THE NAMES OF THE VPRIGHT MEN, ROGES, AND PALLYARDS.

Ere followeth the vnrulye rablement of rascals, and the moste notoryous and wyckedst walkers that are lyuinge nowe at this present, with their true names as they be called and knowne by. And although I set and place here but thre orders, yet, good Reader, vnderstand that all the others aboue named are deriued and come out from the vpright men and Roges. Concerning the number of Mortes and Doxes, it is superfluous to wryte of them. I could well haue don it, but the number of them is great, and woulde aske a large volume.

There is aboue an hundreth of Irish men and women that wander about to begge for their lyuing, that hath come ouer within these two yeares. They saye the[y] haue béene burned and spoyled by the Earle of Desmond, and report well of the Earle of Vrmond.

¶ All these aboue wryten for the most part walke about Essex, Myddlesex, Sussex, Surrey, and Kent. Then let the reader iudge what number walkes in other Shieres, I feare me to great a number, if they be well vnderstande.

[Headnote: HARMON. PEDDELARS FRENCHE.]

[leaf 27, back]

[163]*Here followyth their pelting speche.*

Ere I set before the good Reader the leud, lousey language of these lewtering Luskes and lasy Lorrels, where with they bye and sell the common people as they pas through the countrey. Whych language they terme Peddelars Frenche, a vnknowen toung onely, but to these bold, beastly, bawdy Beggers, and vaine Vacabondes, being halfe myngled with Englyshe, when it is famyliarlye talked, and fyrste placinge thinges by their proper names as an Introduction to this peuyshe spéeche.

Nab,

a head.

Nabchet,

a hat or cap.

Glasyers,

eyes.

a smelling chete,

a nose.

gan,

a mouth.

a pratling chete,

a tounge.

Crashing chetes,

téeth.

Hearing chetes,

eares.

fambles,

handes.

a fambling chete,

a rynge on thy hand.

quaromes,

a body.

prat,

a buttocke.

stampes,

legges.

a caster,

a cloke.

a togeman,

a cote. {83}

a com­mis­sion,

a shierte.

drawers,

hosen.

stampers,

shooes.

a mofling chete,

a napkyn.

a belly chete,

an apern.

dudes,

clothes.

a lag of dudes,

a bucke of clothes.

a slate or slates,

a shéete or shetes.

lybbege,

a bed.

bunge,

a pursse.

lowre,

monye.

mynt,

golde.

a bord,

a shylling.

halfe a borde,

sixe pence.

flagg,

a groate.

a wyn,

a penny.

a make,

a halfepeny.

bowse,

drynke.

bene,

good.

benshyp,

very good.

quier,

nought.

a gage,

a quarte pot.

a skew,

a cuppe.

pannam,[164]

bread.

cassan,

chéese.

yaram,[165]

mylke.

lap,

butter milke or whey.

[leaf 28] pek,

meate.

poppelars,

porrage.

ruff pek,

baken.

a grunting chete or a patricos kynchen,

a pyg.

a cakling chete,

a cocke or capon.

a margery prater,

a hen.

a Roger or tyb of the buttery,

a Goose.

a quakinge chete or a red shanke,

a drake or ducke.

grannam,

corne.

a lowhinge chete,

a Cowe.

a bletinge chete,

a calf a or shéepe.

a prauncer,

a horse.

autem,

a church.

Salomon,

a alter or masse.

patrico,

a priest.

nosegent,

a Nunne.

a gybe,

a writinge.

a Iarke,

a seale.

a ken,

a house.

a staulinge ken,

a house that wyll receaue stolen ware.

a bousing ken,

a ale house.

a Lypken,

a house to lye in.

a Lybbege,

a bedde.

glymmar,

fyre.

Rome bouse,

wyne.

lage,

water.

a skypper,

a barne.

strommell,

strawe.

a gentry cofes ken,

A noble or gentlemans house.

a gygger,

a doore. {84}

bufe,

a dogge.

the lightmans,

the daye.

the darkemans,

the nyght.

Rome vyle,

London.

dewse a vyle,

the countrey.

Rome mort,

the Quene.

a gentry cofe,

a noble or gentleman.

a gentry morte,

A noble or gentle woman.

the quyer cuffyn,[166]

the Iusticer of peace.

the harman beck,

the Counstable.

the harmans,

the stockes.

Quyerkyn,

a pryson house.

Quier crampringes,

boltes or fetters.

tryninge,

hanginge.

chattes,

the gallowes.

the hygh pad,

the hygh waye.

the ruffmans,

the wodes or bushes.

a smellinge chete,

a garden or orchard.

crassinge chetes,

apels, peares, or anye other frute.

to fylche, to beate, to
stryke, to robbe.[167]

to nyp a boung,

to cut a pursse.

To skower the cramprings, [leaf 28, back]

to weare boltes or fetters.

to heue a bough,

to robbe or rifle a boeweth.

to cly the gerke,

to be whypped.

to cutte benle,[168]

to speake gently.

to cutte bene whydds,

to speake or geue good wordes.

to cutte quyre whyddes,

to geue euell wordes or euell language.

to cutte,

to saye.

to towre,

to sée.

to bowse,

to drynke.

to maunde,

to aske or requyre.

to stall,

to make or ordaine.

to cante,

to speake.

to myll a ken,

to robbe a house.

to prygge,

to ryde.

to dup the gyger,

to open the doore.

to couch a hogshead,

to lye downe and sléepe.

to nygle,

to haue to do with a woman carnally.

stow you,

holde your peace.

bynge a waste,

go you hence.

to the ruffian,

to the deuell.

the ruffian cly the,

the deuyll take thée.

¶ The vpright Cofe canteth to the Roge.[169]

The vpright man speaketh to the Roge.

VPRIGHTMAN.[170]

Bene Lightmans to thy quarromes, in what lipken hast thou lypped in this darkemans, whether in a lybbege or in the strummell? {85}

God morrowe to thy body, in what house hast thou lyne in all night, whether in a bed, or in the strawe?

ROGE.

I couched a hogshead in a Skypper this darkemans.

I layd[171] me downe to sléepe in a barne this night.

VPRIGHT MAN.[172]

I towre the strummel trine vpon thy nabchet[173] and Togman.

I sée the strawe hang vpon thy cap and coate.

ROGE.

I saye by the Salomon I will lage it of with a gage of benebouse; then cut to my nose watch.

I sweare by the masse[174], I wull washe it of with a quart of good drynke; [leaf 29][175] then saye to me what thou wylt.

MAN.

Why, hast thou any lowre in thy bonge to bouse?

Why, hast thou any money in thy purse to drinke?

ROGE.

But a flagge, a wyn, and a make.

But a grot, a penny, and a halfe penny.

MAN.

Why, where is the kene that hath the bene bouse?

where is the house that hath good drinke?

ROGE.

A bene mort hereby at the signe of the prauncer.

A good wyfe here by at the signe of the hors.

MAN.

I cutt it is quyer buose, I bousd a flagge the laste dark mans.

I saye it is small and naughtye drynke. I dranke a groate there the last night.

ROGE.

But bouse there a bord, and thou shalt haue beneship.

But drinke there a shyllinge, and thou shalt haue very good.

Tower ye yander is the kene, dup the gygger, and maund that is bene shyp.

Se you, yonder is the house, open the doore, and aske for the best. {86}

MAN.

This bouse is as benshyp[176] as rome bouse.

This drinke is as good as wyne.

Now I tower that bene bouse makes nase nabes.

Now I se that good drinke makes a dronken heade.

Maunde of this morte what bene pecke is in her ken.

Aske of this wyfe what good meate shee hath in her house.

ROGE.

She hath a Cacling chete, a grunting chete, ruff Pecke, cassan, and popplarr of yarum.

She hath a hen, a pyg, baken, chese and mylke porrage.

MAN.

That is beneshyp to our watche.

That is very good for vs.

Now we haue well bousd, let vs strike some chete.

Nowe we haue well dronke, let us steale some thinge.

Yonder dwelleth a quyere cuffen, it were beneship to myll hym.

Yonder dwelleth a hoggeshe and choyrlyshe man, it were very well donne to robbe him.

ROGE.

Nowe bynge we a waste to the hygh pad, the ruffmanes is by.

Naye, let vs go hence to the hygh waye, the wodes is at hand.

MAN. So may we happen on the Harmanes, and cly the Iarke, or to the quyerken and skower quyaer cramprings, and so to tryning on the chates.

[leaf 29, back] So we maye chaunce to set in the stockes, eyther be whypped, eyther had to prison house, and there be shackled with bolttes and fetters, and then to hange on the gallowes.

Gerry gan, the ruffian clye thee.

A torde in thy mouth, the deuyll take thee.

MAN. What, stowe your bene, cofe, and cut benat whydds, and byng we to rome vyle, to nyp a bong; so shall we haue lowre for the bousing ken, and when we byng back to the deuseauyel, we wyll fylche some duddes of the Ruffemans, or myll the ken for a lagge of dudes.

What, holde your peace, good fellowe, and speake better wordes, and go we to London, to cut a purse; then shal we haue money for the ale house, and {87} when wee come backe agayne into the country, wee wyll steale some lynnen clothes of one[177] hedges, or robbe some house for a bucke of clothes.

¶ By this lytle ye maye holy and fully vnderstande their vntowarde talke and pelting speache, mynglede without measure; and as they haue begonne of late to deuyse some new termes for certien thinges, so wyll they in tyme alter this, and deuyse as euyll or worsse. This language nowe beinge knowen and spred abroade, yet one thinge more I wyll ad vnto, not meaninge to Englyshe the same, because I learned the same[178] of a shameles Doxe, but for the phrase of speche I set it forth onely.

There was a proude patrico and a nosegent, he tooke his Iockam in his famble, and a wappinge he went, he dokte the Dell, hee pryge to praunce, he byngd a waste into the darke mans, he fylcht the Cofe, with out any fylch man.

[Headnote: HARMON. NYCHOLAS BLUNTE’S TRICKS.]

Hyle this second Impression was in printinge, it fortuned that Nycholas Blunte, who called hym selfe Nycholan Gennyns, a counterefet Cranke, that is spoken of in this booke, was fonde begging in the whyte fryers on Newe yeares day last past, Anno domini .1567, and commytted vnto a offescer, who caried hym vnto the depetye of the ward, which commytted hym vnto the counter; and as the counstable and a nother would haue caried hym thether, This counterfet Cranke ran awaye, but one lyghter of fote then the other ouer toke hym, and so leading him to the counter, where he remayned three days, and from thence to Brydewell, where before the maister[179] he had his dysgysed aparell put vpon hym, which was monstrous to beholde, And after stode in Chepesyde with the same apparil on a scafold.[180]

[Headnote: HARMON. THE STOCKES.]

[leaf 30]

A Stockes to staye sure, and safely detayne, Lasy lewd Leutterers, that lawes do offend, Impudent persons, thus punished with payne, Hardlye for all this, do meane to amende.

{88}

Fetters or shackles serue to make fast, Male malefactours, that on myschiefe do muse, Vntyll the learned lawes do quite or do cast, Such suttile searchers, as all euyll do vse.

{89}

[Headnote: HARMON. THE ROGE’S END.]

[lf 30, bk]

¶ O dolefull daye! nowe death draweth nere, Hys bytter styng doth pearce me to the harte. {90} I take my leaue of all that be here, Nowe piteously playing this tragicall parte. Neither stripes nor teachinges in tyme could conuert, wherefore an ensample let me to you be, And all that be present, nowe praye you for me.

[Headnote: HARMON. THE COUNTERFET CRANKE.]

[†]¶ This counterfet Cranke, nowe vew and beholde, Placed in pyllory, as all maye well se: This was he, as you haue hard the tale tolde, before recorded with great suttylte, Ibused manye with his inpiete, his lothsome attyre, in most vgly manner, was through London caried with dysplayd banner.[182]

{91}

[Headnote: HARMON. CONCLUSION.]

Thus I conclude my bolde Beggars booke, That all estates most playnely maye see, As in a glasse well pollyshed to looke, Their double demeaner in eche degree. Their lyues, their language, their names as they be, That with this warning their myndes may be warmed, To amend their mysdeedes, and so lyue vnharmed.

FINIS.

¶ Imprinted at London, in Fletestrete, at the signe of the Faulcon by Wylliam gryffith. Anno Domni. 1567.[183]

[183] B. adds ‘the eight of January’. (This would make the year 1568 according to the modern reckoning. Harman’s ‘New Yeares day last past, Anno domini 1567’, p. [86], must also be 156 78 .)

{92}

A Sermon in Praise of Thieves and Thievery.

[Lansdowne MS. 98, leaf 210.]

A sermon made by Parson Haben vppon a mold hill at Hartely Row,[184] at the Comaundment of vij. theves, whoe, after they had robbed him, Comaunded him to Preache before them.

I Marvell that euerye man will seme to dispraise theverye, and thinke the doers thereof worthye of Death, when it is a thinge that Cometh nere vnto vertve, and is vsed of all men, of all sortes and in all countryes, and soe comaunded and allowed of god himselfe which thinge, because I cannot soe sapiently shewe vnto you a[185] soe shorte a tyme and in soe shorte a place, I shall desire you, gentle theves, to take in good parte this thinge that at this tyme Cometh to minde, not misdoubtinge but you of your good knowledge are able to ad more vnto the same then this which I at this tyme shall shewe vnto you. ffirst, fortitude and stoutnes, Courage, and boldnes of stomacke, is Compted of some a vertue; which beinge graunted, Whoe is he then that will not Iudge theves vertuous, most stoute, most hardye? I most, withoute feare. As for stealinge, that is a thinge vsuall:—whoe stealeth not? ffor not only you that haue besett me, but many other in many places. Men, Woemen, and Children, Riche and poore, are dailye of that facultye, As the hange {94} man of Tiborne can testifye. That it is allowed of god himselfe, it is euident in many storyes of the Scriptures. And if you liste to looke in the whole Course of the bible, you shall finde that theves haue bin belovid of god. ffor Iacobe, when he Came oute of Mesopotamia, did steale his vncles lambes; the same Iacobe stale his brother Esawes blessinge; and that god saide, “I haue chosen Iacob and refused Esawe.” The Children of Isarell, when they came oute of Egippe, didd steale the Egippsians Iewells and ringes, and god comaunded the[m] soe to doe. David, in the dayes of Ahemel[e]ch the preiste, came into the temple and stole awaye the shewe bread; And yet god saide, “this is a man accordinge to myne owne harte.” Alsoe Christe himsellfe, when he was here vppon earth, did take an asse, a Colte, which was none of his owne. And you knowe that god saide, “this is my nowne sone, in whome I delighte.”

Thus maye you see that most of all god delighteth in theves. I marvell, therefore, that men can despise your lives, when that you are in all poynts almost like vnto Christe; for Christ hade noe dwellinge place,—noe more haue you. Christe, therefore, at the laste, was laide waite for in all places,—and soe are you. Christe alsoe at the laste was called for,—and soe shall you be. He was condemned,—soe shall you be. Christe was hanged,—soe shall you be. He descended into hell,—so shall you. But in one pointe you differ. He assendid into heaven,—soe shall you never, without gods mercye, Which god graunte for his mercyes sake! Toe whome, with the sonne and the holye goste, be all honour and glory for euer and euer. Amen!

After this good sermon ended, which Edefied them soe muche, Theye hadd soe muche Compassion on him, That they gave him all his mony agayne, and vij s more for his sermon.

{93}

A Sermon in Praise of Thieves and Thievery.

[MS. Cott. Vesp. A xxv. leaf 53]

A sermo

of parson Hyberdyne which he made att the commandemente of certen theves, after thay had Robbed hym, besydes hartlerowe, in hamshyer, in the feldes, ther standinge vpon a hy

where as a wynde myll had bene, in the presens of the theves that robbed hym, as followithe.

the sermon as followethe

I greatly merve

that any man wy

presume to dysprase theverie, and thynke the dooeres therof to be woorthy of deathe, consyderinge itt is a thynge that cumithe nere vnto vertue, beinge vsed of many in a

contries, And commendid and allowed of god hym selfe; the which, thinge, by-cause I cannot compendiously shew vnto yow at soo shorte a warnynge and in soo sharpe a wether, I sha

desyer yow, gentle audiens of theves, to take in good parte thes thynges that at thys tyme cumythe to my mynde, not mysdowtynge but that yow of yowre good knowledge are able to add mutch more vnto ytt then this which I sha

nowe vtter vnto yow. ffyrst, fortitude, and stowtnes of corage, and also bowldnes of minde, is commendyd of sume men to be a vertue; which, beinge grawnted, who is yt then that wy

not iudge theves to be vertused? for thay be of a

men moste stowte and hardy, and moste withowte feare; for thevery is a thynge moste vsua

emonge a

men, for not only yow that be here presente, but many other in dyuerse places, bothe men and wemen and chyldren, rytche and poore, are dayly of thys facultye, {95} as the hangman of tyboorne can testyfye: and that yt is allowed of god hym selfe, as it is euydente in many storayes of [the] scriptures; for yf yow looke in the hole cowrse of the byble, yow shall fynde that theves haue bene beloued of gode; for Iacobe, whan he came owte of Mesopotamia, dyd steale his vncle labanes kyddes; the same Iacobe also dyd steale his brothe[r] Esaues blessynge; and yett god sayde, “I haue chosen Iacobe and refused Esau.” The chyldren of ysrae

, whan they came owte of Egypte, dyd steale the egiptians iewelles of syluer and gowlde, as god commawnded them soo to doo. Davyd, in the days of Abiather the hygh preste, did cume into the temple and dyd steale the hallowed breede; and yet god saide, “Dauid is a ma

euen after myne owne harte.” Chryste hym selfe, whan he was here on the arthe, did take an asse and a cowlte that was none of hys; and yow knowe that god said of hym, “this is my beloued soone, in whome I delighte.” thus yow may see that god delightithe in theves. but moste of a

I marve

that men can dispyse yow theves, where as in a

poyntes almoste yow be lyke vnto christe hym selfe: for chryste had noo dwellynge place; noo more haue yow. christe wente frome towne to towne; and soo doo yow. christe was hated of a

men, sauynge of his freendes; and soo are yow. christe was laid waite vpon in many places; and soo are yow. chryste at the lengthe was cawght; and soo sha

yow bee. he was browght before the iudges; and soo sha

yow bee. he was accused; and soo sha

yow bee. he was condempned; and soo sha

yow bee. he was hanged; and so sha

yow bee. he wente downe into he

; and soo sha

yow dooe. mary! in this one thynge yow dyffer frome hym, for he rose agayne and assendid into heauen; and soo sha

yow neuer dooe, withowte godes greate mercy, which gode grawnte yow! to whome with the father, and the soone, and the hooly ghoste, be a

honore and glorye, for euer and euer. Amen!

Thus his sermon beinge endyd, they gaue hym his money agayne that thay tooke frome hym, and ijs to drynke for hys sermon.

finis.

{96}

[Blank Page]

[The parts added to HARMAN’S CAUEAT to make]

THE

Groundworke of Conny-catching;

the manner of their Pedlers-French, and the meanes to vnderstand the same, with the cunning slights of the Counterfeit Cranke. Therein are handled the practises of the Visiter, the Fetches of the Shifter and Rufflar, the deceits of their Doxes, the deuises of Priggers, the names of the base loytering Losels, and the meanes of euery Blacke-Art-mans shifts, with the reproofe of all their diuellish practises. Done by a Justice of Peace of great authoritie, who hath had the examining of diuers of them.

Printed at London by Iohn Danter for William Barley, and are to be sold at his shop at the vpper end of Gratious streete, ouer against Leaden-hall, 1592.

7

{98}

[Blank Page]

{99}

[Headnote: THE GROUNDWORKE OF CONNY-CATCHING.]

[leaf 2]

To the gentle Readers health.

Gentle reader, as there hath beene diuers bookes set forth, as warnings for all men to shun the craftie coossening sleights of these both men and women that haue tearmed themselues Conny-catchers; so amongst the rest, bestow the reading ouer of this booke, wherin thou shalt find the ground-worke of Conny-catching, with the manner of their canting speech, how they call all things in their language, the horrible coossening of all these loose varlots, and the names of them in their seuerall degrees,

All these playing their coossenings in their kinde are here set downe, which neuer yet were disclosed in anie booke of Conny-catching. {100}

[Headnote: SHIFTERS AT INNS.]

[leaf 2, back]

A new kind of shifting sleight, practised at this day by

some of this Cony-catching crue, in Innes or vitualling

houses, but especially in Faires or Markets,

which came to my hands since the im-

printing of the rest.

Whereas of late diuers coossening deuises and deuilish deceites haue beene discouered, wherby great inconueniences haue beene eschewed, which otherwise might haue beene the vtter ouerthrowe of diuers honest men of all degrees, I thought this, amongst the rest, not the least worthie of noting, especially of those that trade to Faires and Markets, that therby being warned, they may likewise be armed, both to see the deceit, and shun the daunger. These shifters will come vnto an Inne or vittailing house, that is most vsed in the towne, and walke vp and downe; and if there come any gentleman or other, to lay vp either cloke, sword, or any other thing woorth the hauing, then one of this crue taketh the marks of the thing, or at least the token the partie giueth them: anone, after he is gone, he likewise goeth forth, and with a great countenance commeth in againe to the mayde or seruant, calling for what another left: if they doubt to deliuer it, then hee frets, and calles them at his pleasure, and tels them the markes and tokens: hauing thus done, hee blames their forgetfulnes, and giues them a couple of pence to buy them pinnes, bidding them fetch it straight, and know him better the next time, wherewith they are pleasd, and he possest of his pray. Thus one gotte a bagge of Cheese the last Sturbridge Faire; for in such places (as a reclaimd fellow of that crue confessed) they make an ordinary practise of the same.

[The Pedler’s French follows, taken word for word from Harman’s book, p. [82]–7 above.]

[leaf 5]

THE VISITER.

An honest youth, not many yeares since, seruant in this City, had leaue of his master at whitsontide to see his friends, who dwelt some fifty miles from London. It hapned at a Country wake, his mother and hee came acquainted with a precise scholler, that, vnder colour of strickt life, hath bin reputed for that hee is not: hee is well {101} knowen in Paules Churchyard, and hath beene lately a visiting in Essex; for so he presumes to tearme his cosening walks: and therefore wee will call him here a Visiter. This honest seeming man must needes (sith his iourney lay to London) stay at the yong mans mothers all the holy daies: where as on his desert hee was kindly vsed; at length, the young man, hauing receiued his mother’s blessing, with other his friendes giftes, amounting to some ten poundes, was to this hypocrite as to a faithful guide committed, and toward London they ride: by the way this Visiter discourses how excellent insight he had in Magick, to recouer by Art anything lost or stolne. Well, to sant Albons they reach; there they sup together, and, after the carowsing of some quarts of wine, they go to bed, where they kindly sleepe,—the Visiter slily, but the young man soundly. Short tale to make—out of his bed-fellow’s sleeue this Visiter conuaid his twenty Angels, besides some other od siluer, hid it closely, and so fell to his rest. Morning comes—vp gets this couple—immediately the money was mist, much adoo was made; the Chamberlaine with sundry other seruants examined; and so hot the contention, that the good man, for the discharge of his house, was sending for a Constable to haue them both first searcht, his seruants Chests after. In the meane time the Visiter cals the yong man aside, and bids him neuer grieue, but take horse; and he warrants him, ere they be three miles out of towne, to helpe him to his money by Art, saying:—“In these Innes ye see how we shall be out-faced, and, beeing vnknowne, how euer we be wrongd, get little remedy.” The yong man, in good hope, desired him to pay the reckoning, which done, together they ride. Being some two miles from the towne, they ride out of the ordinary way: there he tels this youth how vnwilling hee was to enter into the action, but that it was lost in his company, and so forth. Well, a Circle was made, wondrous words were vsed, many muttrings made: at length hee cries out,—“vnder a greene turfe, by the East side of an Oake; goe thither, goe thither.” This thrice he cryed so ragingly, as the yuong man gest him mad, and was with feare almost beside himself. At length, pausing, quoth this Visiter, “heard ye nothing cry?” “Cry!” said the yong man, “yes; [leaf 5, back] you cride so as, for twise ten pound, I would not heare ye {102} again.” “Then,” quoth he, “’tis all well, if ye remember the words.” The yong man repeated them. With that this shifter said, “Go to the furthest Oke in the high-way towards S. Albons, and vnder a greene turfe, on the hither side, lyes your mony, and a note of his name that stole it. Hence I cannot stirre till you returne; neyther may either of our horses be vntide for that time: runne yee must not, but keepe an ordinary pace.” Away goes the yong man gingerly; and, being out of sight, this copesmate takes his cloke-bag, wherein was a faire sute of apparel, and, setting spurres to his horse, was, ere the Nouice returned, ridde cleane out of his view. The yong man, seeing himselfe so coossened, made patience his best remedie, tooke his horse, and came to London, where yet it was neuer his lucke to meet this visiter.

[Headnote: A SHIFTER DESCRIBED.]

A SHIFTER.

A Shifter, not long since, going ordinarily booted, got leaue of a Carrier to ride on his owne hackney a little way from London, who, comming to the Inne where the Carier that night should lodge, honestly set vp the horse, and entred the hal, where were at one table some three and thirty clothiers, all returning to their seuerall countries. Vsing, as he could, his curtesie, and being Gentleman-like attirde, he was at all their instance placed at the vpper end by the hostesse. After hee had a while eaten, he fel to discourse with such pleasance, that all the table were greatly delighted therewith. In the midst of supper enters a noise of musitions, who with their instruments added a double delight. For them hee requested his hostesse to laye a shoulder of mutton and a couple of capons to the fire, for which he would pay, and then mooued in their behalfe to gather. Among them a noble was made, which he fingring, was well blest; for before he had not a crosse, yet he promist to make it vp an angel. To be short, in comes the reckoning, which (by reason of the fine fare and excesse of wine) amounted to each mans halfe crown. Then hee requested his hostesse to prouide so many possets of sacke, as would furnish the table, which he would bestow on the Gentlemen to requite their extraordinary costs: and iestingly askt if she would {103} make him her deputie to gather the reckoning; she graunted, and he did so: and on a sodaine, (faining to hasten his hostesse with the possets) he tooke his cloke, and, finding fit time, hee slipt out of doores, leauing the guestes and their hostesse to a new reckoning, and the musitians to a good supper, but they paid for the sauce. This iest some vntruly attribute to a man of excellent parts about London, but he is slandered: the party that performed it hath scarce any good qualitie to liue. Of these sort I could set downe a great number, but I leaue you now vnto those which by Maister Harman are discouered.

[Then follows Harman’s book, commencing with a Ruffelar, p. [29]. The woodcut of Nicolas Blunt and Nicolas Geninges (p. [50], above) is given, and another one representing the Cranke after he was stripped and washed. The volume ends with the chapter “Their vsage in the night,” p. [76]–8 above,—the woodcuts and verses at the end of Harman’s book being omitted in the present Groundworke of Conny-catching. The last words in the latter are, “And this must the poore Farmer suffer, or els they threaten to burne him, and all that he hath.”]

INDEX.

Abraham men, those who feign madness, [3]; one of them, named Stradlynge, ‘the craftiest and moste dyssemblyngest knaue,’ [47]

Altham, a curtall’s wife, [4]

Arsenick, to make sores with, [44]

associate, accompany, [53]

Autem, a church, [67], [83]

— Mortes, description of, [67]; as chaste as Harman’s ‘Cowe,’ [67]

Awdeley, Iohn, a printer, [1]

Awdeley’s Vacabondes; Harman’s references to, [20], [60]

Axiltrye, casting of the, [46]

baken, bacon, [3]

baudy banquet, whoring, [63]

bauer, ? band, [52]

Bawd Phisicke, a cook, [14]

Bawdy baskets, description of, [65]; a story of one who, with an upright man, spoiled a poor beggar of his money, [66]

beggar by inheritance, [42]

belly chere, food, [32]

belly chete, an apron, [83]

benat, better, [86]

bene, good, [83]

bene bowse, good drink, [59]

beneship, very well, [86]

benshyp, very good, [83], [86]

beray, dung, [13]; dirty, [52]

beteled, ? (betelled is deceived), [67]

Bethlem Hospital, [52], [53]

Blackheath, [77]

bletinge chete, a calf or sheep, [83]

Blunt, Nicolas, an upright man, [50], [87]

bong, purse, [84], [86]

booget, a bag, [59]

bord, a shilling, [83]

—, half a, sixpence, [83]

borsholders, [21], n., superior constables. See Halliwell’s Glossary.

bottell, bundle, truss, [72]

Bottomelye, Besse, a harlot, [75]

bousing ken, an ale-house, [83]

bowle, drink bowls of liquor, [32]

bowse, drink, [32], [83]; v. to drink, [84]

braste, burst, [73]

Bridewell, [57], [87]

broused, bruised, [29]

bryberinge, stealing, [60]

Buckes, baskets, [21]

Buckingham, Duke of, beheaded, [22]

bufe, a dog, [84]

bung, a purse, [83], [84], [86]

buskill, ? bustle, wriggle, [15]

bychery, [67]

bycherye, whoring, [61]

byd, pray, [15]

byng a waste, go you hence, [84]

cakling chete, a cock, or capon, [83]

can skyl, know, [8]

cante, to speak, [84]

Canting, the language of vagabonds, [23]; list of words, [82]–4; specimen of, [84]–6

Capcases, covers for caps, small bandboxes, [65]

Capon hardy, [12]. For ‘capron hardy,’ ‘a notable whipster or twigger,’ a bold or saucy young scamp. (See the Index to Caxton’s Book of Curtesye, E. E. T. Soc., p. 54.)

cassan, cheese, [83]

caster, a cloak, [82]

casting of the sledge, [46]

Caueat, a warning, [17]

Chafe litter, the knave, described, [13]

chafer, heating dish, [59]

Charing Cross, [58]

chattes, the gallows, [84], [86]

Chayne, a gentleman, [58]

Cheapside, [57], [87]

Cheatours, card-sharpers enticing young men to their hosteries, win their money and depart, [7]

cheeke by cheeke (now ‘by jowl’), [12]

chete, animal, [83], col. 2, foot

chetes, things, [42]

Choplogyke, description of, [15]

Christ, like a thief, [94], [95]

Christes Hospital, [8]

Clapperdogens, [44]. See Palliards.

Clement’s Inn, [53]

clocke, a cloak, [55]

clyme three tres with a ladder, to ascend the gallows, [31]

cly the gerke, to be whipped, [84]

Cole, false, [15]. (See Mr R. Morris in Notes and Queries, Oct., 1869, on Colfox, &c.)

Cole Prophet, description of, [15]

commission, a shirt, [83]

Commitour of Tidings, a tell-tale, [14]

common, commune, [45]

conneys, rabbits, [35]

conneyskins, rabbitskins, [65]

connizance, cognizance, [35]

Cornwall, [48]

Cory fauell, a knave, described, [16]

couch a hogshead, lie down and sleep, [77], [84]

Counterfet Crankes, description of, [51]; story of one that Harman watched, [51]; how he was dressed, [51]; his refusal to wash when bidden, [52]; gives the name of Genings, [52]; said he had been in Bethlehem Hospital, [52], which Harman found to be a lie, [53]; in the middle of the day he goes into the fields and renews the blood on his face, [53]; what money he received, [53]; at night he goes to Newington, where he is given in charge, [54]; the amount of his gains, [55]; his escape, [55]; his recapture, [56], n.; his punishment, [57], n.

Cousoners, cheaters, [1]

Crashing chetes, teeth, [82]

crassinge chetes, apples, pears, or any other fruit, [84]

Cross Keys Inn in Cranford (Middlesex) or Crayford (Kent), [77]

cuffen, fellow, [86]. See Quyer.

Cursetors, [17]; explanation of, [27]

Curtal, [37]

Curtall, one who is next in authority to an upright man, [4]

Curtesy man, described, [6]

cutte, to say, [84]

cutte bene whydds, speak or give good words, [84]

cutte benle, speak gently, [84]

cutte quyre whyddes, give evil words or evil language, [84]

darkemans, night, [84]

Dartford, [58]

David, a thief, [94], [95]

ded lyft, a; last refuge, [34]

Dells, rogues’ virgins, described, [75]

Demaunder for glymmar, description of, [61]; story of one who behaved courteously to one man and uncourteously to another, [61]–65

Deptford, [77]

Desmond, Earl of, [82]

Devil’s Pater noster, [15]

Devonshire, [48]

dewse a vyle, the country, [84], [86]

Dialogue, between upright man and rogue, [84]–87

dokte, fornicated with, [87]

Dommerar, description of, [57]; of one who was made to speak, and afterwards punished on the pillory, [58], [59]

doson, dozen, [34]

Doxes, description of, [4], [6], [73]

Draw-the-pudding-out-of-the-fire; a beggars’ inn at Harrow-on-the-Hill, [77]

drawers, hosen, [83]

Drawlatches, a class of beggars, [27]

Dronken Tinckar, description of, [59]

drouselye, drowsily, [76]

dudes, cloths, [83]

dup the gyger, open the door, [84]

Dyng-thrift, description of, [15]

Egiptians, description of, [23]

Esau, a thief, [94], [95]

Esaye, Isaiah, [24]

Esen Droppers, eaves-droppers, [15]

exonerate, empty (one’s belly), [55]

factors, tax-gatherers, [45]

fambles, hands, [82]; famble, [87]

fambling chete, ring on the hand, [82]

Faytores, a class of beggars, [27]

ferres, [35], ferries

Filtchman, the truncheon of a staff, [4]

Fingerers, [7]–9. See Cheatours.

for knowing; against, to prevent, being recognized, [71]

flagg, a groat, [83], [85]

flebytinge, [73]

fletinge Fellowshyp, the company of vagabonds, [24]

Frater, one who goes with a licence to beg for some Spittlehouse or Hospital, but who usually robs poor women, [4]; description of, [45]

Freshwater Mariner, description of, [48]

Furmenty, [22]

fustian fume, [46]

fylche, to beat, to rob, [84]

fylthy firy flankard, [29]

fynesed, finished, [70]

Fyngerer, [8], [9]

gage, a quart pot, [83]

— of bowse, a quart of drink, [34]

gally slopes, breeches, [35]

gan, a mouth, [82]

gealy gealowsit, good fellowship, [55]

gentry cofes ken, a noble or gentleman’s house, [83]

gentry morte, a noble or gentlewoman, [84]

Genynges, Nicolas, a counterfeit cranke, [50], [87]

gestes, guests, [61]

Glasyers, eyes, [82]

glimmeringe morte, a woman who travels the country begging, saying her goods have been burnt, [61]

glymmar, fire, [61], [83]

grannam, corn, [83]

Grauesend barge, a resort of vagabonds and knaves, [1]

graunt, agree, [53]

greffe, grief, [55]

Grene Winchard, description of a, [14]

Groundworke of Conny-catching, [97]

grunting chete, or patricos kynchen, a pig, [83]

Gryffith, Wylliam, a printer, [17]

Gybe, a licence, [4]; a writing, [83]

gygger, a door, [83], [85]

Gyle Hather, description of, [14]

gyllot, a whore, [71]

Haben, a witty parson, [92]

hande charcher, handkerchief, [72]

Harman beck, constable, [84]

Harman, Thomas, his Caveat, [17]–[91]; epistle to the reader, [27]; his old tenant, [30]; his copper cauldron stolen, [35]; recovered, [35]; notice to tinkers of the loss of his cauldron, [35]; his gelding stolen, [44]; in commission of the peace, [60]; paid for beggars’ secrets, [74]

Harmans, the stocks, [84]

Harrow-on-the-Hill, inn at, [77]

Hartley Row in Hampshire, [92], [93]

Hearing chetes, ears, [82]

heauing of the bowth, robbing the booth, [4]

Helpers of rogues, [9]

Helycon, [28]

heue a bough, rob a booth, [84]

Hill’s, Mr, Rents, [57]

him redundant: leapes him, [43], l. 24

Hoker, or Angglear, description of, [35]; anecdote of one who took the clothes of the bed in which 3 men were sleeping, without awaking them, [36]

Holborn, [54]

hollowe hosteler, [63]

horse locke, [39]

hosen, breeches, [71], [72]

hosted, lodged, [57], n.

hosteries, card-sharpers’ resorts, [9]

House of Pity, inn in Northall, [77]

hoyssed, hoisted, [20]

huggeringe, loitering, [43]

Hyberdyne, a parson, [93]

hygh, hie, [33]

hygh pad, highway, [84]

Jacob, a thief, [94], [95]

Iarckeman, a maker of counterfeit licences, [5], [60]

Iarckes, seals, [4]

Iarke, a seal, [83]

ich, I, [8]

Jeffrey Gods Fo, a liar, [13]

Ingratus, an ungrateful knave, [16]

in printe, meaning ‘correct,’ [45]

Iockam, yard, penis, [87]

iompe, jump, plump, exactly, [44]

Irishe toyle, a beggar, [5]

Irish rogues, [44], [48]

Isleworth (Thystellworth), St Julian’s, a beggars’ inn at, [77]

Iusticers, Justices, [21]

Karle, a knave, [8]

ken, a house, [83], [84], [86]

Kent, a man of worship in, death of, [22]

Kent, mentioned, [37], [43], [48], [61], [63], [66], [68], [77]

Kent St, Southwark, [57]

Ketbroke, a beggars’ inn, near Blackheath, [77]

kinde, nature, [52]

Kitchen Co, a boy, [5], [76]

— Morte, a girl, [5], [76]

Knapsbery (inn near London), [77]

Knaues, 25 orders of, [1]

—, quartern of, [1]

Kynges barne, beggars’ inn in Kent, [77]

lage, water, [83]

lag of dudes, a bucke of clothes, [83]

lap, butter, milk, or whey, [83]

lasy Lorrels, [82]

lecherous husband cured, [68]–[73]

Leicester, [56]

lewed lecherous loyteringe, [31]

lewtering Luskes, [82]

licoryce knaue, a drunkard, [13]

lightmans, day, [84]

(Lincoln’s Inn) Fields, [53]

London, [30], [42], [49]

lousey leuterars, vagabonds, [22]

lowhinge chete, a cow, [83]

lowre, money, [83], [85], [86]

Lubbares, lubbers, [47]

luckly, lucky, [19]

Ludgate, [57]

lybbege, a bed, [83]

lybbet, a stick, [26]

lykinge, lustful, [21]

Lynx eyes, [54]. (See Index to Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience.)

Lypken, a house to lie in, [83]

make, halfpenny, [83]

make (think) it strange, [41]

makes, mates, [23]

mammerings, mumblings, [72]

manerly marian, [62]

margery prater, a hen, [83]

Mariner, one at Portsmouth the maker of counterfeit licences for Freshwater mariners, [49]

matche of wrastlinge, [46]

maunde, ask or require, [84], [85]

Messenger, Ione, an honest bawdy basket, [65]

Milling of the ken, sending children into houses to rob, [67]

mofling chete, a napkin, [83]

mounched, eat, [72]

mounch-present, one who, being sent by his master with a present, must taste of it himself, [14]

myll a ken, rob a house, [84]

mynt, gold, [83]

Nab, a head, [82], [86]

Nabchet, a hat or cap, [82]

nase, drunken, [86]

Newhaven, [67]

Newington, [54], [56]

Nichol Hartles, a coward, [13]

Northall, beggars’ inn at, [77]

nosegent, a nun, [83]

nouels, news, [14]

Nunquam, a loitering servant, [16]

nygle, haue to do with a woman carnally, [84]

nyp a boung, to cut a purse, [84]

Obloquium, a malapert knave, [13]

occupying, holding of land, [38]

of, off, [39]

oysters of East Kent, [68]

Palliards, description of, [4], [44]; doings of, [44]; list of names of, [81], [82]

pannam, bread, [83]

Param, milk, [83], n.

patrico, a priest, [6], [60]

paulmistrie, fortune-telling, [23]

pecke, meat, [86]

peddelars Frenche. See Canting.

pek, meat, [83]

peld pate, head uncovered, [34]

pelte, clothes, [76]

peltinge, ? paltry, contemptible, [20]

Penner, a pen-case, [54]

pens, pence, [55]

pickthanke knaue, [14]

pillory in Cheapside, [57]

pitching of the barre, [46]

pity: it pytied him at the hart, [41]

poppelars, porridge, [83]

porte sale, ? quick sale, [77]

Portsmouth, [49]

Poules, St Paul’s, [8]

prat, a buttocke, [82]

prating knaue, [15]

pratling chete, a tongue, [82]

prauncer, a horse, [83]

Prigger of Paulfreys, a stealer of horses, [4]

Proctour, a liar, [14]; keeper of a spittlehouse, [45]

PROVERBS:
although Truth be blamed, it shall never be shamed, [28]
as the begger knowes his dishe, [32]
don’t wake the sleeping dog, [73]
God hath done his part, [48]
out of sight, out of minde, [32]
swete meate wyll haue sowre sawce, [72]

prygge, to ride, [84]

Prygger of Prauncers, description of, [42]; a story of a gentleman who lost his horse by giving it in charge for a short time to a ‘priggar,’ [43]

Prygges, tinkers, [59]

Prygman, one who steals clothes off hedges, and a robber of poultry, [3]

quakinge chete, or red shanke, a drake or duck, [83]

quaromes, a body, [82]

Queen Elizabeth, [21]

quier, nought, [83]

Quier crampringes, bolts or fetters, [84], [86]

Quire bird, one lately come out of prison, [4]

quyer cuffyn, justice of the peace, [84], [86]

Quyerkyn, prison house, [84], [86]

rabblement, [19]

rakehelles, [19]

Ratsbane, [44]

rechles, reckless, [15]

rifflinge, [32]

Rince pytcher, a drunkard, [13]

Ring chopper, description of, [11]

— faller, description of, [10]

Robardesmen, robbers, [27]. See William of Nassington’s description of them quoted in Notes & Queries by F. J. F., 1869; and The Vision of Piers Plowman, ed. Wright, ii. 506, 521.

Robin goodfelow, [36]

Rochester, [66]

Rogeman, a receiver of stolen clothes, [3]

Roger, or tyb of the buttery, a goose, [83]

Roges, description of, [36]; subject to beastly diseases, [37]; list of names of, [80], [81]

Rogues, a story of two, who made the acquaintance of a parson at an ale-house, and afterwards went to his house and robbed him, [37]

Rome bouse, wine, [83]

Rome mort, the Queen, [84]

Rome vyle, London, [84]

Rothered in Kent, [77]

rowsey, ? rough, or frowzy, [19]

Royal Exchange, [8]

roylynge, travelling, [31]

ruffe, rough, [33]

Ruffeler, a robber of ‘wayfaring men and market women,’ [3], [29]; a story of one who robbed an old man, a tenant of Harman’s, on Blackheath, [30]

ruffian cly the, devil take thee, [84]

ruffian, to the, [84], to the devil

ruffmans, woods or bushes, [84]

ruff pek, bacon, [83]

ruysting, roystering, [32]

Salomon, an altar, or mass, [83]

sawght, sought, [62]

Saynt Augustyn, [24]

scelorous, wicked, [20]

sewerly, surely, [50]

Shifters, [1]

shotars hyl, Shooter’s Hill, [30]

Shreeues, sheriffs, [21]

Shrewd turne, ? sharp handling, hard usage, [15]

Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Countess of, Harman’s dedication to, [19]

shrodge, shrugged, hugged, [71]

Simon soone agon, a loitering knave, [13]

skew, a cup, [83]

Skoller, a waterman (and his boat), [54]

skower the cramprings, wear bolts or fetters, [84]

skypper, a barn, [83]

slates, sheets to lie in, [61], [76], [77], [83]

small breefe, old briefe of vacabonds, meaning Awdeley’s book, [20]

smell feastes, [46]

smelling chete, a nose, [82]; a garden or orchard, [84]

snowte fayre, fair-faced, [61]

sod, boiled, [22]

Somersetshire, [61]

soup, chewed, to produce foaming at the mouth, [51]

Spanlles, spaniel-dogs, [33]

Spearwort, [44]

Spice-cakes, [12]

spitlehouse, [45]; row in a, [45]; the constable wants to take in custody the roysterers, [46]; the good wife of the house intreats him for her guests, and while so doing the next door neighbours enter the kitchen, and steal the supper that she was preparing, [46]

squaymysh, squeamish, [55]

St. George’s Fields, [54]

St. Giles’s in the Fields, [54]

St. Julian’s (inn in Thystellworth; Isleworth), [77]

St. Quinten’s (inn near London), [77]

St. Tybbe’s (inn near London), [77]

stall, to make or ordain, [84]

stalling to the rogue, ceremony of, [34]

stampers, shoes, [83]

stampes, legs, [82]

Statutes, i. Edw. VI. c. iii, p. [20], n.; xxvii. Hen. VIII. for punishment of vagabonds, [29]

staulinge ken, a house that will receive stolen wares, [32], [83]

stibber gibber knaue, a liar, [14]

stow you, hold your peace, [84]

Stradlynge, an Abraham man, [47]

strommell, straw, [83]

Sturton, Lord, [48]

summer-games, [47]

surgeon, who strung up the dumb rogue, [58]–9

Swadders and Pedlers, description of, [60]

Swygman, a pedlar, [5]

tempering, tampering, [70]

Temple Bar, [53]

‘Thank God of all,’ [67] (cp. Shakspere’s ‘Thank God you are rid of a knave.’ Much Ado, iii. 3.)

the, thee, [55]

Thieves, a sermon in praise of, [92]

‘Three trees,’ the gallows, [31]

tickle in the ear, gammon, [9]

Tinkard, a beggar, [5]

tiplinge[house], an ale-house, [40]

tittiuell knaue, a tale-bearer, [15]

togeman, a coat, [77], [82]

tortylles, turtle-doves, lovers, [62]

towre, see, [84], [85]

trashe, goods, [77]

trininge, hanging, the end of roges, [37], [84]

Troll and troll by, a knave, described, [12]

Troll Hazard of Trace, a knave, [12]

Troll Hazard of tritrace, a knave,[13]

Troll with, a knave, [12]

Truth, proverb as to, [28]

tryninge, hanging, [84]

twin’d hempe, rope and gallows, [29] (cp. Bulleyn in The Babees Book, p. 240–3)

Two Gent. of Verona, [45]

Tynckars, Harman sends notice of the stealing of his cauldron to the, [35]

typ, secret, [20]

typlinge houses, alehouses, [24]

Vacabonde—one being caught, and brought before the justices of the peace, promised to tell them the names and degrees of his fellows, on condition that he escaped punishment, which being granted, he fulfilled his promise, and Awdeley obtained the materials for his book, [2]

Vacabondes, beggerly, [1]; ruflyng, [1]; ‘the old briefe’ of, [60]

Vagabondes, their vsage in the night, [76]

Vagabonds, account of the doings of, at the funeral of a man of worship in Kent, [22]

vagarantes, [19]

Vngracious, a man who will not work, [15]

Vnthrift, a reckless knave, [15]

vntrus, to undress, [72]

Vpright man, description of, [1], [4], [31]

Vpright men, list of the names of, [78], [79], [80]

Vrmond, Earle of, [82]

walkinge mortes, description of, [67]; a story of a trick that one played on a man who would have had to do with her, and the punishment he received instead, [67]–[73]

wannion, a curse, [62]

wappinge, fornicating, [87]

Washman, one who shams lameness, sickness, etc., [5]

waste, bynge a; go hence, [84], [86]

watch, the constable, [45]

watche, person, [61]; our watche, us, [86]

Welsh rogues, [44], [57]

Whistle, anecdote of the, [61]–5

Whipiacke, a robber of booths and stalls, [4]

Whitefriars, [51], [56]

whydds, words, [84], [86]

whystell, whistle, [62]

whyte money, silver, [42]

wilde roge, description of, [41]; story of one robbing a man, of whom he had just begged, [42]

wilde roge’s reason for being a beggar, [42]

windless, out of breath, [73]

windshaken knaue, [66]

woode, mad, [14]

Wostestowe, a servant of the Lord Keeper’s, [58]

wyld Dell, description of, [75]

wyn, a penny, [83]

yannam, bread, [83], n.

yaram, milk, [83]

yemen, yeomen, [22]

ynkell, tape, [65]

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

This is a Distributed Proofreaders (DP) transcription of the 1869 Edition of Awdeley’s Fraternitye of Vacabondes, Harmon’s Caueat, Haben’s Sermon, &c., by the Early English Text Society (EETS). The EETS book is itself an annotated transcription of earlier manuscripts, as for instance, the 1575 edition of The Fraternitye of Vacabondes by John Awdeley. This DP transcription is available in several editions, including simple text, html, epub, and mobi. Original page images from the EETS edition are available from archive.org—search for “fraternityeofvac00vilerich”. I produced the DP cover image, and hereby assign it to the public domain.

The original spelling and grammar of the EETS edition have been retained, with some exceptions noted below. Space before punctuation such as colon, semicolon, question mark, or exclamation mark have been generally eliminated.

In the DP simple text edition, original small caps are uppercase, and italics look _like this_. Superscripts are indicated like these: “a^o” or “iij^{li}”. Large initial letters in the EETS edition are marked with leading double ++ as in “++THes”. The variation between capital and lower-case letters after an initial large capital is as in the original. The letter n with macron is marked n̄, using the combining macron Unicode character. The code “[l~l]” denotes ll with a tilde through the two letters l. The Unicode character [“ɳ” u0273, latin small letter n with retroflex hook] has been substituted for the letter n with right hook in the text edition.

The DP html/epub/mobi editions employ images: “

” for the n with macron; “

” for the ll with tilde, and “

” for the n with hook. An image is also employed for the sparsely-supported unicode character [“☞” u261e, white right-pointing index].

Footnotes have been relabeled 1–185, and moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs. In the EETS edition, replicated footnote anchors were occasionally used to delineate specific ranges of text. In this DP transcription, footnote anchors are unique, so other symbols from the set {†‡§*} have been inserted to delineate the ranges.

The EETS book contains notations like “[leaf 4]”, which refer to the leaf in the original manuscript. These are retained. Page numbers as printed in the EETS edition are shown like this: “{xiii}” or “{53}”.

The EETS edition was printed with running heads, which I will call headnotes herein. Most of the original headnotes were either repetitions from previous pages, or else essentially the same as a text heading or subheading somewhere on the page in question. A few did add information to the page; these few have been retained in this transcription. They have been moved if necessary from the top of the page to the top of the section that they describe. The first example of an included headnote occurs on page [19].

Return to Half-title page [here.]