FOOTNOTES:
[1] Œuvres de Descartes, Les passions de l’âme, xxxvi.
[2] Charles Darwin: The Expression of the Emotions, pp. 345 and 364. London, 1872.
[3] Maudsley: The Physiology of Mind, p. 305. London, 1876.
[4] Ch. Bell: Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body, v. ii., p. 394. London, 1826.
[5] 'Les Ptomaïnes.’ Archives italiennes de Biologie, ii. p. 367; iii. p. 241.
[6] Fontana: Veleno della Vipera, i. p. 317.
[7] L. Rolando, Saggio sopra la vera struttura del cervello e sopra le funzioni del sistema nervoso, Sec. III. p. 140. Turin, 1828.
[8] Plinius: Historia naturalis, lib. xi., p. 480.
[9] F. Goltz: Ueber die Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, p. 61, and following. Bonn, 1881.
[10] Th. Ribot: Les Maladies de la Mémoire, p. 9. Paris, 1881.
[11] Brehm: Thierleben, p. 49. Leipzig, 1883.
[12] Brehm: Thierleben, p. 106. Leipzig, 1883.
[13] R. Accademia dei Lincei, vol. v. series 3a; Nuova Antologia, March 1881.
[14] Foà e M. Schiff. La pupilla come estesiometro. In the Imparziale, 1874, p. 617.
[15] Haller: Elementa physiologiæ corporis humani, tom. v., lib. xvii. § vii.
[16] Darwin, chap. iii., p. 67.
[17] Mantegazza, chap. vii., p. 119.
[18] Darwin believed that animals show their teeth in order to let their weapons be seen, and in this way to be more feared. This explanation does not seem to me quite exact, as animals are obliged to raise the lips when they bite, so that the soft parts of the mouth covering the jaws may not be injured. It suffices to watch a dog in order to convince oneself that the showing of the teeth must be an act preparatory to that of biting.
[19] Principles of Psychology, vol. ii., pp. 542-43.
[20] J. Müller: Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, 1840, ii. 92.
[21] Ch. Darwin: The Expression of the Emotions. London, 1872, p. 10.
[22] A. Mosso: Sui movimenti idraulici dell’ iride. R. Accademia di Torino, 1875.
[23] Ch. Darwin: The Expression of the Emotions, p. 225.
[24] G. B. Duchenne de Boulogne: Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine (Paris, 1862), p. 32.
[25] Edward C. Spitzka: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1879, s. 69.
[26] Mosso e Pellicani: Sulle funzioni della vescica. R. Accademia dei Lincei, vol. xii. 1881.
[27] Darwin gives another explanation of this phenomenon which seems to me less probable. He states that animals erect their dermal appendages that they may appear larger and more terrible to their enemies.
But how can it be explained that these smooth muscles should be originally dependent on the will? In order to avoid the doubly improbable supposition that these muscles should have become smooth and involuntary, although preserving the same functions, Darwin has recourse to another explanation. 'We may admit,’ he says, 'that originally the arrectores pili were slightly acted on in a direct manner, under the influence of rage and terror, by the disturbance of the nervous system.’ 'Animals have been repeatedly excited by rage and terror through many generations; and consequently the direct effects of the disturbed nervous system on the dermal appendages will almost certainly have been increased through habit and through the tendency of nerve-force to pass readily along accustomed channels.’ 'As soon as with animals the power of erection has thus been strengthened or increased, they must often have seen the hairs or feathers erected in rival and enraged males, and the bulk of their bodies thus increased. In this case it appears possible that they might have wished to make themselves appear larger and more terrible to their enemies ... such attitudes and utterances after a time becoming through habit instinctive.’
'It is even possible ... that the will is able to influence in an obscure manner the action of some unstriped or involuntary muscles, as in the period of the peristaltic movements of the intestines, and in the contraction of the bladder.’[28]
[28] Ch. Darwin: The Expression of the Emotions, p. 103.
[29] Preyer: Die Seele des Kindes. Jena, 1882.
[30] Brehm: Thierleben, vol. iii. 1883, p. 601.
[31] From [Greek: kataplêx], [Greek: êgos], frightened.
[32] W. Preyer: Die Kataplexie. Jena, 1878.
[33] Lauder Brunton: On the Pathology and Treatment of Shock and Syncope, p. 8.
[34] Baglivi: Praxis Medica, liber. i, cap. xiv. s. 5.
[35] Ed. Lamarre: Contribution à l’étude du rôle du système nerveux dans les affections du cœur. Paris, 1882, p. 99.
[36] Plinii Historia Naturalis: 'Sanguinem quoque gladiatorum bibunt, ut viventibus poculis, comitiales morbi; quod spectare facientes in eadem arena feras quoque horror est.’ Lib. xxvii. p. 9, vol. viii.
[37] Kussmaul: Die Störungen der Sprache, p. 200.
[38] Preyer: Kataplexie, p. 107. 1878.
[39] Brehm: Säugethiere. 1883. Vol. i. p. 105.
[40] Descartes: Les passions de l’âme. Article xlv, Première partie.
[41] Melancholici, qui natura sunt timidi et inconstantes, frequentius reliquos in morbos incidunt. An old adage found in the most ancient books of medicine.