrs. | Tankheres |
| 11. | Unas | Unas | Unas, 30 yrs. | Obnos. |
Dynasty vi.
| Abydos. | Saqqârah. | Turin Papyrus. | Manetho. | |
| 1. | Teta iii. | Teta | Othoes | |
| 2. | User-ka-Ra | (Ati?) | ||
| 3. | Meri-Ra (Pepi i.) | Pepi i. | (Pepi i.), 20 yrs. | Phios |
| 4. | Mer-n-Ra Miht-m-saf i. | Mer-n-Ra i. | (Miht-m-saf i.), 14 yrs. | Methousouphis |
| 5. | Nefer-ka-Ra (Pepi i.) | Nefer-ka-Ra | (Pepi ii. ), 9 (4) yrs. | Phiops |
| 6. | Mer-n-Ra Miht-m-saf ii. | (Miht-m-saf ii.), 1 yr. 1 mth. | Menthesouphis | |
| 7. | Neit-aker, a queen | Nitokris. |
Dynasties vii. and viii.[13]
| Turin Papyrus. | Abydos. |
| 1. Nefer-ka, 2 yrs. 1 mth. 1 dy. | 1. Nuter-ka-Ra |
| 2. Neferus, 4 yrs. 2 mth. 1 dy. | 2. Men-ka-Ra |
| 3. Ab-n-Ra I., 2 yrs. 1 mth. 1 dy. | 3. Nefer-ka-Ra iii. |
| 4. ... 1 yr. 8 dys. | 4. Nefer-ka-Ra iv. Nebi |
| 5. Ab-n-Ra ii. | 5. Dad-ka-Ra Shema |
| 6. Hanti | 6. Nefer-ka-Ra v. Khondu |
| 7. Pest-sat-n-Sopd | 7. Mer-n-Hor |
| 8. Pait-kheps | 8. Snefer-ka i. |
| 9. Serhlinib.[14] | 9. Ka-n-Ra. |
| 10. Nefer-ka-Ra vi. Terel | |
| 11. Nefer-ka-Hor | |
| 12. Nefer-ka-Ra vii. Pepi-Seneb | |
| 13. Snefer-ka ii. Annu | |
| 14. [User-]kau-Ra | |
| 15. Nefer-kau-Ra | |
| 16. Nefer-kau-Hor | |
| 17. Nefer-ar-ka-Ra. |
Dynasty ix. Monuments.
| Khiti (or Khruti) i. Mer-ab-Ra (the Akhthoes of Manetho) | Âa-hotep-Ra Skhâ-n-Ra |
| Aah-mes(?)-Ra | |
| Mâa-ab-Ra | Se-n(?)-mu-Ra[15] |
| Khâ-user-Ra |
Dynasty x.
| Monuments. | Turin Papyrus. |
| Mer-ka-Ra | |
| Nefer-hepu-Ra | |
| Nefer-ka-Ra | |
| Ra-hotep-ab Amu-si-Hor-nez-hirtef | Khiti ii. |
| Se-heru-herri | |
| [Ameni?][16] | |
| Mer ... | |
| Meh ... | |
| Hu ...[17] |
Dynasty xi.[18]
| Karnak. | Other Monuments. |
| 1. Antef I., Prince (of Thebes) | Seshes-Hor-ap-mâa-Ra Antuf-Aa |
| 2. Men[tu-hotep i.] the Pharaoh | Neb-hotep Mentu-hotep i. |
| 3. Antef ii. | Uah-ânkh [Ter?]-seshes ap-mâa-Ra Antef-Aa, his son |
| 4. Antef iii. | Seshes-herher-mâa-Ra Antef, his brother |
| 5. | Nuter-nefer Neb-taui-Ra Mentu-hotep ii. |
| 6. Antef iv. | Nub-kheper-Ra Antauf (more than 50 yrs.) |
| 7. Neb-[khru]-Ra | Neb-khru-Ra Mentu-hotep iii. (more than 46 yrs.) |
| 8. | Queen Aah |
| 9. | Antef v. her son |
| 10. S-ânkh-ka-Ra | S-ânkh-ka-Ra[19] |
Dynasty xii.
| Monuments. | Turin Papyrus. | Manetho. |
| 1. Amen-m-hat i. S-hotep-ab-Ra alone, 20 yrs. With Usertesen i., 10 yrs. | S-hotep-ab-Ra, 19 yrs. | Ammenemes |
| 2. Userteseni. Kheper-ka-Ra alone, 32 yrs. With Amen-m-hat ii., 3 yrs. | ... 45 yrs. 7 mths. | Sesonkhosis |
| 3. Amen-m-hat ii. Nub-kau-Ra alone, 29 yrs. With Usertesen ii., 6 yrs. | ... 3[2] yrs. | Ammanemes |
| 4. Usertesen ii. Khâ-kheper-Ra | ... 19 yrs. | Sesostris |
| 5. Usertesen iii. Khâ-kau-Ra (more than 26 yrs.) | ... 3[8] yrs. | Lakhares |
| 6. Amen-m-hat iii. Mâat-n-Ra, 43 yrs. | ... 4[3] yrs. | Ammeres |
| 7. Amen-m-hat iv. Mâ-khru-Ra | Mâ-khru-[Ra], 9 yrs. 3 mths. 27 dys. | Ammenemes |
| 8. Sebek-nefru-Ra (a queen) | Sebek-nefru-Ra, 3 yrs. 10 mths. 24 dys. | Skemiophris |
| Sum of years of twelfth dynasty: 213 years 1 mth. 17 days. |
Dynasties xiii. and xiv. Turin Papyrus.[20]
1. Sebek-hotep i. [Sekhem]-khu-taui-Ra (son of Sebek-nefru-Ra), 1 yr. 3 mths. 24 dys.
2. Sekhem-ka-Ra, 6 yrs.
3. Ra Amen-m-hat v.
4. S-hotep-ab-Ra ii.
5. Aufni, 2 yrs.
6. S-ânkh-ab-Ra [Ameni Antuf Amen-m-hat], 1 yr.
7. S-men-ka-Ra
8. S-hotep-ab-Ra iii.
9. S-ânkh-ka-Ra
10, 11. Destroyed
12. Nezem-ab-Ra
13. Ra-Sebek-hotep ii.
14. Ran-seneb
15. Autu-ab-Ra i. (Hor)[21]
16. Sezef-[ka]-Ra
17. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra ii. Sebek-hotep iii.
18. User-n-Ra
19. S-menkh-ka-Ra Mer-menfiu
20. ... ka-Ra
21. S-user-set-Ra
22. Sekhem-uaz-taui-Ra Sebek-hotep iv.
23. Khâ-seshesh-Ra Nefer-hotep, son of Ha-ânkh-f
24. Si-Hathor-Ra
25. Khâ-nefer-Ra Sebek-hotep v.
26. [Khâ-ka-Ra]
27. [Khâ-ânkh-Ra Sebek-hotep vi.]
28. Khâ-hotep-Ra Sebek-hotep vii., 4 yrs. 8 mths. 29 dys.
29. Uab-Ra Aa-ab, 10 yrs. 8 mths. 29 dys.
30. Mer-nefer-Ra Ai, 23 yrs.[22] 8 mths. 18 dys.
31. Mer-hotep-Ra Ana, 2 yrs. 2 mths. 9 dys.
32. S-ânkh-n-s-uaztu-Ra, 3 yrs. 2 mths.
33. Mer-sekhem-Ra Anran,[23] 3 yrs. 1 mth.
34. S-uaz-ka-Ra Ur, 5 yrs. ... mth. 8 dys.
35. Anemen ... Ra
36-46. Destroyed
47. Mer-kheper-Ra
48. Mer-kau-Ra Sebek-hotep viii.
49-53. Destroyed
54. ... mes-Ra
55. ... mât-Ra Aba
56. Nefer-uben-Ra i.
57. ... ka-Ra
58. S-uaz-n-Ra.
59-60. Destroyed
61. Nehasi-Ra[24]
62. Khâ-khru-Ra
63. Neb-f-autu-Ra, 2 yrs. 5 mths. 15 dys.
64. S-heb-Ra, 3 yrs.
65. Mer-zefa-Ra, 3 yrs.
66. S-uaz-ka-Ra, 1 yr.
67. Neb-zefa-Ra, 1 yr.
68. Uben-Ra i.
69-70. Destroyed
71. [Neb-]zefa-Ra ii., 4 yrs.
72. [Nefer-]Uben-Ra ii.
73. Autu-ab-Ra ii.
74. Her-ab-Ra
75. Neb-sen-Ra
76-79. Destroyed
80. S-kheper-n-Ra
81. Dad-khru-Ra
82. S-ânkh-ka-Ra
83. Nefer-tum-Ra
84. Sekhem ... Ra
85. Ka ... Ra
86. Nefer-ab-Ra
87. A ... ka-Ra
88. Khâ ... Ra, 2 yrs.
89. Nez-ka ... Ra
90. S-men ... Ra
91-111. Destroyed.
112. Sekhem ... Ra
113. Sekhem ... Ra
114. Sekhem-us ... Ra
115. Sesen ... Ra
116. Neb-ati-uzu-Ra
117. Neb-aten-uzu-Ra
118. S-men-ka-Ra
119. S-user-[aten]-Ra
120. Khâ-sekhem-[hent]-Ra
Some 37 more names are illegible.
[Dynasties xiii. and xiv. Karnak.
1. ... ka.
2. S-uaz-n-Ra (Nefer-ka-Ra)
3. S-ankh-ab-Ra (T. P. 6)
4. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra (T. P. 17)
5. Sekhem-s-uaz-taui-Ra. (T. P. 22)
6. Khâ-seshesh-Ra (T. P. 23)
7. Khâ-nefer-Ra (T. P. 25)
8. Khâ-ka-Ra (T. P. 26)
9. Khâ-ânkh-Ra (T. P. 27)
10. Kha-hotep-Ra
11. S-nefer-Ra
12. ... Ra
13. Ses-user-taui-Ra
14. Mer-sekhem-Ra
15. Sekhem-uaz-khâu-Ra (Sebek-m-saf i.)
16. S-uah-n-Ra
17. [Sekhem]-uah-khâu-Ra (Sebek-m-saf ii.)
18. Za ... Ra
19. S-uaz-n-Ra
20. S-nefer ... Ra
21. ... Ra.
Other Monuments.
Men-khâu-Ra An-ab
Sekhem-ap-taui-Ra
Nefer-kheper-ka-Ra
Mut-r-ka-n-Ra
Ta-neb-n-Ra
Sekhem-nefer-khâu-Ra Apheru-m-saf
Mâa-nt-n-Ra Ter-n-Ra
Senb-in-mâ
Uazd
Khâ-nefrui
Men-nefer-Ra (Menophres)
Sekhem-sheddi-taui-Ra Sebek-m-saf ii.
Ra-seshes-men-taui Tehuti].
Dynasties xv. and xvi. Turin Papyrus.
1. Abehnas ... (?)
2. Apepi
3. A ...
Other Monuments.
Shalati (?)
Banân (?)
Ya'qob-hal (“Jacob-el”)
Khian S-user-(Set-)n-Ra
Apepi i. Aa-user-Ra (reigned more than 33 years)
Apepi ii. Aa-ab-taui-Ra.
Dynasty xvii.
Skenen-Ra Taa i. (contemporary with Apepi ii.)
Skenen-Ra Taa ii. Aa
Skenen-Ra Taa iii. Ken
Uaz-kheper-Ra Ka-mes, and wife Aah-hotep.
Other kings of the seventeenth dynasty were:—
Si-pa-ar-Ahmes
Aah-hotep
S-khent-neb-Ra
Amen-sa
Kheper-ka-n-Ra
S-nekht-n-Ra.
Dynasty xviii.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Neb-pehuti-Ra Aahmes (more than 20 yrs.), and wife Nefert-ari-Aahmes[25] | Amosis |
| 2. Ser-ka-Ra Amen-hotep i., his son (20 yrs. 7 mths.); his mother at first regent | Amenôphis i. |
| 3. Aa-kheper-ka-Ra Tehuti-mes i., his son, and wife Aahmes Meri-Amen, and Queen Amen-sit. | Chebron (?) |
| 4. Aa-kheper-n-Ra Tehuti-mes ii., his son (more than 9 yrs.), and wife (sister) Hashepsu i. Mâ-ka-Ra | Amensis |
| 5. Khnum Amen Hashepsu ii. Mâ-ka-Ra, his sister (more than 16 yrs.) | Amensis (?) |
| 6. Ra-men-kheper Tehuti-mes iii., her brother, (57 yrs. 11 mths. 1 dy., b.c. 1503, March 20-1449, Feb. 14[26]) | Misaphris |
| 7. Aa-khepru-Ra Amen-hotep ii., his son (more then 5 yrs.) | Misphragmu-thosis |
| 8. Men-khepru-Ra Tehuti-mes iv., his son (more than 7 yrs.) | Touthmosis |
| 9. Neb-mâ-Ra Amen-hotep iii., his son, (more then 35 yrs.), and wife Teie | Amenôphis II. |
| 10. Nefer-khepru-Ra Amen-hotep iv. Khu-n-aten[27], his son (more than 17 yrs), and wife Nefrui-Thi S-âa-ka-khepru-Ra | Horos |
| 11. Ankh-khepru-Ra, and wife Meri-Aten | Akherres |
| 12. Tut-ânkh-Amen Khepru-neb-Ra, and wife Ankh-nes-Amen | Rathotis |
| 13. Aten-Ra-nefer-nefru-mer-Aten | |
| 14. Ai Kheper-khepru-ar-mâ-Ra and wife Thi more than 4 yrs. | |
| 15. Hor-m-hib Mi-Amen Ser-khepru-Ka (more than 3 yrs.) | Armais |
Dynasty xix.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Men-pehuti-Ra Ramessu i. (more than 2 yrs.) | Ramesses |
| 2. Men-mâ-Ra Seti I. Mer-n-Ptah i. (more than 27 yrs.), and wife Tua | Sethos |
| 3. User-mâ-Ra (Osymandyas) Sotep-n-Ra Ramessu ii. Mi-Amen (b.c. 1348-1281) | |
| 4. Mer-n-Ptah ii. Hotep-hi-ma Ba-n-Ra Mi-Amen | Ammenephthes |
| 5. User-khepru-Ra Seti II. Mer-n-Ptah iii. | Sethos Ramesses |
| 6. Amen-mesu Hik-An Mer-kha-Ra Sotep-n-Ra | Amenemes |
| 7. Khu-n-Ra Sotep-n-Ra Mer-n-Ptah iv. Si-Ptah (more than 6 yrs.), and wife Ta-user | Thouoris |
Dynasty xx.
1. Set-nekt Merer Mi Amon (recovered the kingdom from the Phœnician Arisu)
2. Ramessu iii. Hik-An (more than 32 yrs.)
3. Ramessu iv. Hik-Mâ Mi-Amen (more than 11 yrs.)
4. Ramessu v. User-mâ-s-kheper-n-Ra Mi-Amen (more than 4 yrs.)
5. Ramessu vi. Neb-mâ-Ra Mi-Amen Amen-hir-khopesh-f (Ramessu Meri-Tum in northern Egypt)
6. Ramessu vii. At-Amen User-mâ-Ra Mi-Amen
7. Ramessu viii. Set-hir-khopesh-f Mi-Amen User-mâ-Ra Khu-n-Amen
8. Ramessu ix. Si-Ptah S-khâ-n-Ra Mi-Amen (19 yrs.)
9. Ramessu x. Nefer-ka-Ra Mi-Amen Sotep-n-Ra (more than 10 yrs.)
10. Ramessu xi. Amen-hir-khopesh-f Kheper-mâ Ra Sotep-n-Ra
11. Ramessu xii. Men-mâ-Ra Mi-Amen Sotep-n-Ptah Khâ-m-uas (more than 27 yrs.)
Dynasty xxi. Illegitimate.
1. Hir-Hor Si-Amen, High-priest of Amon at Thebes, and wife Nezem-mut
2. Piankhi, High-priest, and wife Tent-Amen
3. Pinezem i., High-priest, and wife Hont-taui
4. Pinezem ii., King, and wife Mâ-ka-Ra
5. Men-kheper-Ra, High-priest, and wife Isis-m-kheb
6. Pinezem iii., High-priest.
Dynasty xxi. Legitimate.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Nes-Bindidi Mi-Amen | Smendes |
| 2. P-seb-khâ-n i. Mi-Amen Aa-kheper-Ra Sotep-n-Amen | Psousennes i. |
| 3. [Nefer-ka-Ra] | Nephelkheres |
| 4. Amen-m-apt | Amenophthis |
| 5. | Osokhor |
| 6. Pinezem (?) | Psinakhes |
| 7. Hor P-seb-khâ-n ii. | Psousennes ii. |
Dynasty xxii.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Shashanq i. Mi-Amen Hez-kheper-Ra Sotep-n-Ra, son of Nemart (more than 21 yrs.), and wife Ka-râ-mât | Sesonkhis |
| 2. Usarkon i. Mi-Amen Sekhem-kheper-Ra (married Mâ-ka-Ra, daughter of P-seb-khâ-n ii.) | Osorkon |
| 3. Takelet i. Mi-Amen Si-Isis User-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Amen (more than 23 yrs.) | |
| 4. Usarkon ii. Mi-Amen Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra (more than 23 yrs.) | |
| 5. Shashanq ii. Mi-Amen Sekhem-kheper-Ra | |
| 6. Takelet ii. Mi-Amen Si-Isis Hez-kheper-Ra (more then 15 yrs.) | Takelothis |
| 7. Shashanq iii. Mi-Amen Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra (52 yrs.) | |
| 8. Pimai Mi-Amen User-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Amen | |
| 9. Shashanq iv. Aa-kheper-Ra (more than 37 yrs.) |
Dynasty xxiii.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. S-her-ab-Ra Petu-si-Bast | Petoubastes |
| 2. Usarkon iii. Mi-Amen Aa-kheper-Ra Sotep-n-Amen | Osorkho |
| 3. P-si-Mut User-Ra Sotep-n-Ptah | Psammos |
| 4. | Zet. |
Interregnum.
Egypt, divided between several princes, including Tef-nekht (Tnephakhthos), father of Bak-n-ran-f. It is overrun by Piankhi the Ethiopian, while Usarkon iii. reigns at Bubastis. The son and successor of Piankhi is Mi-Amen-Nut.
Dynasty xxiv.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Bak-n-ran-f Uah-ka-Ra (more than 16 yrs.)[28] | Bokkhoris |
Dynasty xxv.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Shabaka Nefer-ka-Ra, son of Kashet (12 yrs.) | Sabako |
| 2. Shabataka Dad-ka-Ra | Sebikhos |
| 3. Taharka Nefer-tum-khu-Ra or Tirhakah (26 yrs.) | Tearkos |
Interregnum.
The Assyrian conquest and division of Egypt into twenty satrapies, b.c. 672-660. Taharka and his successor Urdamanu (Rud-Amen), or, as the name may also be read, Tandamane (Tanuath-Amen), make vain attempts to recover it. In Manetho the period is represented by Stephinates (Sotep-n-Nit), Nekhepsos and Nekhao, the last of whom is called in the Assyrian inscriptions Niku, the father of Psammetikhos, and vassal-king of Memphis and Sais.
Dynasty xxvi.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Psamtik i. Uah-ab-Ra and wife Mehet-usekh (b.c. 664-610) | Psammetikhos |
| 2. Nekau Nem-ab-Ra and wife Mi-Mut Nit-aker (b.c. 610-594) | Nekhao |
| 3. Psamtik ii. Nefer-ab-Ra, and wife Nit-aker (b.c. 594-589) | Psammouthis |
| 4. Uah-ab-Ra Haa-ab-Ra and wife Aah-hotep (b.c. 589-570) | Ouaphris |
| 5. Aah-mes Si-Nit Khnum-ab-Ra and wife Thent-kheta (b.c. 570-526) | Amosis |
| 6. Psamtik iii. Ankh-ka-n-Ra (b.c. 526-525) | Psammekherites |
Dynasty xxvii.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Kambathet Sam-taui Mestu-Ra (b.c. 525-519) | Kambyses |
| 2. Ntariush i. Settu-Ra (b.c. 521-485) | Dareios i. |
| 3. Khabbash Senen Tanen Sotep-n-Ptah (b.c. 485) | |
| 4. Khsherish (b.c. 484) | Xerxes i. |
| Artakhsharsha (b.c. 465-425) | Artaxerxes |
| Ntariush Mi-Amen-Ra (b.c. 424-405) | Dareios ii. |
Dynasty xxviii.
| Manetho. | |
| Amen-ar-t-rut[29] (more than 6 yrs.), b.c. 415 | Amyrtaios |
Dynasty xxix.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Nef-âa-rut i. Ba-n-Ra Mi-nuteru (more than 4 yrs.) | Nepherites i. |
| 2. Hakori Khnum-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Ptah (13 yrs.) | Akhoris |
| 3. P-si-Mut User-Ptah-sotep-n-Ra (1 yr.) | Psammouthes |
| 4. Hor-neb-kha (1 yr.) | Mouthes |
| 5. Nef-âa-rut ii. (1 yr.) | Nepherites ii. |
Dynasty xxx.
| Manetho. | |
| 1. Nekht-Hor-hib Ra-snezem-ab Sotep-n-Anhur, son of Nef-âa-rut i. (9 yrs.) | Nektanebes i. |
| 2. Zihu (1 yr.) | Teôs |
| 3. Nekht-neb-f Kheper-ka-Ra (18 yrs.) | Nektanebes ii. |
Appendix II. Biblical Dates.
b.c. 1348-1281. Ramses ii., the Pharaoh of the Oppression, and builder of Pithom.
Cir. 1200. Campaign of Ramses iii. in Judah and Moab.
Cir. 960. Solomon marries the daughter of the Tanite Pharaoh, and receives Gezer.
Cir. 925. Shishak (Shashanq i.) invades Palestine and takes Jerusalem.
Cir. 900. Invasion of Judah by Zerah (Osorkon ii.)
725. Hoshea of Israel makes alliance with So of Egypt.
720. Sargon defeats the “Pharaoh” and Sibe his general at Raphia.
701. Defeat of Tirhakah by Sennacherib at Eltekeh.
674. Invasion of Egypt by Esar-haddon.
670. Tirhakah driven from the frontier to Memphis and thence to Ethiopia.
668. Revolt of Egypt suppressed by Assur-bani-pal.
665. Destruction of Thebes (No-Amon) by the Assyrians.
609. Necho invades Asia; defeat and death of Josiah.
605. Necho defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadrezzar; loss of Asiatic possessions.
Cir. 585. The Jews fly to Egypt, carrying Jeremiah with them.
567. Egypt invaded by Nebuchadrezzar.
320. Palestine seized by Ptolemy i.; many Jews settled by him in Egypt.
Cir. 280. The Greek translation of the Old Testament commenced.
167. Onias permitted by Ptolemy Philometor to build the temple at Onion.
4. Flight of the Holy Family into Egypt.
a.d. 70. Vespasian orders the prefect Lupus to close the temple at Onion.
Appendix III. The Greek Writers Upon Egypt.
(1) Hekataios of Miletos, tyrant, statesman, and writer, b.c. 500-480. Sent as ambassador to the Persians after the suppression of the Ionic revolt. Travelled in Egypt as far as Thebes. His account of Egypt contained in his great work on geography, now lost.
(2) Thales of Miletos, philosopher, b.c. 500. Wrote on the causes of the inundation of the Nile.
(3) Hellanikos of Mytilênê, historian, b.c. 420. Wrote an account of Egypt and a journey to the oasis of Ammon, now lost.
(4) Herodotos of Halikarnassos, historian, b.c. 445-430. Travelled in Egypt as far as the Fayyûm. His account of Egypt chiefly contained in the second book of his histories.
(5) Demokritos of Abdera, philosopher, b.c. 405. Spent five years in Egypt, and wrote books on geography and on the Ethiopic hieroglyphics, now lost.
(6) Aristagoras of Miletos, b.c. 350. Wrote a history of Egypt in at least two books, now lost.
(7) Eudoxos of Knidos, philosopher. Visited Egypt in b.c. 358, and wrote an account of it in his work on geography, now lost.
(8) Leo of Pella, b.c. 330. Wrote a book on the Egyptian gods, now lost.
(9) Hekataios of Abdera, b.c. 300. Lived at the court [pg 327] of Ptolemy i., travelled up the Nile and examined the Theban temples. Wrote a history of Egypt, the first book of which was on Egyptian philosophy, now lost. The account of the Ramesseum (the temple of Osymandyas or Usir-mâ-Ra) given by Diodôros is derived from his work.
(10) Manetho, Egyptian priest of Sebennytos, b.c. 270. Compiled the history of Egypt in Greek from the records contained in the temples. Corrected many of the errors of Herodotos, according to Josephus. The work was divided into three parts, and Josephus quotes from it the account of the Hyksos conquest, the list of the kings of the eighteenth dynasty, and the Egyptian legend of the Israelitish Exodus. An epitome of the history was probably added at the end of the work. We know it from the list of dynasties quoted by the Christian writers Julius Africanus (a.d. 220) and Eusebius, both of whom endeavoured to harmonise its chronology with that of the Old Testament. The work of Africanus is lost, but the list of dynasties has been preserved by Georgios the Synkellos or Coadjutor of the Patriarch of Constantinople (a.d. 792), who has added two other lists professedly from Manetho, but really from post-Christian forgeries (“The Old Chronicle” and “The Book of Sôthis”). Eusebius quotes from a copyist of Africanus, or some unknown copyist of Manetho himself, and his list has been preserved (like that of Africanus) by George the Synkellos, as well as in an Armenian translation. Manetho also wrote (in Greek) on Egyptian festivals and religion, but all his works are lost.
(11) Eratosthenes of Kyrênê, geographer, chronologist, astronomer and mathematician, b.c. 275-194. Librarian of the Alexandrine Museum under Ptolemy iv. First fixed the latitude of places by measuring the length of the sun's shadow at noon on the longest day in Alexandria and then [pg 328] calculating the distance to Assuan, where there was no shadow at all. In his work on chronology (now lost) he gave a list of Theban kings, selected from the various dynasties, like the lists of Karnak or Abydos. This has been preserved, along with an attempt to translate the meaning of the names. The translations, however, are erroneous, as they are made from the Greek forms of the names compared with words then current in the decaying Egyptian of the day.
(12) Ptolemy of Megalopolis, b.c. 200. Wrote a history of Ptolemy Philopator, now lost.
(13) Kallixenos of Rhodes, b.c. 210. Wrote a description of Alexandria in four or more books, now lost.
(14) Philistos of Naukratis, b.c. 225. Wrote a description of Naukratis, a history of Egypt in twelve books, and an account of Egyptian religion in three books: all lost.
(15) Kharôn of Naukratis, b.c. 160. Wrote on Naukratis and on the succession of the Ptolemaic priests; the works are lost.
(16) Lykeas of Naukratis, b.c. 160. Wrote an account of Egypt, now lost.
(17) Agatharkhides of Knidos, geographer and historian, b.c. 120. Gave an account of the working of the Egyptian gold-mines (in his geographical work on the Red Sea) which has been preserved by Photios.
(18) Lysimakhos of Alexandria, b.c. 50. Wrote a history of Egypt containing the Egyptian legend of the Hebrew Exodus, which has been preserved by Josephus.
(19) L. Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor, b.c. 82-60. Wrote an account of Egypt in three books; now lost.
(20) Diodôros of Sicily (Diodorus Siculus), historian, travelled in Egypt, b.c. 57, published his great historical work, called Bibliothêkê, b.c. 28. The first book of it devoted [pg 329] to Egypt and Ethiopia. Quoted largely from Herodotos, Hekataios of Abdera, Ephoros and other authors now lost. We are dependent on him for a connected history of Egypt during the Persian period.
(21) Ptolemy of Mendes, historian, a.d. 1. Wrote a history of Egypt in three (?) books, now lost.
(22) Strabo of Amasia, geographer, a.d. 20. Travelled in Egypt. The last (17th) book of his great work on geography is devoted to Egypt.
(23) Apion of El-Khargeh, grammarian and historian, a.d. 40. Pleaded for the Alexandrines against Philo and the Jews before Caligula. Wrote a history of Egypt in five books, the third of which discussed the Hebrew Exodus; now lost.
(24) Khairêmôn of Naukratis, stoic philosopher, a.d. 50. Was Nero's teacher. Wrote an account of Egypt and an explanation of the hieroglyphics; now lost.
(25) Josephus, son of the Jewish priest Matthias, born a.d. 37, received his freedom and the name of Flavius, a.d. 69. Quotes from Manetho, Lysimakhos, etc., in his Antiquities of the Jews and Contra Apionem.
(26) Plutarch of Khaironeia, moralist, a.d. 125. Wrote at Delphi his treatise on Isis and Osiris, which is of great value for the history of the Osiris-myth.
(27) Ptolemy of Alexandria, geographer, a.d. 160. Egypt is thoroughly and scientifically treated in his great work on geography.
(28) St. Clement of Alexandria, head of the Alexandrine (Christian) School, a.d. 191-220. Many references to Egyptian history and religion in his Strômateis. He divides Egyptian writing into hieroglyphic, hieratic and epistolographic (or demotic), the first being further divided into alphabetic and symbolic, and the symbolic characters into imitative, figurative and rebus-like.
(29) Julius Africanus, Christian apologist, wrote in a.d. 221 his Chronology, in five books; now lost.
(30) Porphyry of Batanea, a.d. 233-305, wrote a history of the Ptolemies; now lost.
(31) Eusebios, bishop of Cæsarea, published in a.d. 326 his Chronicle, containing a list of Manetho's dynasties. The work has been preserved in an Armenian translation.
(32) Horapollo of Nilopolis, grammarian, a.d. 390, wrote a work on the hieroglyphics in Coptic, which was translated into Greek by Philippos. Only the ideographic values of the characters are given, but they are mostly correct.
Appendix IV. Archæological Excursions In The Delta.
(1) Tel el-Yehudîyeh or Onion.—Take the train from Cairo at 10 a.m., reaching Shibîn el-Qanâter at 12.25. Leave Shibîn el-Qanâter at 5.57 p.m., reaching Cairo at 6.50. Donkeys can be procured at Shibîn, but it is a pleasant walk of a mile and a half through the fields (towards the south-east) to the Tel. There is a café at Shibîn adjoining the station, but it is advisable to take lunch from Cairo.
(2) Kôm el-Atrib or Athribis.—The mounds lie close to the station of Benha el-´Asal, north-east of the town, and can easily be explored between two trains. All trains between Cairo and Alexandria stop at Benha.
(3) Naukratis.—The mounds of Naukratis (Kôm Qa´if) lie nearly five miles due west of the station of Teh el-Barûd on the line between Cairo and Alexandria, where all trains stop except the express. The first half of the walk is along a good road under an avenue of trees, but after a village is reached it leads through fields. Donkeys are not always to be had at Teh el-Barûd. The low mounds west of the station are not earlier than the Roman period.
(4) Kanôpos or Aboukir.—A train leaves the Ramleh station at Alexandria at 7.40 a.m., and reaches Aboukir at 10.42 a.m., returning from Aboukir at 4.42 p.m. It is a short walk northwards from the station to the temple of Zephyrion discovered by Daninos Pasha in 1891. Then [pg 332] walk eastward along the shore, where the rocks have been cut into baths and numerous relics of antiquity lie half-covered by the waves.
(5) The Monument of Darius, near Suez.—A ride of rather more than five miles through the desert north of Suez along the line of the Freshwater Canal brings us to the fragments of one of the granite stelæ erected by Darius to commemorate his re-opening of the Canal between the Red Sea and the Nile. Traces of the cuneiform and hieroglyphic inscriptions can still be detected upon some of them. The stelæ were erected at certain intervals along the line of the Canal, and the remains of three others of them have been found, on a mound one kilometre south of Tel el-Maskhûtah or Pithom, a little to the east of the station of the Serapeum on the Suez Canal, and on the side of a mound between the 61st kilometre of the Canal and the telegraphic station of Kabret. From Ismailîyeh to Tel el-Maskhûtah is a ride across the desert of eleven miles.
(6) Tanis or Zoan.—The easiest way of visiting Tanis or Sân is to sleep at Mansûrah, where there is a very tolerable hotel, and go by the morning train (at 9.15) to the station of Abu ´l-Shekûk, arriving there at 10.55 a.m. One of the small dahabiyehs which ply on the Mo'izz canal, which passes the station and runs to Sân, should have been previously engaged, and a servant sent with food the day before from Mansûrah to get it ready. It is advisable also to send cantine and bedding. A few hours (8 to 10) will take the traveller to Sân, where he can remain as long as he wishes. There is sufficient water in the canal all the year round to float the dahabiyeh. On the way to Abu ´l-Shekûk the station of Baqlîyeh is passed (at 9.41 a.m.), close to which (to the east) is Tel el-Baqlîyeh or Hermopolis Parva. The twin mounds of Tmei el-Amdîd (Mendes and Thmuis) are not far to the east of the station of [pg 333] Simbellauên, which is reached at 10.11 a.m. (or by the 6.45 a.m. train from Mansûrah at 7.30 a.m.). Donkeys should be telegraphed for beforehand. The great monolithic granite shrine of Amasis still stands on the mounds. Tel en-Nebêsheh is only eight miles south-east of Sân.
(7) Horbêt or Pharbaithos.—Leaving Mansûrah at 9.15 a.m., the train reaches Abu-Kebir at 11.55, where donkeys can be easily procured. It is a pleasant ride of three miles through the fields to Horbeit and the gigantic monoliths of Nektanebo. The train leaves Abu-Kebir for Zagazig and Cairo at 4 p.m., reaching Zagazig at 4.32 and Cairo at 6.50 p.m.
(8) Behbit (Egyptian Hebit, Roman Iseum).—The granite ruins of the temple of Isis, built by Ptolemy ii., lie eight miles by river north of Mansûrah, and are less than half-an-hour's walk from the eastern bank of the river. Delicate bas-reliefs have been carved on the granite blocks. The ruins are a favourite object of picnic parties from Mansûrah.
(9) Bubastis or Tel Bast.—The ruins of the ancient city are a few minutes' walk from the railway station and can be visited between two trains. The site of the temple is in the middle of the mounds, the ruins of the old houses rising up on all sides of it. There is a poor hotel in Zagazig, kept by a Greek.
(10) Sais or Sâ el-Hagar.—This has become difficult of access since the construction of the railway from Alexandria to Cairo. The nearest railway station is Kafr ez-Zaiyât, from which it is distant (by donkey) about five hours. The voyage by river involves the passage of several bridges.
(11) Tel ed-Deffeneh.—Tents and camels are necessary, as well as drinking water, for that of the canal and Lake Menzaleh is brackish. Either go by train to Salahîyeh [pg 334] (leaving Cairo at 5 p.m., arriving at 9.35 p.m.), or, better, sleep at Ismailîyeh, and go thence by tramway to Kantara. The distance across the desert to Tel ed-Deffeneh from Salahîyeh and Kantara is about the same (eleven miles), but donkeys are more easily procurable at Kantara than camels. At Kantara (on the east side of the canal) are monuments and a Tel (perhaps that of Zaru). The excursion may be combined with one to Pelusium, passing Tel el-Hir on the way. From Kantara to Pelusium is rather more than half-a-day's journey. Encamp at the edge of the sand-dunes, one-and-a-half miles from the mounds of Pelusium, walking to them over the mud, which sometimes will not bear the weight of a camel. No fresh water is procurable there.