| [INTRODUCTORY.] |
| History of Sea Power one of contest between nations, therefore largely military | [1] |
| Permanence of the teachings of history | [2] |
| Unsettled condition of modern naval opinion | [2] |
| Contrasts between historical classes of war-ships | [2] |
| Essential distinction between weather and lee gage | [5] |
| Analogous to other offensive and defensive positions | [6] |
| Consequent effect upon naval policy | [6] |
| Lessons of history apply especially to strategy | [7] |
| Less obviously to tactics, but still applicable | [9] |
| Illustrations: | |
| The battle of the Nile, A.D. 1798 | [10] |
| Trafalgar, A.D. 1805 | [11] |
| Siege of Gibraltar, A.D. 1779-1782 | [12] |
| Actium, B.C. 31, and Lepanto, A.D. 1571 | [13] |
| Second Punic War, B.C. 218-201 | [14] |
| Naval strategic combinations surer now than formerly | [22] |
| Wide scope of naval strategy | [22] |
| [CHAPTER I.] |
| Discussion of the Elements of Sea Power. |
| The sea a great common | [25] |
| Advantages of water-carriage over that by land | [25] |
| Navies exist for the protection of commerce | [26] |
| Dependence of commerce upon secure seaports | [27] |
| Development of colonies and colonial posts | [28] |
| Links in the chain of Sea Power: production, shipping, colonies | [28] |
| General conditions affecting Sea Power: | |
| I. Geographical position | [29] |
| II. Physical conformation | [35] |
| III. Extent of territory | [42] |
| IV. Number of population | [44] |
| V. National character | [50] |
| VI. Character and policy of governments | [58] |
| England | [59] |
| Holland | [67] |
| France | [69] |
| Influence of colonies on Sea Power | [82] |
| The United States: | |
| Its weakness in Sea Power | [83] |
| Its chief interest in internal development | [84] |
| Danger from blockades | [85] |
| Dependence of the navy upon the shipping interest | [87] |
| Conclusion of the discussion of the elements of Sea Power | [88] |
| Purpose of the historical narrative | [89] |
| [CHAPTER II.] |
| State of Europe in 1660.—Second Anglo-Dutch War, 1665-1667.—SeaBattles of Lowestoft and of the Four Days |
| Accession of Charles II. and Louis XIV. | [90] |
| Followed shortly by general wars | [91] |
| French policy formulated by Henry IV. and Richelieu | [92] |
| Condition of France in 1660 | [93] |
| Condition of Spain | [94] |
| Condition of the Dutch United Provinces | [96] |
| Their commerce and colonies | [97] |
| Character of their government | [98] |
| Parties in the State | [99] |
| Condition of England in 1660 | [99] |
| Characteristics of French, English, and Dutch ships | [101] |
| Conditions of other European States | [102] |
| Louis XIV. the leading personality in Europe | [103] |
| His policy | [104] |
| Colbert's administrative acts | [105] |
| Second Anglo-Dutch War, 1665 | [107] |
| Battle of Lowestoft, 1665 | [108] |
| Fire-ships, compared with torpedo-cruisers | [109] |
| The group formation | [112] |
| The order of battle for sailing-ships | [115] |
| The Four Days' Battle, 1666 | [117] |
| Military merits of the opposing fleets | [126] |
| Soldiers commanding fleets, discussion | [127] |
| Ruyter in the Thames, 1667 | [132] |
| Peace of Breda, 1667 | [132] |
| Military value of commerce-destroying | [132] |
| [CHAPTER III.] |
| War of England and France in Alliance against the UnitedProvinces, 1672-1674.—Finally, of France against CombinedEurope, 1674-1678.—Sea Battles of Solebay, the Texel, andStromboli. |
| Aggressions of Louis XIV. on Spanish Netherlands | [139] |
| Policy of the United Provinces | [139] |
| Triple alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden | [140] |
| Anger of Louis XIV. | [140] |
| Leibnitz proposes to Louis to seize Egypt | [141] |
| His memorial | [142] |
| Bargaining between Louis XIV. and Charles II. | [143] |
| The two kings declare war against the United Provinces | [144] |
| Military character of this war | [144] |
| Naval strategy of the Dutch | [144] |
| Tactical combinations of De Ruyter | [145] |
| Inefficiency of Dutch naval administration | [145] |
| Battle of Solebay, 1672 | [146] |
| Tactical comments | [147] |
| Effect of the battle on the course of the war | [148] |
| Land campaign of the French in Holland | [149] |
| Murder of John De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland | [150] |
| Accession to power of William of Orange | [150] |
| Uneasiness among European States | [150] |
| Naval battles off Schoneveldt, 1673 | [151] |
| Naval battle of the Texel, 1673 | [152] |
| Effect upon the general war | [154] |
| Equivocal action of the French fleet | [155] |
| General ineffectiveness of maritime coalitions | [156] |
| Military character of De Ruyter | [157] |
| Coalition against France | [158] |
| Peace between England and the United Provinces | [158] |
| Sicilian revolt against Spain | [159] |
| Battle of Stromboli, 1676 | [161] |
| Illustration of Clerk's naval tactics | [163] |
| De Ruyter killed off Agosta | [165] |
| England becomes hostile to France | [166] |
| Sufferings of the United Provinces | [167] |
| Peace of Nimeguen, 1678 | [168] |
| Effects of the war on France and Holland | [169] |
| Notice of Comte d'Estrées | [170] |
| [CHAPTER IV.] |
| English Revolution.—War of the League of Augsburg,1688-1697.—Sea Battles of Beachy Head and La Hougue. |
| Aggressive policy of Louis XIV. | [173] |
| State of French, English, and Dutch navies | [174] |
| Accession of James II. | [175] |
| Formation of the League of Augsburg | [176] |
| Louis declares war against the Emperor of Germany | [177] |
| Revolution in England | [178] |
| Louis declares war against the United Provinces | [178] |
| William and Mary crowned | [178] |
| James II. lands in Ireland | [179] |
| Misdirection of French naval forces | [180] |
| William III. lands in Ireland | [181] |
| Naval battle of Beachy Head, 1690 | [182] |
| Tourville's military character | [184] |
| Battle of the Boyne, 1690 | [186] |
| End of the struggle in Ireland | [186] |
| Naval battle of La Hougue, 1692 | [189] |
| Destruction of French ships | [190] |
| Influence of Sea Power in this war | [191] |
| Attack and defence of commerce | [193] |
| Peculiar characteristics of French privateering | [195] |
| Peace of Ryswick, 1697 | [197] |
| Exhaustion of France: its causes | [198] |
| [CHAPTER V.] |
| War of the Spanish Succession, 1702-1713.—Sea Battle Of Malaga. |
| Failure of the Spanish line of the House of Austria | [201] |
| King of Spain wills the succession to the Duke of Anjou | [202] |
| Death of the King of Spain | [202] |
| Louis XIV. accepts the bequests | [203] |
| He seizes towns in Spanish Netherlands | [203] |
| Offensive alliance between England, Holland, and Austria | [204] |
| Declarations of war | [205] |
| The allies proclaim Carlos III. King of Spain | [206] |
| Affair of the Vigo galleons | [207] |
| Portugal joins the allies | [208] |
| Character of the naval warfare | [209] |
| Capture of Gibraltar by the English | [210] |
| Naval battle of Malaga, 1704 | [211] |
| Decay of the French navy | [212] |
| Progress of the land war | [213] |
| Allies seize Sardinia and Minorca | [215] |
| Disgrace of Marlborough | [216] |
| England offers terms of peace | [217] |
| Peace of Utrecht, 1713 | [218] |
| Terms of the peace | [219] |
| Results of the war to the different belligerents | [219] |
| Commanding position of Great Britain | [224] |
| Sea Power dependent upon both commerce and naval strength | [225] |
| Peculiar position of France as regards Sea Power | [226] |
| Depressed condition of France | [227] |
| Commercial prosperity of England | [228] |
| Ineffectiveness of commerce-destroying | [229] |
| Duguay-Trouin's expedition against Rio de Janeiro, 1711 | [230] |
| War between Russia and Sweden | [231] |
| [CHAPTER VI.] |
| The Regency in France.—Alberoni in Spain.—Policies of Walpoleand Fleuri.—War of the Polish Succession.—English ContrabandTrade in Spanish America.—Great Britain declares War againstSpain.—1715-1739. |
| Death of Queen Anne and Louis XIV. | [232] |
| Accession of George I. | [232] |
| Regency of Philip of Orleans | [233] |
| Administration of Alberoni in Spain | [234] |
| Spaniards invade Sardinia | [235] |
| Alliance of Austria, England, Holland, and France | [235] |
| Spaniards invade Sicily | [236] |
| Destruction of Spanish navy off Cape Passaro, 1718 | [237] |
| Failure and dismissal of Alberoni | [239] |
| Spain accepts terms | [239] |
| Great Britain interferes in the Baltic | [239] |
| Death of Philip of Orleans | [241] |
| Administration of Fleuri in France | [241] |
| Growth of French commerce | [242] |
| France in the East Indies | [243] |
| Troubles between England and Spain | [244] |
| English contraband trade in Spanish America | [245] |
| Illegal search of English ships | [246] |
| Walpole's struggles to preserve peace | [247] |
| War of the Polish Succession | [247] |
| Creation of the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies | [248] |
| Bourbon family compact | [248] |
| France acquires Bar and Lorraine | [249] |
| England declares war against Spain | [250] |
| Morality of the English action toward Spain | [250] |
| Decay of the French navy | [252] |
| Death of Walpole and of Fleuri | [253] |
| [CHAPTER VII.] |
| War between Great Britain and Spain, 1739.—War of the AustrianSuccession, 1740.—France joins Spain against Great Britain,1744.—Sea Battles of Matthews, Anson, and Hawke.—Peace ofAix-la-Chapelle, 1748. |
| Characteristics of the wars from 1739 to 1783 | [254] |
| Neglect of the navy by French government | [254] |
| Colonial possessions of the French, English, and Spaniards | [255] |
| Dupleix and La Bourdonnais in India | [258] |
| Condition of the contending navies | [259] |
| Expeditions of Vernon and Anson | [261] |
| Outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession | [262] |
| England allies herself to Austria | [262] |
| Naval affairs in the Mediterranean | [263] |
| Influence of Sea Power on the war | [264] |
| Naval battle off Toulon, 1744 | [265] |
| Causes of English failure | [267] |
| Courts-martial following the action | [268] |
| Inefficient action of English navy | [269] |
| Capture of Louisburg by New England colonists, 1745 | [269] |
| Causes which concurred to neutralize England's Sea Power | [269] |
| France overruns Belgium and invades Holland | [270] |
| Naval actions of Anson and Hawke | [271] |
| Brilliant defence of Commodore l'Étenduère | [272] |
| Projects of Dupleix and La Bourdonnais in the East Indies | [273] |
| Influence of Sea Power in Indian affairs | [275] |
| La Bourdonnais reduces Madras | [276] |
| Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 | [277] |
| Madras exchanged for Louisburg | [277] |
| Results of the war | [278] |
| Effect of Sea Power on the issue | [279] |
| [CHAPTER VIII.] |
| Seven Years' War, 1756-1763.—England's Overwhelming Power andConquests on the Seas, in North America, Europe, and East and WestIndies.—Sea Battles: Byng off Minorca; Hawke and Conflans; Pocockand D'Aché in East Indies. |
| Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle leaves many questions unsettled | [281] |
| Dupleix pursues his aggressive policy | [281] |
| He is recalled from India | [282] |
| His policy abandoned by the French | [282] |
| Agitation in North America | [283] |
| Braddock's expedition, 1755 | [284] |
| Seizure of French ships by the English, while at peace | [285] |
| French expedition against Port Mahon, 1756 | [285] |
| Byng sails to relieve the place | [286] |
| Byng's action off Port Mahon, 1756 | [286] |
| Characteristics of the French naval policy | [287] |
| Byng returns to Gibraltar | [290] |
| He is relieved, tried by court-martial, and shot | [290] |
| Formal declarations of war by England and France | [291] |
| England's appreciation of the maritime character of the war | [291] |
| France is drawn into a continental struggle | [292] |
| The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) begins | [293] |
| Pitt becomes Prime Minister of England | [293] |
| Operations in North America | [293] |
| Fall of Louisburg, 1758 | [294] |
| Fall of Quebec, 1759, and of Montreal, 1760 | [294] |
| Influence of Sea Power on the continental war | [295] |
| English plans for the general naval operations | [296] |
| Choiseul becomes Minister in France | [297] |
| He plans an invasion of England | [297] |
| Sailing of the Toulon fleet, 1759 | [298] |
| Its disastrous encounter with Boscawen | [299] |
| Consequent frustration of the invasion of England | [300] |
| Project to invade Scotland | [300] |
| Sailing of the Brest fleet | [300] |
| Hawke falls in with it and disperses it, 1759 | [302] |
| Accession of Charles III. to Spanish throne | [304] |
| Death of George II. | [304] |
| Clive in India | [305] |
| Battle of Plassey, 1757 | [306] |
| Decisive influence of Sea Power upon the issues in India | [307] |
| Naval actions between Pocock and D'Aché, 1758, 1759 | [307] |
| Destitute condition of French naval stations in India | [309] |
| The French fleet abandons the struggle | [310] |
| Final fall of the French power in India | [310] |
| Ruined condition of the French navy | [311] |
| Alliance between France and Spain | [313] |
| England declares war against Spain | [313] |
| Rapid conquest of French and Spanish colonies | [314] |
| French and Spaniards invade Portugal | [316] |
| The invasion repelled by England | [316] |
| Severe reverses of the Spaniards in all quarters | [316] |
| Spain sues for peace | [317] |
| Losses of British mercantile shipping | [317] |
| Increase of British commerce | [318] |
| Commanding position of Great Britain | [319] |
| Relations of England and Portugal | [320] |
| Terms of the Treaty of Paris | [321] |
| Opposition to the treaty in Great Britain | [322] |
| Results of the maritime war | [323] |
| Results of the continental war | [324] |
| Influence of Sea Power in countries politically unstable | [324] |
| Interest of the United States in the Central American Isthmus | [325] |
| Effects of the Seven Years' War on the later history of Great Britain | [326] |
| Subsequent acquisitions of Great Britain | [327] |
| British success due to maritime superiority | [328] |
| Mutual dependence of seaports and fleets | [329] |
| [CHAPTER IX.] |
| Course of Events from the Peace of Paris to 1778.—Maritime WarConsequent upon the American Revolution.—Sea Battle off Ushant. |
| French discontent with the Treaty of Paris | [330] |
| Revival of the French navy | [331] |
| Discipline among French naval officers of the time | [332] |
| Choiseul's foreign policy | [333] |
| Domestic troubles in Great Britain | [334] |
| Controversies with the North American colonies | [334] |
| Genoa cedes Corsica to France | [334] |
| Dispute between England and Spain about the Falkland Islands | [335] |
| Choiseul dismissed | [336] |
| Death of Louis XV. | [336] |
| Naval policy of Louis XVI. | [337] |
| Characteristics of the maritime war of 1778 | [338] |
| Instructions of Louis XVI. to the French admirals | [339] |
| Strength of English navy | [341] |
| Characteristics of the military situation in America | [341] |
| The line of the Hudson | [342] |
| Burgoyne's expedition from Canada | [343] |
| Howe carries his army from New York to the Chesapeake | [343] |
| Surrender of Burgoyne, 1777 | [343] |
| American privateering | [344] |
| Clandestine support of the Americans by France | [345] |
| Treaty between France and the Americans | [346] |
| Vital importance of the French fleet to the Americans | [347] |
| The military situation in the different quarters of the globe | [347] |
| Breach between France and England | [350] |
| Sailing of the British and French fleets | [350] |
| Battle of Ushant, 1778 | [351] |
| Position of a naval commander-in-chief in battle | [353] |
| [CHAPTER X.] |
| Maritime War in North America and West Indies, 1778-1781.—ItsInfluence upon the Course of the American Revolution.—FleetActions off Grenada, Dominica, and Chesapeake Bay. |
| D'Estaing sails from Toulon for Delaware Bay, 1778 | [359] |
| British ordered to evacuate Philadelphia | [359] |
| Rapidity of Lord Howe's movements | [360] |
| D'Estaing arrives too late | [360] |
| Follows Howe to New York | [360] |
| Fails to attack there and sails for Newport | [361] |
| Howe follows him there | [362] |
| Both fleets dispersed by a storm | [362] |
| D'Estaing takes his fleet to Boston | [363] |
| Howe's activity foils D'Estaing at all points | [363] |
| D'Estaing sails for the West Indies | [365] |
| The English seize Sta. Lucia | [365] |
| Ineffectual attempts of D'Estaing to dislodge them | [366] |
| D'Estaing captures Grenada | [367] |
| Naval battle of Grenada, 1779; English ships crippled | [367] |
| D'Estaing fails to improve his advantages | [370] |
| Reasons for his neglect | [371] |
| French naval policy | [372] |
| English operations in the Southern States | [375] |
| D'Estaing takes his fleet to Savannah | [375] |
| His fruitless assault on Savannah | [376] |
| D'Estaing returns to France | [376] |
| Fall of Charleston | [376] |
| De Guichen takes command in the West Indies | [376] |
| Rodney arrives to command English fleet | [377] |
| His military character | [377] |
| First action between Rodney and De Guichen, 1780 | [378] |
| Breaking the line | [380] |
| Subsequent movements of Rodney and De Guichen | [381] |
| Rodney divides his fleet | [381] |
| Goes in person to New York | [381] |
| De Guichen returns to France | [381] |
| Arrival of French forces in Newport | [382] |
| Rodney returns to the West Indies | [382] |
| War between England and Holland | [382] |
| Disasters to the United States in 1780 | [382] |
| De Grasse sails from Brest for the West Indies, 1781 | [383] |
| Engagement with English fleet off Martinique | [383] |
| Cornwallis overruns the Southern States | [384] |
| He retires upon Wilmington, N.C., and thence to Virginia | [385] |
| Arnold on the James River | [385] |
| The French fleet leaves Newport to intercept Arnold | [385] |
| Meets the English fleet off the Chesapeake, 1781 | [386] |
| French fleet returns to Newport | [387] |
| Cornwallis occupies Yorktown | [387] |
| De Grasse sails from Hayti for the Chesapeake | [388] |
| Action with the British fleet, 1781 | [389] |
| Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781 | [390] |
| Criticism of the British naval operations | [390] |
| Energy and address shown by De Grasse | [392] |
| Difficulties of Great Britain's position in the war of 1778 | [392] |
| The military policy best fitted to cope with them | [393] |
| Position of the French squadron in Newport, R.I., 1780 | [394] |
| Great Britain's defensive position and inferior numbers | [396] |
| Consequent necessity for a vigorous initiative | [396] |
| Washington's opinions as to the influence of Sea Power on the American contest | [397] |
| [CHAPTER XI.] |
| Maritime War in Europe, 1779-1782. |
| Objectives of the allied operations in Europe | [401] |
| Spain declares war against England | [401] |
| Allied fleets enter the English Channel, 1779 | [402] |
| Abortive issue of the cruise | [403] |
| Rodney sails with supplies for Gibraltar | [403] |
| Defeats the Spanish squadron of Langara and relieves the place | [404] |
| The allies capture a great British convoy | [404] |
| The armed neutrality of the Baltic powers, 1780 | [405] |
| England declares war against Holland | [406] |
| Gibraltar is revictualled by Admiral Derby | [407] |
| The allied fleets again in the Channel, 1781 | [408] |
| They retire without effecting any damage to England | [408] |
| Destruction of a French convoy for the West Indies | [408] |
| Fall of Port Mahon, 1782 | [409] |
| The allied fleets assemble at Algesiras | [409] |
| Grand attack of the allies on Gibraltar, which fails, 1782 | [410] |
| Lord Howe succeeds in revictualling Gibraltar | [412] |
| Action between his fleet and that of the allies | [412] |
| Conduct of the war of 1778 by the English government | [412] |
| Influence of Sea Power | [416] |
| Proper use of the naval forces | [416] |
| [CHAPTER XII.] |
| Events in the East Indies, 1778-1781.—Suffren sails from Brestfor India, 1781.—His Brilliant Naval Campaign in the Indian Seas,1782, 1783. |
| Neglect of India by the French government | [419] |
| England at war with Mysore and with the Mahrattas | [420] |
| Arrival of the French squadron under Comte d'Orves | [420] |
| It effects nothing and returns to the Isle of France | [420] |
| Suffren sails from Brest with five ships-of-the-line, 1781 | [421] |
| Attacks an English squadron in the Cape Verde Islands, 1781 | [422] |
| Conduct and results of this attack | [424] |
| Distinguishing merits of Suffren as a naval leader | [425] |
| Suffren saves the Cape Colony from the English | [427] |
| He reaches the Isle of France | [427] |
| Succeeds to the chief command of the French fleet | [427] |
| Meets the British squadron under Hughes at Madras | [427] |
| Analysis of the naval strategic situation in India | [428] |
| The first battle between Suffren and Hughes, Feb. 17, 1782 | [430] |
| Suffren's views of the naval situation in India | [433] |
| Tactical oversights made by Suffren | [434] |
| Inadequate support received by him from his captains | [435] |
| Suffren goes to Pondicherry, Hughes to Trincomalee | [436] |
| The second battle between Suffren and Hughes, April 12, 1782 | [437] |
| Suffren's tactics in the action | [439] |
| Relative injuries received by the opposing fleets | [441] |
| Contemporaneous English criticisms upon Hughes's conduct | [442] |
| Destitute condition of Suffren's fleet | [443] |
| His activity and success in supplying wants | [443] |
| He communicates with Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore | [443] |
| Firmness and insight shown by Suffren | [445] |
| His refusal to obey orders from home to leave the Indian Coast | [446] |
| The third battle between Suffren and Hughes, July 6, 1782 | [447] |
| Qualities shown by Hughes | [449] |
| Stubborn fighting by the British admiral and captains | [449] |
| Suffren deprives three captains of their commands | [449] |
| Dilatory conduct of Admiral Hughes | [450] |
| Suffren attacks and takes Trincomalee | [450] |
| Strategic importance of this success | [451] |
| Comparative condition of the two fleets in material for repairs | [451] |
| The English government despatches powerful reinforcements | [452] |
| The French court fails to support Suffren | [452] |
| The fourth battle between Suffren and Hughes, Sept. 3, 1782 | [453] |
| Mismanagement and injuries of the French | [455] |
| Contrast between the captains in the opposing fleets | [456] |
| Two ships of Suffren's fleet grounded and lost | [457] |
| Arrival of British reinforcements under Admiral Bickerton | [458] |
| Approach of bad-weather season; Hughes goes to Bombay | [458] |
| Military situation of French and English in India | [459] |
| Delays of the French reinforcements under Bussy | [460] |
| Suffren takes his fleet to Achem, in Sumatra | [460] |
| He returns to the Indian coast | [461] |
| Arrival of Bussy | [461] |
| Decline of the French power on shore | [461] |
| The English besiege Bussy in Cuddalore by land and sea | [462] |
| Suffren relieves the place | [462] |
| The fifth battle between Suffren and Hughes, June 20, 1783 | [463] |
| Decisive character of Suffren's action | [463] |
| News of the peace received at Madras | [463] |
| Suffren sails for France | [464] |
| His flattering reception everywhere | [464] |
| His distinguishing military qualities | [465] |
| His later career and death | [466] |
| [CHAPTER XIII.] |
| Events in the West Indies after the Surrender of Yorktown.—Encounters of De Grasse with Hood.—The Sea Battle of theSaints.—1781-1782. |
| Maritime struggle transferred from the continent to West Indies | [468] |
| De Grasse sails for the islands | [469] |
| French expedition against the island of St. Christopher, January, 1782 | [469] |
| Hood attempts to relieve the garrison | [470] |
| Manœuvres of the two fleets | [471] |
| Action between De Grasse and Hood | [472] |
| Hood seizes the anchorage left by De Grasse | [473] |
| De Grasse attacks Hood at his anchorage | [474] |
| Hood maintains his position | [475] |
| Surrender of the garrison and island | [475] |
| Merits of Hood's action | [476] |
| Criticism upon De Grasse's conduct | [477] |
| Rodney arrives in West Indies from England | [479] |
| Junction of Rodney and Hood at Antigua | [479] |
| De Grasse returns to Martinique | [479] |
| Allied plans to capture Jamaica | [479] |
| Rodney takes his station at Sta. Lucia | [480] |
| The French fleet sails and is pursued by Rodney | [480] |
| Action of April 9, 1782 | [481] |
| Criticism upon the action | [483] |
| The chase continued; accidents to French ships | [484] |
| The naval battle of the Saints, April 12, 1782 | [485] |
| Rodney breaks the French line | [488] |
| Capture of the French commander-in-chief and five ships-of-the-line | [489] |
| Details of the action | [489] |
| Analysis of the effects of Rodney's manœuvre | [491] |
| Tactical bearing of improvements in naval equipment | [493] |
| Lessons of this short naval campaign | [495] |
| Rodney's failure to pursue the French fleet | [496] |
| Examination of his reasons and of the actual conditions | [497] |
| Probable effect of this failure upon the conditions of peace | [498] |
| Rodney's opinions upon the battle of April 12 | [499] |
| Successes achieved by Rodney during his command | [500] |
| He is recalled by a new ministry | [500] |
| Exaggerated view of the effects of this battle upon the war | [500] |
| Subsequent career of De Grasse | [501] |
| Court-martial ordered upon the officers of the French fleet | [502] |
| Findings of the court | [502] |
| De Grasse appeals against the finding | [503] |
| He is severely rebuked by the king | [503] |
| Deaths of De Grasse, Rodney, and Hood | [504] |
| [CHAPTER XIV.] |
| Critical Discussion of the Maritime War of 1778. |
| The war of 1778 purely maritime | [505] |
| Peculiar interest therefore attaching to it | [506] |
| Successive steps in the critical study of a war | [507] |
| Distinction between "object" and "objective" | [507] |
| Parties to the war of 1778 | [507] |
| Objects of the different belligerents | [508] |
| Foundations of the British Empire of the seas | [510] |
| Threatened by the revolt of the colonies | [510] |
| The British fleet inferior in numbers to the allies | [511] |
| Choice of objectives | [511] |
| The fleets indicated as the keys of the situation everywhere | [513] |
| Elements essential to an active naval war | [514] |
| The bases of operations in the war of 1778:— | |
| In Europe | [515] |
| On the American continent | [515] |
| In the West Indies | [516] |
| In the East Indies | [518] |
| Strategic bearing of the trade-winds and monsoons | [518] |
| The bases abroad generally deficient in resources | [519] |
| Consequent increased importance of the communications | [519] |
| The navies the guardians of the communications | [520] |
| Need of intermediate ports between Europe and India | [520] |
| Inquiry into the disposition of the naval forces | [521] |
| Difficulty of obtaining information at sea | [521] |
| Perplexity as to the destination of a naval expedition | [522] |
| Disadvantages of the defensive | [523] |
| England upon the defensive in 1778 | [523] |
| Consequent necessity for wise and vigorous action | [524] |
| The key of the situation | [525] |
| British naval policy in the Napoleonic wars | [525] |
| British naval policy in the Seven Years' War | [527] |
| Difficulties attending this policy | [527] |
| Disposition of the British navy in the war of 1778 | [528] |
| Resulting inferiority on many critical occasions | [528] |
| Effect on the navy of the failure to fortify naval bases | [529] |
| The distribution of the British navy exposes it to being out-numbered at many points | [531] |
| The British naval policy in 1778 and in other wars compared | [532] |
| Naval policy of the allies | [535] |
| Divergent counsels of the coalition | [536] |
| "Ulterior objects" | [537] |
| The allied navies systematically assume a defensive attitude | [538] |
| Dangers of this line of action | [538] |
| Glamour of commerce-destroying | [539] |
| The conditions of peace, 1783 | [540] |
| [Index] | [543] |