LITERATURE ON DEFENSIVE OR REPUGNATORIAL GLANDS
Aldrovandus, U. De animalibus insectis libri septem cum singulorum iconibus ad vivum expressis. (Denuo impress: Bonon. apud Clementem Ferronium, 1638, p. 273. The first edition was in 1602.)
Moufet, T. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum, etc. London, 1634, pp. 185, 186.
Gœdart, J. Metamorphosis naturalis sive insectorum historia, etc. Amstelodami, 1700, Pars ii, p. 136. (French ed. of 1700, ii, p. 162; Lister’s Latin ed., London, 1685, p. 60.)
Réaumur, R. A. F. Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des insectes, etc. Paris, 1736, ii, pp. 266–269, Pls. 21, 22. [ii, partie ii, pp. 21–23, of the Amsterdam ed. of 1737–1748.]
De Geer, C. Observation sur la propriété singulière qu’ont les grandes chenilles à quatorze jambes et à double queue, du saule, de seringuer de la liqueur. (Mém. sav. étrang, Paris, 1750, i, pp. 530, 531, Pl.; Goetze und Bonnet, etc., Auserlesene Abhandlungen, 1774, p. 220.)
Schaeffer, J. C. Neuendeckte Theile an Raupen und Zweyfaltern, etc. Regensburg, 1754.
Sulzer, J. H. Die Kennzeichen der Insekten, etc. Zürich, 1761, pp. 65–67, Taf. 5, Fig. 34.
Müller, O. F. Pile-larven med dobbelt Hale, og dens Phalæne, etc. Kjöbenhavn, 1772, pp. 53–56, Pl. 2, Figs. 3–5.
Bonnet, C. Mémoire sur une nouvelle partie commune à plusieurs espèces de chenilles. (Mém. math. d. savants étrang., Paris, 1755, ii, pp. 44–52; Collection complète des œuvres de C. Bonnet, 1779, ii, pp. 3–16.)
—— Mémoire sur la grande chenille à queue fourchue du saule, dans lequel on prouve, que la liqueur que cette chenille fait jaillir, est un véritable acide, et un acide très-actif. (Mém. math, de savants étrang., Paris, 1755, ii, pp. 267–282; Collection complète des œuvres de C. Bonnet, 1779, ii, pp. 17–24.)
Amoreux, P. J. Notice des insectes de la France, réputés venimeux, etc. Paris, 1789, pp. 282–285.
Schwarz, C. Neuer Raupenkalender. Nürenberg, 1791, Abth. i, p. 59.
Petzhold, C. P. Lepidopterologische Beyträge. (L. G. Scriba’s Beiträge zu der Insekten-geschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1793, Heft 3, pp. 230–251.)
Nouvelle Dictionnaire d’Hist. Nat., xv, p. 487. (Larva of Hydrophilus ejects with a slight noise a fœtid and blackish fluid.)
Rengger, Johann Rudolph. Physiologische Untersuchungen über die thierische Haushaltung der Insecten. Tübingen, 1817. (In the chapter entitled Abgesonderte Säfte bei den Raupen, he speaks of the glandular apparatus of the larva of B. vinula, noticing the general form of the secretory sac, that it opens out in two muscular evertible points, out of which the secretion is ejected.)
Dufour, L. Mémoire anatomique sur une nouvelle espèce d’insecte du genre Brachinus. (Ann. de mus. d’histoire nat., xviii, 1811, pp. 70–81.)
—— Recherches anatomiques sur les carabiques et sur plusieurs autres coléoptères. (Ann. d. Sci. Nat., 1826, viii, pp. 5–54.)
—— Mémoire sur les métamorphosis et l’anatomie de la Pyrochroa coccinea. Glande odorifique. (Ibid., ii sér. Zoologie, xiii, 1840, pp. 340, 341.)
—— Recherches anatomiques sur les Diptères. 1851, pp. 195, 313. (Alimentary canal of Sepsis contains the seat of a “glande odorifique.”)
Kirby and Spence. Introduction to entomology, etc. (2d ed., i, 1815; London, 1818, ii, pp. 238, 239.)
Lyonet, P. Recherches sur l’anatomie et les metamorphoses de différentes espèces d’insectes. Ouvrage posthume. Paris, 1832.
Morren, C. Mémoire sur l’émigration du puceron du pêcher (Aphis persicæ), et sur les caractères et l’anatomie de cette espèce. (Ann. Sci. Natur. Zool., 1836, vi, pp. 65–93, Pls. 6, 7.)
Ratzeburg, J. T. C. Die Forstinsekten, etc. (Theil i, Die Käfer, etc., 1837, p. 246.)
Aubé, C. Note sur une sécrétion fétide d’Eumolpus pretiosus. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1837, i, vi; Bull., p. 58.)
Lacordaire, J. S. Introduction à l’entomologie. 1838, ii, p. 45.
Meckel, von Hemsbach, Johann Friedrich. Mikrographie einiger Drüsenapparate der niederen Thiere. (Anat. Phys. u. wiss. Med., 1846, pp. 1–73, Taf. 1–3; p. 46, Müller’s Archiv.)
Stein, Friedrich. Vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie der Insekten. Berlin, 1847.
Leidy, Joseph. History and anatomy of the hemipterous genus Belostoma. (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 1847, i, Part i, pp. 57–67, Pl. 1.)
—— Odoriferous glands of invertebrata. (Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, 1849, iv, 234–236, 1 Pl.; Ann. and Mag. N. H., Ser. 2, 1850, v, pp. 154–156.)
Chapuis et Candèze. Catalogue des larves des coléoptères, etc. (Mém. Soc. Sci. de Liège, 1853, viii, pp. 351–653, Pls. 1–9, pp. 611, 612.)
Siebold, Carl Theodor. Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere, 1848. (Burnett’s transl., Boston, 1854.)
Burnett, Waldo Irving. Translation of Siebold’s Anatomy of the Invertebrates, 1854. (Note on the osmeteria of Papilio asterias, which he regards as an odoriferous and defensive, rather than tactile, organ, p. 415.)
Karsten, H. Bemerkungen über einige shaarfe und brennende Absonderungen verschiedener Raupen. (Müller’s Archiv für Anat. Phys. u. wiss. Med., 1848, pp. 375–382, Taf. 11, 12.) Describes the poison-glands at the base of the spines of Saturnia larvæ.
—— Harnorgane des Brachinus complanatus. (Müller’s Archiv, 1848, pp. 367–376, Taf.)
Laboulbéne, Alexandre. Note sur les caroncules thoraciques du Malachius. (Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France, 3e Sér., vi, 1858, pp. 521–528.)
Saussure, Henri de. Recherches zoologiques de l’Amerique centrale et du Mexique. (6e Partie, Études sur les Myriopodes et les Insectes, Paris, 1860.)
Gerstaecker, C. E. A. Ueber das vorkommen von ausstülpbaren Hautanhängen am Hinterleibe an Schaben. (Archiv f. Naturgesch., 1861, xxi, pp. 107–115.)
Liegel, Hermann. Ueber den Ausstülpungsapparat von Malachius und verwandten Formen. Inaug. Diss., Göttingen, pp. 31, 1 Taf. (n. d., since 1858 and before 1878.)
Leydig, F. Zur Anatomie der Insecten. (Archiv f. Anat. Phys. u. wiss. Med., 1859, pp. 33–89, 149–183, Taf. 2–4, pp. 35 and 38.)
—— Ueber bombardier Käfer. (Biolog. Centralbl., x, 1890, pp. 395, 396.)
Claus, C. Ueber die Seitendrüsen der Larve von Chrysomela populi. (Zeits. f. wissens. Zool., xi, 1861, pp. 309–314, Taf. xxv.)
—— Ueber Schutzwassen der Raupen des Gabelschwanzes. (Würzburger Naturw. Zeitschrift, 1862, iii, xiv; Sitz. am., 28 Juni, 1862.)
Rogenhofer, Alois. Drei Schmetterlingsmetamorphosen. (Verhandlungen der k. k. zoolog.-bot. Gesellschaft, Wien, xiii, 1862, pp. 1224–1230.)
Fitch, Asa. Eighth report on the noxious and other insects of ... New York. (Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc., 1862, xxii, pp. 657–684), p. 677. (Separate.)
Guenée, Achille. D’une organe particulier que présente une chenille de Lycæna. (Annales Soc. Ent. de France, Sér. 4, 1867, pp. 665–668, Pl. 13.)
Landois, L. Anatomie der Bettwanze, Cimex lectularius, mit berücksichtigung verwandter Hemipterengeschlechter. (Zeitsch. f. wissens. Zool., 1868, xvii, pp. 206–224, 218–223, Taf. 11, 12.)
Studer, Theodor. Mittheilungen der naturforsch. Gesellschaft in Bern, 1872–1873, No. 792–811, p. 101.
Candèze, E. Les moyens d’attaque et de défense chez les insectes. (Bull. Acad. royale de Belgique, 2 Sér., xxxviii, 1874, pp. 787–816.)
Mayer, Paul. Anatomie von Pyrrhocoris apterus. (Reichert und du Bois-Reymond’s Archiv f. Anat. Phys., etc., 1874, pp. 313–347, 3 Taf.)
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard. Odoriferous glands in Phasmidæ. (Psyche, i, pp. 137–140, Jan. 14, 1876; Amer. Nat., x, p. 256, April, 1876.)
—— Prothoracic tubercles in butterfly caterpillars. (Psyche, i, pp. 64, 168, 1876.)
—— Organs found near the anus of the ♀ pupa of Danais, which recall the odoriferous organs mentioned by Burnett, transl. Siebold’s Comp. Anat. as occurring in Argynnis and other genera. (Psyche, iii, p. 278, 1882, p. 453, note 22.)
—— Glands and extensile organs of larvæ of blue butterflies. (Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxiii, pp. 357, 358, 1888.)
—— Butterflies of Eastern United States. i-iii, 1889.
—— New light on the formation of the abdominal pouch in Parnassius. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London for 1892, January, 1893, pp. 249–253.)
Müller, Fritz. Die Stinkkölbchen der weiblichen Maracujáfalter. (Zeitschr. f. wissens. Zool., 1877, xxx, pp. 167–170, Taf. 9.)
Plateau, Félix. Note sur une sécrétion propre aux coléoptères dytiscides. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1876, v, xix, pp. 1–10.)
Edwards, William H. Notes on Lycæna pseudargiolus and its larval history. (Can. Ent., x, Jan., 1878, pp. 1–14. Fig.)
—— On the larvæ of Lycæna pseudargiolus and attendant ants. (Can. Ent., x, July, 1878, pp. 131–136.)
—— Butterflies of North America, i-iv. Many Pls. Phil., 1868—.
Voges, Ernst. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Juliden. (Zeitsch. f. wissens. Zoologie, xxxi, p. 127, 1878. The scent-glands are retort-shaped bodies, the necks of which open into foramina repugnatoria.)
Rye, E. C. Secretion of water-beetles. (Ent. Month. Mag., xiv, 1877–1878, pp. 232, 233.)
Forel, A. Der Giftapparat und die anal Drüsen der Ameisen. (Zeits. f. wissens. Zool., 1878, xxx, Suppl., pp. 28–68, Taf. 3, 4.)
Saunders, William. Notes on the larva of Lycæna scudderi. (Can. Ent., x, Jan., 1878, p. 14.)
Weismann, A. Ueber Duftschuppen. (Zool. Anzeiger, 26th Aug., 1878, Jahrg., i, pp. 98, 99.)
Gissler, Carl Friedrich. On the repugnatorial glands in Eleodes. (Psyche, ii, Feb., 1879, pp. 209, 210.)
—— Odoriferous glands on the 5th abdominal segment in nymph of Lachnus strobi. (Fig. 273, p. 804, of Packard’s Report on Forest and Shade Tree Insects, 1890.)
Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. Ueber ein neues Organ bei den Acridiodeen. (Verhandl. k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien., 1879, xxix; Sitzungsber., pp. 26, 27.)
—— Verhandl. k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien. (A peculiar organ on hind femora of Acridiidæ.)
Rougement, P. Observations sur l’organe détonnant du Brachinus crepitans Oliv. (Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchâtel, 1879, xi, pp. 471–478, Pl.)
Goossens, Th. Sur une organe entre la tête et la première paire de pattes de quelques chenilles. (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ix, p. 4, 1809; Bull., pp. 60, 61.)
—— Des chenilles vésicantes. (Ann. Ent. Soc. France, vi, pp. 461–464, 1887.)
Coquillett, D. W. On the early stages of some moths. (Can. Ent., March, 1880, xii, pp. 43–46.)
Chambers, Victor Tousey. Notes upon some Tineid larvæ. (Psyche, iii, July, 1880, p. 67. Certain retractile processes “from the sides of certain segments of the larva.”)
—— Further notes on some Tineid larvæ. (Psyche, iii, p. 135, Feb. 12, 1881. Larva of Phyllocnistis has eight pairs of lateral pseudopodia on first eight abdominal segments.)
French, G. H. Larvæ of Cerura occidentalis Lint, and C. borealis Bd. (Can. Ent., July, 1881, xiii, pp. 144, 145.)
Passerini, N. Sopra i due tubercoli abdominali della larva della Porthesia chrysorrhœa. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1881, xiii, pp. 293–296.)
Klemensiewicz, Stanislaus. Zur näheren Kenntniss der Hautdrüsen bei den Raupen und bei Malachius. (Verhandlungen d. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien., xxxii, pp. 459–474, 1882, 2 Taf.)
Weber, Max. Ueber eine Cyanwasserstoffsäure bereitende Drüse. (Archiv für Mikr. Anat., xxi, pp. 468–475, xxiv, 1882.)
Bertkau, Philip. Ueber den Stinkapparat von Lacon murinus L. (Archiv f. Naturg., 1882, Jahrg., xlviii, pp. 371–373.)
Dimmock, George. Organs, probably defensive in function, in the larva of Hyperchiria varia Walk. (Saturnia io Harris). (Psyche, iii, pp. 352, 353, Aug. 19, 1882. Account of lateral eversible glands on 1st and 7th abdominal segments; they emit neither moisture nor odor.)
—— On some glands which open externally on insects. (Psyche, iii, pp. 387–399, Jan. 15, 1883. Treats of poison-glands, glandular hairs, eversible glands of Cerura, etc.)
Coleman, N. Notes on Orgyia leucostigma. (Papilio, November-December, 1882, Jan., 1883, ii, pp. 164–166.)
Müller, F. Der Anhang am Hinterleibe der Acræa-weibchen. (Zool. Anzeiger, 6th Aug., 1883, Jahrg., vi, pp. 415, 416.)
Dewitz, H. Ueber das durch die Foramina repugnatoria entleerte Secret bei Glomeris. (Biol. Centralblatt, iv, pp. 202, 203, 1884.)
Williston, S. A. Protective secretion of Eleodes ejected from anal gland. (Psyche, iv, p. 168, May, 1884.)
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. Notes in 1885 upon lepidopterous larvæ and pupæ, including an account of the loss of weight in the freshly-formed lepidopterous pupæ. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, June, 1886, pp. 156, 157, 159.)
—— Notes in 1886 upon lepidopterous larvæ, etc. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, Sept., 1887, pp. 295–301.)
—— Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larvæ, etc. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1888, p. 597.)
Künckel-d’Herculais, J. La punaise de lit et ses appareils odoriférants. (Comptes rendus, ciii, 1886, pp. 81–83; Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., xviii, 1886, pp. 167, 168.)
—— Étude comparée des appareils odorifiques dans les differents groupes d’Hemiptères hétéroptères. (Compt. rend. Acad. Sc., Paris, cxx, pp. 1002–1004.)
Packard, A. S. The fluid ejected by notodontian caterpillars. (Amer. Nat., 1886, xx, pp. 811, 812.)
—— An eversible “gland” in the larva of Orgyia. (Amer. Nat., 1886, xx, p. 814.)
—— Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. Insects injurious to forest and shade trees, p. 136, 1890.
—— Hints on the evolution of the bristles, spines, and tubercles of certain caterpillars. (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, 1890, p. 551.)
—— Notes on some points in the external structure and phylogeny of lepidopterous larvæ. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxv, 1890, pp. 83–114.)
—— A study of the transformations and anatomy of Lagoa crispata, a bombycine moth. (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Philadelphia, xxxii, 1893, pp. 275–292, 7 Pls.)
—— The eversible repugnatorial scent glands of insects. (Journ., N. Y. Ent. Soc. iii, 1895, pp. 110–127; iv, p. 896; pp. 26–32, 1 Pl.)
Loman, J. C. C. Freies Jod als Drüsensecret. (Tijdschr. Neder. Dierk. Ver. Deel 1, 1887, pp. 106–108.)
Riley, Charles Valentine. Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, March 13, 1888, i, pp. 87–89.
—— Notes on the eversible glands of larvæ of Orgyia and Parorgyia leucopæa and P. clintonii (achatina). (See 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 137.)
Denham, Ch. S. The acid secretion of Notodonta concinna. (Insect Life, i, p. 147, 1888; hydrochloric acid.)
Michin, Edward A. Note on a new organ, and on the structure of the hypodermis, in Periplaneta orientalis. (Quart. Journ. Micros. Sc., Dec., 1888, xxiv, 1 Pl.)
—— Further observations on the dorsal gland in the abdomen of Periplaneta and its allies. (Zool. Anz., 27 Jan., 1890, pp. 41–44.)
Maynard, C. L. The defensive glands of a species of Phasma, Anisomorpha buprestoides. (Contributions to Science, i, April, 1889.)
Schaeffer, Cæsar. Beiträge zur Histologie der Insekten. (Zool. Jahrb. Morph. Abth. iii, pp. 611–652, Taf. xxix, xxx, 1889; treats of the ventral glands in prothorax of caterpillars; scales and hairs are secretions from the very greatly enlarged hypodermic cells.)
Gilson, G. Les glandes odorifères der Blaps mortisaga et de quelques autres espèces. (La Cellule, v. pp. 1–21, 1 Pl., 1889.)
—— The odoriferous apparatus of Blaps mortisaga. (Rep. 58th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc., 1889, pp. 727, 728.)
Haase, Erich. Ueber die Stinkdrüsen der Orthoptera. (Sitzgsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, pp. 57, 58, 1889.)
—— Zur Anatomie der Blattiden. (Zool. Anz., xii Jahrg., pp. 169–172, 1889.)
Herbst, Curt. Anatomische Untersuchungen an Scutigera coleoptrata. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Articulaten. Dissert., Jena, pp. 36 (Hautdrüsen, Coxal-Organ.); p. 1, 1889.
Wheeler, William M. Hydrocyanic acid secreted by Polydesmus virginiensis Drury. (Psyche, v, p. 422.)
—— New glands in the hemipterous embryo. (Amer. Nat., Feb. 1890, p. 187; odorous(?) glands.)
Jackson, W. Hatchett. Studies in the morphology of the Lepidoptera, Pt. i. (Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 2 Ser., Zoöl., v, May, 1890.)
Krauss, Hermann. Die Duftdrüse der Aphlebia bivittata Brullé (Blattidæ) von Teneriffa. (Zool. Anz., xiii Jahrg., 1890, pp. 584–587, 3 Figs.)
Fernald, H. T. Rectal glands in Coleoptera. (Amer. Nat., xxiv, pp. 100, 101, Pls. 4, 5, 1890.)
Verson, E. Hautdrüsen system bei Bombyciden (Seidenspinner). (Zool. Anzeiger, 1890, pp. 118–120.)
Vosseler, Julius. Die Stinkdrüsen der Forficuliden. (Arch. Mikr. Anat., xxxvi, 1890, pp. 565–578, Taf. 29.)
Carrière, J. Die Drüsen am ersten Hinterleibsringe der Insektenembryonen. (Biol. Centralblatt, xi, pp. 110–127, 1891.)
Borgert, Henry. Die Hautdrüsen der Tracheaten. Inaugural Diss., Jena, 1891, pp. 1–80.
Lang, Arnold. Lehrbuch der vergleichende Anatomie, English Trans. by Henry M. and Matilda Bernard, 1891, pp. 458, 459.
Kennel, J. von. Die Verwandtschaftverhältnisse der Arthropoden. (Schriften herausgegeben von der Naturforscher Gesellschaft bei der Universität Dorpat, vi, Dorpat, 1891.)
Patton, W. H. Scent-glands in the larva of Limacodes. (Can. Ent., xxiii, Feb. 1891, pp. 42, 43; eight pairs of glands with pores along the edges of the back.)
Batelli, Andrea. Di una particolarita nell integumento dell’ Aphrophora spumaria. (Monitore Zoöl. Ital. Anno 2, pp. 30–32, 1891. Dermal glands in the hindermost segment.)
Ash, C. D. Notes on the larva of Danima banksii Lewin. (Ent. Month. Mag., Sept. 1892, p. 232, Fig.) notodontian larva protrudes from under side of prothoracic segment a Y-shaped, red organ like that of Papilio; no odor or fluid given out.
Bernard, Henry M. An endeavor to show that the tracheæ of the Arthropoda arose from setiparous sacs. (Spengel’s Zool., Jahrbuch, 1892, pp. 511–524, 3 Figs.)
Latter, Oswald. The secretion of potassium hydroxide by Dicranura vinula, and the emergence of the imago from the cocoon. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1892, 287, also xxxii; Prof. Meldola adds that the larva of D. vinula secretes strong, formic acid, and is the only animal known to secrete a strong, caustic alkali.)
—— Further notes on the secretion of potassium hydroxide by Dicranura vinula (imago), and similar phenomena in other Lepidoptera. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London; Nature, 1895, p. 551, March 20, 1895.)
Zograff, Nicolas. Note sur l’origine et les parentes des Arthropodes, principalement des Arthropodes trachèates. (Congrès Internationale de Zoologie, 2e Session à Moscow, Aug. 1892; Part i, Moscow, 1892, pp. 278–302, 1892; cyanogenic glands in Myriopods, p. 287.)
Swale, H. Odor of Olophrum piceum. (Ent. Month. Mag., v, Jan. 1896, pp. 1, 2.)
Cuénot, L. Moyens de défense dans la série animale, Paris, n. d. (1892); the ejection of blood as a means of defence by some Coleoptera. (Comptes rendus, Acad. Sc. France, April 16; Nature, April 26, 1894.)
—— Sur la saignée réflexe et les moyens de défense de quelques insectes. (Arch. Zool. expér. (3), 1897, iv, pp. 655, 679, 680.)
Holmgren, Emil. Studier öfverhudens och de körtelartade hudorganens morfologi hos skandinaviska macrolepidopterlarver. (K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, xxvii, No. 4, Stockholm, 4º 1895, pp. 82, 9 Pls.)
Lutz, K. G. Das Blut der Coccinelliden. (Zool. Anzeiger, 1895, pp. 244–255, 1 Fig.)
Gilson, Gustav. Studies in insect morphology. (Proc. Linn. Soc. London, March 5, 1896; Nature, p. 500.)
—— On segmentally disposed thoracic glands in the larvæ of the Trichoptera. (Journ. Linn. Soc., London, xxv. 1897.)
Cholodkowsky, N. Entomotomische Miscellen, v, Ueber die Spritzapparate der Cimbiciden Larven, pp. 135–143, 2 Taf. Ibid., vi. Ueber das Bluten der Cimbiciden Larven, pp. 352–357, 1 Fig. (Horæ Soc. Ent. Rossicæ, xxx, 1897.)
Also the writings of Darwin, Wallace, Poulton, Weir, Beddard, Butler, Busgen, (pp. 365–367), Girard, Kolbe, Locy.