FOOTNOTES:
[1] It was the next day.
[2] History of Rome, by Thomas H. Dyer, LL.D., p. 295, New York and London, 1877.
[3] The Old Roman World, by John Lord, LL.D., chap. xiii., p. 558 ff., New York, 1873.
[4] Outlines of the History of Religions, by Prof. C. P. Tiele, translated from the Dutch by J. E. Carpenter, pp. 242, 244. London and Boston, 1877.
[5] Epitome Annalium Cardinalis Baronii, a Spondano. In Dues Partes. p. 79, Lugduni, 1686.
[6] De Inventore Rerum, lib. v., cap. i., Venetus, 1490.
[7] Antiquities of France, lib. 2, cap. 1.
[8] Faux Visage de l’Antiquité.
[9] Which are to be found in the edition printed with the king’s privilege, at Lyons, by William Rouille, anno 1556.
[10] Conformity between Ancient and Modern Ceremonies, Leyden, 1677, pp. 4, 5.
For the original, see Veterum Romanorum Religio, Guilielmo du Choul, Amstelædami, 1685, p. 216.
[11] Middleton’s Works, vol. iii., pp. 117, 118, London, 1752. See also Aringhus, Rom. Subter., tom. 1, lib. i., c. 21.
[12] Last Results of Persian Research, in Outlines of the Philosophy of History, by C. C. J. Bunsen, chap. 3, sec. 1, part 1, of First Part, London, 1854.
[13] History of the Corruption of Christianity, vol. ii., pp. 441, 442, Birmingham, 1782.
[14] The Irish Race in the Past and the Present, by Rev. Aug. Thebaud, S. J., p. 63, New York, 1876.
[15] Christ and Other Masters, by Charles Hardwick, M.A., part 2, p. 183, Cambridge, 1857.
[16] The Church in the Catacombs, etc., by Chas. Maitland, M.D., p. 306, London, 1846.
[17] Evenings with the Romanists, pp. 221-223, London, 1854.
[18] Eastern sun-worship.
[19] Influence of Rome on Christianity, Hibbert Lectures for 1880, p. 33 ff.
[20] The Old Catholic Church, etc., W. D. Killen, D.D., pp. 44-6, Edinburgh, 1871.
[21] Lives of the Fathers, vol. i., pp. 350-1, Edinburgh, 1889.
[22] Four Lectures on Some Epochs of Early Church History, by Charles Merivale, D.D., Dean of Ely, pp. 149-155, New York, Randolph; no date.
[23] Ancient Symbol Worship, Westropp and Wake, pp. 94, 96, New York, 1874.
[24] Apostolic and Post-Apostolic Times, G. V. Lechler, D.D., pp. 262, 263.
[25] Cf. Hibbert Lectures for 1888, by Edwin Hatch, D.D., Lecture i.
[26] See The Gnostics and Their Remains, by C. W. King, M.A., p. 5, London, 1887.
[27] See Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, vol. i., chap. 4.
[28] Church History, vol. i., p. 566, N. Y., 1882.
[29] Dogmengeschichte, vol. i., chap. 4.
[30] Bauer, Church Hist., vol. i., p. 191, London, 1878.
[31] Hom., Il., ii., 204.
[32] Ps. Justin. (probably Apollonius, see Dräseke, in the Jahrb. f. protestant. Theologie, 1885, p. 144), chap. xvii.
[33] Hom., Il., xviii., 483.
[34] Ps. Justin., chap. xxviii.
[35] Hom., Il., xiv., 206; also Clem. Alex., Stroma., v., 14.
[36] Il., xxii., 8; Clem. Alex., Stroma., v., 14.
[37] Hippol., Philosophoumena, vi., 14.
[38] Herod., iv., 8-10.
[39] Hippol., v., 21.
[40] Hibbert Lectures for 1888, Lecture iii., pp. 69, 70, 72.
[41] Irenæus, Against Heresies, book i., chap. viii.
[42] Irenæus, Against Heresies, book i., chap. viii.
[43] Stroma., book i., chap. iii.
[44] Strom., bk. vi., ch. xi.
[45] Influence of Greek Thought, etc., p. 77.
[46] In quotations from the Fathers, words and clauses in brackets are thus printed as “supplied words” in the Ante-Nicene Library of T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh.
[47] Epistle, ch. viii.
[48] Epistle, ch. ix.
[49] Epistle, chap. x.
[50] This is a real or pretended quotation from some unknown Apochryphal book.
[51] Epistle, chap. xii.
[52] Dialogue with Trypho, chap. lxxxvi.
[53] Isaiah liv., 9, may be referred to here, but there is nothing in Isaiah or elsewhere in the Bible like what Justin here asserts.
[54] Dialogue, etc., chap. cxxxviii.
[55] Ante-Nicene Library, T. & T. Clark, vol. vi., p. 500.
[56] Epistle of Clement, chap. xxv.
[57] Stromata, bk. vi., ch. xvi.
[58] Against Marcion, book iii., chapter xviii.
[59] Letter lv., chapter xvii., par. 31.
[60] The Old Catholic Church, by W. D. Killen, D.D., pp. 99, 100, Edinburgh, 1871.
[61] Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism, pp. 346, 347.
[62] Analysis of Ancient Mythology, by Jacob Bryant, third edition, six vols. London, 1807, vol. i., page 255.
[63] Jamblicus—Taylor’s translation,—The Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians, p. 141, Chiswick, 1821.
[64] Ibid., p. 144.
[65] Æneid, book viii., lines 70-82.
[66] Fasti, book iv., between lines 728 and 779.
[67] Metamorphoses, book i., fable 10, line 651 f.
[68] Herodotus, book vii., section 54, page 431, N. Y., 1848.
[69] Satire vii., lines 520-30, page 59, Evans’ translation, Bohn, London, 1852.
[70] The Cabiri, “punishers of the ancient mythology, performing their former duties under the new dispensation.”
[71] The Gnostics and Their Remains, pp. 141 ff.
[72] Ibid., p. 6.
[73] Ibid., p. 154.
[74] Ibid., pp. 329, 330.
[75] The Gnostics and Their Remains, p. 224.
The references to Hippolytus, made by King may be found in vol. vi., Ante-Nicene Library, Edinburgh, 1877, pp. 126-194, especially 150, 151. One should read the fifth book of his “Refutation of All Heresies” to see how much water, as a divine agency and power, entered into various phases of the gnostic system. The original of the quotations from the gnostic gospel, Pistis-Sophia, may be found in the London edition—Latin—of 1856.
[76] Ibid., p. 106.
[77] Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought, p. 416, London, 1878.
[78] Christ and Other Masters, part iv., p. 84.
[79] Brahmanism and Hinduism, by Sir Monier-Williams, M.A., D.C.L., London, 1887, p. 172.
[80] See p. 447.
[81] Ibid., p. 437 ff.
[82] Religious Thought and Life in India, p. 346, London, 1883.
[83] Buddhism, etc., p. 356, 357, New York, 1889.
[84] The Wheel of the Law; Buddhism, Illustrated from Siamese Sources, by Henry Alabaster, London, 1871, pp. 30, 31.
[85] Modern Hinduism, by W. J. Wilkins, p. 219, New York, 1887. Consult also, Religions of India, by A. Barth, p. 278 ff., New York, 1882.
[86] Buddhism in its Connection with Brahmanism and Hinduism, and in its Contrast with Christianity, second edition, London, 1890.
[87] See Mr. Scott’s Burmah, ii., 48.
[88] Pp. 341, 342.
[89] P. 344.
[90] The Progress of Religious Ideas, New York, 1853, vol. i., p. 124.
[91] Northern Antiquities of the Ancient Scandinavians, translated from the French of P. H. Mallet by Bishop Percy, edition revised by J. A. Blackwell, London, 1847, p. 206.
[92] The Origin and Development of Religious Belief, by S. Baring Gould, M.A., London, 1869, p. 393.
[93] For details see Ueber die Wasserweihe des Germanischen Heidenthumes, von Konrad Maurer, as found in the Transactions of the Bavarian Academy of Science for 1880.
[94] See on this point Marquardt, Das Privat-leben der Romer, i., pp. 81, 82.
[95] Vol. ii., pp. 586, 587.
[96] Vol. ii., pp. 588, 590.
[97] Several attributes of the heathen goddess Holda passed over to the worship of Mary in the Roman Catholic Church.
[98] Compare this with what is said by Pliny, and with the use of spittle by the Roman Catholics in baptism. [Chapter V. of this book].
[99] See A Short Account of the Holy Brook, etc., by John Gutslaff, Pastor at Urbs in Liefland, Dorpt, 1644, pp. 25, 258.
[100] Conquest of Mexico, vol. iii., p. 369 f., Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott.
[101] Hist. de Nueva Espana, lib. vi., cap. xxxvii.
[102] The Native Races, Myths, and Languages, vol. iii., p. 369 seq., San Francisco, 1882.
[103] Antiquities of Greece, by John Potter, D.D., vol. i., pp. 261-263, Edinburgh, 1832.
[104] See Satire vi., line 522.
[105] The Origin and Development of Religious Belief, by S. Baring Gould, M.A., vol. i., p. 397, London, 1869.
[106] See Keil, Attische Culte aus Inschriften, Philologus, bd. xxiii., 212, 259, 592, 622; also Weingarten, Histor. Zeitschrift, bd. xlv., 1881, p. 441 ff.
[107] See Tertullian, De Baptismo, chap. v.; and Clem. of Alex., Strom., book v., chap. iv.
[108] Cf. Hatch, Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church.
[109] Cf. Clem. of Alex., Exhortation to the Heathen, chap. xii.
[110] Cf. Hatch as above; and Lenormant, in Contemporary Review for September, 1880.
[111] “The objection which Celsus makes (c. Cels., i., 1, Keim, p. 3) to the secrecy of the Christian associations would hardly have held good in the apostolic age. Origen admits (c. Cels., i., 7) that there are exoteric and esoteric doctrines in Christianity, and justifies it by (1) the philosophies, (2) the mysteries. On the rise of this conception of Christian teaching as something to be hidden from the mass, cf. the Valentians in Tert., c. Valent., i., where there is a direct parallel drawn between them and the mysteries; also the distinction of men into two classes—πνευματικοὶ and ψυχικοὶ or ὑλικοί,—among the Gnostics. Yet this very secrecy was naturalized in the Church. Cf. Cyril Hier., Catech., vi., 30; Aug. in Psalm ciii.; Hom., xcvi., in Joan; Theodoret, Quæst. xv., in Num., and Dial., ii., (Inconfusus); Chry., Hom., xix., in Matt. Sozomen’s (i., 20, 3) reason for not giving the Nicene creed is significant alike as regards motive and language.”—Hibbert Lectures, 1888, p. 293 and footnote.
[112] Cf. Hatch, p. 294 ff.
[113] Apol., i., 61.
[114] Cf. Clem. of Alex., Stroma., bk. ii., chap. iii.
[115] Chrysostom, Hom., 85, in Joan, xix., 34.
[116] Cf. Apostol. Const. and Bingham Antiq. in loco.
[117] Hatch, p. 298.
[118] Cf. Dic. Chris. Antiq., “Baptism” and “Creed.”
[119] Com. Praev. Ad. Ord. Rom. Museum, Ital., ii., xcix.
[120] Hatch, p. 299.
[121] Pp. 307-308.
[122] Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs in Italy and Sicily, by John James Blunt, pp. 164, 165, and 167. London, 1823.
[123] Perseus, Satire ii., 31.
[124] Natural History, book vii., chap. ii., vol. ii., p. 126. London, edition 1856.
[125] Natural History, book xxviii., chap. vii., vol. v., pp. 288-90. London, 1856.
[126] On Baptism, Ante-Nicene Library, vol. xi., p. 231 ff.
[127] Epistle of Barnabas, chap. xi., Ante-Nicene Library, vol. i., pp. 120, 121.
[128] First Apology, ch. li., Ante-Nicene Library, vol. ii., p. 59. T. & T. Clark.
[129] Numbering as found in vol. viii. of Ante-Nicene Library. Clark’s edition.
[130] Vol. ii. of Hippolytus and His Age, page 236.
[131] Hippolytus and His Age, by C. C. J. Bunsen, D.C.L., vol. ii., pp. 321-7. London, 1852.
[132] A Pilgrimage to Rome, by Rev. M. Hobart Seymore, M.A., p. 537. London, 1848.
[133] History of the Corruption of Christianity, by Joseph Priestley, LL.D., F.R.S., vol. ii., p. 111. Birmingham, 1782.
[134] A letter from Rome, by Conyers Middleton, D.D., Works, vol. iii., p. 71 ff. London, 1752.
[135] Orations, etc., p. 115. Oxford, 1755.
[136] See The Church Progress and Catholic World, St. Louis, Mo., July 5, 1890.
[137] Pilgrimage, etc., p. 527.
[138] Ibid., p. 535.
[139] Eusebius, Ecc. Hist., vi., x.
This reference to Eusebius should be book x., chap. iv., p. 375 of vol. i. Christian Literature Company’s publications, second series. The description given by Eusebius shows that holy water played an important part in the Christian Church at Tyre, as early as 315 A.D. See also Bingham, Antiquities, book viii., chap. iii. The church buildings described by Eusebius and Bingham contained many prominent elements of sun-worship, associated with the water-worship emblems.
[140] Rome, Pagan and Papal, by Mourant Brock, M.A., p. 107 ff. London, 1883.
[141] Matt. iii., 11.
[142] The Two Babylons, by Rev. Alexander Hislop, p. 142 ff., seventh edition, London.
[143] Numbers xxv.
[144] Judges ii., 13; iii., 7; vi., 25 ff.; x., 6; 1 Sam. vii., 4; xii., 10.
[145] 1 Kings xvi., 31 ff., and xix., 10.
[146] 2 Kings x., 18-28, and xvii., 16.
[147] 2 Kings xviii., 4, and xxi., 3.
[148] When Joshua, the servant of Jehovah, commanded the sun to stand still, there was given an ocular demonstration of the power of the God who made the heavens and the earth, over the sun-god, in whom the pagan enemies of Israel trusted.
[149] Dialogue with Trypho, chap. x.
[150] Ibid., chap. xi.
[151] Ibid., chap. xii.
[152] Dialogue, etc., chap. xviii.
[153] Against the Jews, chapters ii. and vi.
[154] Matthew v., 17-19.
[155] Matthew xxii., 35-40.
[156] 17th verse.
[157] Romans iii., 31.
[158] Romans v., 13, 14.
[159] The example of Christ and His Apostles concerning Sabbath observance is discussed in detail in Biblical Teachings, etc., by the writer, pp. 26-44.
[160] Romans v., 13.
[161] Matt. xxviii., 1-8; Mark xvi., 2; Luke xxiv., 1-3; John xx., 1.
[162] Acts xx., 7.
[163] 1 Cor. xvi., 2.
[164] John xix., 23 and 26, and Rev. i., 10.
[165] For discussion of the time of Christ’s resurrection, see Biblical Teachings, etc., by the writer.
[166] The reader will find this question discussed in detail in “Biblical Teachings Concerning the Sabbath and the Sunday,” p. 26 ff. If that is not at hand, take your Bible and Concordance, and examine each passage in the New Testament where “Sabbath” occurs. Cf. also Sabbath Commentary, by Bailey.
[167] For an examination of the writings, genuine and spurious, which are adduced in favor of Sunday observance, before the time of Justin Martyr, consult A Critical History of the Sabbath and Sunday in the Christian Church, by the writer, pp. 33-69.
[168] Chap. lxvii.
[169] Sabbath: An Examination of the Six Texts, p. 274 seq., London, 1849.
[170] Stromata, book v., chap. xiv.
[171] Stromata, book vii., chap. xii.
[172] Stromata, book vii., chap. xvi.
[173] Stromata, book vi., chap. xvi.
[174] De Idolatria, chap. xiv.
[175] Church History, vol. iii., pp. 131, 132, New York, 1884.
[176] The Institutes of Justinian, by Thomas Collett Sandars, Oxford, Eng., Introduction, p. 4, Chicago, 1876.
[177] Prolegomena of the History of Religions, by Albert Reville, D.D., p. 169, London, 1884.
[178] Outlines of the History of Religions, C. P. Tiele, Boston, 1877, pp. 237, 238.
[179] Schaff, History of the Christian Church, vol. ii., pp. 58, 59.
[180] Decline, etc., vol. i., pp. 170, 171, New York, 1883.
[181] Ibid., vol. i., p. 361.
[182] Hist. Christianity, book ii., chap. ix.
[183] Life and Words of Christ, vol. i., pp. 53, 54. Appleton & Co., 1883.
[184] See Schaff, vol. ii., chap. 64 ff.
[185] La Fin du Paganisme: Étude sur les Dernières Luttes Religieuses en Occident, au Quatrième Siècle. Par Gaston Boissier, de l’Académie Française, et de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. Tome premier, p. 28, Paris 1891.
[186] The Old Catholic Church, etc., by W. D. Killen, D.D., pp. 70-72, Edinburgh, 1871.
[187] Decline, etc., c. xxviii.
[188] Beda, lib. i., c. xxx.
[189] The Religions of the World, by F. W. Maurice, p. 185, London, 1886.
[190] Four Lectures on Early Church History, by Charles Merivale, D.D., pp. 13, 14, New York.
[191] Ibid., p. 45.
[192] Universal Church History, by Rev. Dr. John Alzog, vol. i., p. 471, Cincinnati, 1874.
[193] Church History, vol. iii., pp. 14-18.
[194] Cod. Justin., lib. iii., tit. xii., l. 3.
[195] Codex Theod., lib. xiv., tit. x., l. 1.
[196] Antiquities of the Christian Church, book xx., chap. ii., sec. 2.
[197] History of Christianity, book iii., chaps. i. and iv.
[198] Feasts and Fasts, p. 6.
[199] Feasts and Fasts, p. 86, et seq.
[200] English Works from Original MS. in Bodleian Library, book ii., p. 75.
[201] Historical Commentaries, book iv., chap. iv.
[202] Sunday and the Mosaic Sabbath (Anonymous), p. 4.
[203] Lect. V.
[204] Philological Museum, i., 30.
[205] Cf. Robert Cox, Sabbath Literature, vol. i., p. 359. For the Scotch laws mentioned by Cox, see Critical History of Sunday Legislation, by the writer, pp. 144-146.
[206] Homily 6, On Ephesians.
[207] Page 222 of vol. ii. of The Writings of Cyprian, in Ante-Nicene Library.
[208] On the Catechising of the Uninstructed, chap. xxv., ¶ 48.
[209] Ecc. Hist., book vii., chap. xxix.
[210] Ibid., book ix., chap. xvii.
[211] Book vii., chap. xxi.
[212] See Ezek. viii., 14-18.
[213] Jer. vii., 17-19.
[214] Pp. 224, 226.
[215] The Cross, Ancient and Modern, by Willson W. Blake, illustrated, pp. 18, 19, New York.
[216] The Cross, Heathen and Christian, by Mourant Brock, M.A., pp. 18, 57-59, London.
[217] Died 460 A.D.
[218] Boissier gives a minute account of the vision of Constantine and its effects in leading him to favor Christianity. He quotes from Lactantius, tutor of Constantine’s sons, who describes the vision of the Emperor in his treatise, The Death of the Persecutors. This summary, given by Boissier, shows that the sign which Constantine saw in his vision, and which he engraved upon his military standard, was not the cross proper, but the monogram known as the Chi-Ro. It is described by Lactantius in these words: “The letter ‘X’ crossed by a bar, the top of which was gently recurved, forming thus the monogram of Christ”—(cf. La Fin du Paganisme).
[219] Antiquities, etc., book xvi., chap. v., sec. 6.
[220] Hom. viii., On Colossians.
[221] Homily liv., ¶ 7, On the Gospel of St. Matthew.
[222] Scorpiace, xv.
[223] Antiquities, book xi., chap. ix., sec. 5.
[224] Antiquities, book xi., chap. x., secs. 3 and 4.
[225] Tractate 118, On the Gospel of St. John.
[226] Epists. 64 and 69.
[227] Lives of the Fathers, by F. W. Farrar, D.D., F.R.S., vol. i., pp. 332, 333, Edinburgh, 1889.
[228] Socrates, Eccl. History, book vii., chap. iv.
[229] Ibid., chap. xvii.
[230] Antiquities, book ii., chap. ii.
[231] Antiquities, book ii., chap. vi., sec. 3.
[232] Antiquities, book xi., chap. vii., sec. 7.
[233] The City of God, book xxii., chap. viii.
[234] See Tertullian, Apologeticus, chap. xlvi., and Ad Uxorum, lib. ii., chap. vi.
[235] See Hefele, History of the Councils, etc., to 325 A.D., pp. 150, 151. Clark’s edition, Edinburgh, 1872.
[236] The Church in the Catacombs, p. 225, London, 1846.
[237] See Maitland, p. 228.
[238] Court of the Gentiles, by Theophilus Gale, part iii., book ii., chap. ii., section 3, paragraph 4.
[239] Stromata, book vii., chap. vii.
[240] Ad Nationes, chap. xiii.
[241] Teutonic Mythology, by Jacob Grimm, four vols., London, 1883, vol. ii., p. 115.
[242] Ibid., vol. ii., p. 619.
[243] Ibid., vol. ii., p. 613.
[244] Schaff, vol. ii., p. 254.
[245] The Two Babylons, seventh edition, London, p. 21 ff.
[246] Jer. xliv., 19.
[247] Two Babylons, p. 169. The references to Wilkinson’s Egyptians are vol. ii., p. 94, and vol. v., pp. 383, 384.
[248] Ovid, Fasti, bk. i.
[249] Hislop, Two Babylons, p. 106.