THE

CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology

AND

A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge; University Lecturer on the Morphology of Invertebrates

VOLUME V

PERIPATUS

By Adam Sedgwick, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge

MYRIAPODS

By F. G. Sinclair, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge

INSECTS

PART I. Introduction, Aptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and a portion of Hymenoptera (Sessiliventres and Parasitica)

By David Sharp, M.A. (Cantab.), M.B. (Edinb.), F.R.S.

London
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK
1895

All rights reserved

"Creavit in cœlo Angelos, in terra vermiculos: non superior in illis, non inferior in istis. Sicut enim nulla manus Angelum, ita nulla posset creare vermiculum."—Saint Augustine, Liber soliloquiorum animae ad Deum, Caput IX.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this book [ix]
PERIPATUS
CHAPTER I
Introduction—External Features—Habits—Breeding—Anatomy—Alimentary Canal—Nervous System—The Body Wall—The Tracheal System—The Muscular System—The Vascular System—The Body Cavity—Nephridia—Generative Organs—Development—Synopsis of the Species—Summary of Distribution [3]
MYRIAPODA
CHAPTER II
Introduction—Habits—Classification—Structure—Chilognatha—Chilopoda—Schizotarsia—Symphyla—Pauropoda—Embryology—Palaeontology [29]
INSECTA
CHAPTER III
Characteristic Features of Insect Life—Social Insects—Definition of the Class Insecta—Composition of Insect Skeleton—Number of Segments—Nature of Sclerites—Head—Appendages of the Mouth—Eyes—Thorax—Entothorax—Legs—Wings—Abdomen or Hind Body—Spiracles—Systematic Orientation [83]

CHAPTER IV
Arrangement of Internal Organs—Muscles—Nervous System—Ganglionic Chain—Brain—Sense-Organs—Alimentary Canal—Malpighian Tubes—Respiration—Tracheal System—Function of Respiration—Blood or Blood-chyle—Dorsal Vessel or Heart—Fat-body—Ovaries—Testes—Parthenogenesis—Glands [114]
CHAPTER V
DEVELOPMENT
Embryology—Eggs—Micropyles—Formation of Embryo—Ventral Plate—Ectoderm and Endoderm—Segmentation—Later Stages—Direct Observation of Embryo—Metamorphosis—Complete and Incomplete—Instar—Hypermetamorphosis—Metamorphosis of Internal Organs—Integument—Metamorphosis of Blowfly—Histolysis—Imaginal Discs—Physiology of Metamorphosis—Ecdysis [143]
CHAPTER VI
Classification—The Nine Orders of Insects—Their Characters—Packard's Arrangement—Brauer's Classification—Classifications based on Metamorphosis—Super-Orders—The Subdivisions of Orders [171]
CHAPTER VII
The Order Aptera—Definition—Chief Characteristics—Thysanura—Campodea—Japyx—Machilis—Lepisma—Diversity of Internal Structure in Thysanura—Ectotrophi and Entotrophi—Collembola—Lipuridae—Poduridae—Smynthuridae—The Spring—The Ventral Tube—Abdominal Appendages—Prostemmatic Organ—Tracheal System—Anurida maritima—Collembola on Snow—Life-Histories of Collembola—Fossil Aptera—Apterygogenea—Antiquity and Distribution of Campodea [180]
CHAPTER VIII
Orthoptera—Forficulidae, Earwigs—Hemimeridae [198]

CHAPTER IX
Orthoptera continued—Blattidae, Cockroaches [220]
CHAPTER X
Orthoptera continued—Mantidae, Soothsayers [242]
CHAPTER XI
Orthoptera continued—Phasmidae, Walking-Leaves, Stick-Insects [260]
CHAPTER XII
Orthoptera continued—Acridiidae, Locusts, Grasshoppers [279]
CHAPTER XIII
Orthoptera continued—Locustidae, Green Grasshoppers, Katydids [311]
CHAPTER XIV
Orthoptera continued—Gryllidae, Crickets [330]
CHAPTER XV
Neuroptera—Mallophaga—Embiidae [341]
CHAPTER XVI
Neuroptera continued—Termitidae, Termites or White Ants [356]

CHAPTER XVII
Neuroptera continued—Psocidae (Book-Lice and Death-Watches)—The First Family of Amphibious Neuroptera (Perlidae, Stone-Flies) [390]
CHAPTER XVIII
Amphibious Neuroptera continued—Odonata, Dragon-Flies [409]
CHAPTER XIX
Amphibious Neuroptera continued—Ephemeridae, May-Flies [429]
CHAPTER XX
Neuroptera Planipennia—Sialidae, Alder-Flies, Snake-Flies—Panorpidae, Scorpion-Flies—Hemerobiidae, Ant-Lions, Lacewings, etc. [444]
CHAPTER XXI
Neuroptera continued—Trichoptera, the Phryganeidae or Caddis-Flies [473]
CHAPTER XXII
Hymenoptera—Hymenoptera Sessiliventres—Cephidae—Oryssidae—Siricidae—Tenthredinidae or Sawflies [487]
CHAPTER XXIII
Hymenoptera Petiolata—Parasitic Hymenoptera—Cynipidae or Gall-Flies—Proctotrypidae—Chalcididae—Ichneumonidae—Braconidae—Stephanidae—Megalyridae—Evaniidae—Pelecinidae—Trigonalidae [519]
Index [567]

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION (RECENT FORMS) ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

PROTOTRACHEATA
Peripatus (p. [1])
MYRIAPODA
Order. Family.
CHILOGNATHA (= DIPLOPODA)

Polyxenidae (p. [43]).

Glomeridae (p. [43]).

Sphaerotheriidae (p. [43]).

Julidae (p. [43]).

Blanjulidae (p. [44]).

Chordeumidae (p. [44]).

Polydesmidae (p. [44]).

Polyzoniidae (p. [44]).
CHILOPODA

Lithobiidae (p. [45]).

Scolopendridae (p. [45]).

Notophilidae (p. [45]).

Geophilidae (p. [46]).
SCHIZOTARSIA Cermatiidae (= Scutigeridae) (p. [46]).
SYMPHYLA. Scolopendrellidae (p. [46]).
PAUROPODA Pauropidae (p. [47]).
INSECTA
Order. Division, Series, or Sub-Order. Family. Tribe or Sub-Family. Group.
APTERA (p. [180]) Thysanura (p. [182])

Campodeidae (p. [183]).

Japygidae (p. [184]).

Machilidae (p. [184]).

Lepismidae (p. [185]).
Collembola (p. [189])

Lipuridae (p. [190]).

Poduridae (p. [190]).

Smynthuridae (p. [191]).
ORTHOPTERA (p. [198]) Orthoptera
cursoria

Forficulidae (p. [202]).

Hemimeridae (p. [217]).
Blattidae (p. [220])

Ectobiides.

Phyllodromiides.

Nyctiborides.

Epilamprides.

Periplanetides.

Panchlorides.

Blaberides.

Corydiides.

Oxyhaloides.

Perisphaeriides.

Panesthiides.

? Geoscapheusides.
Mantidae (p. [242])

Amorphoscelides.

Orthoderides.

Mantides.

Harpagides.

Vatides.

Empusides.
Phasmidae (p. [260])

Lonchodides.

Bacunculides.

Bacteriides.

Necroscides.

Clitumnides.

Acrophyllides.

Cladomorphides.

Anisomorphides.

Phasmides.

Aschipasmides.

Bacillides.

Phylliides.
Orthoptera
saltatoria		 Acridiidae (p. [279])

Tettigides.

Pneumorides.

Mastacides.

Proscopiides.

Tryxalides.

Oedipodides.

Pyrgomorphides.

Pamphagides.

Acridiides.
Locustidae (p. [311])

Phaneropterides.

Meconemides.

Mecopodides.

Prochilides.

Pseudophyllides.

Conocephalides.

Tympanophorides.

Sagides.

Locustides.

Decticides.

Callimenides.

Ephippigerides.

Hetrodides.

Gryllacrides.

Stenopelmatides.
Gryllidae (p. [330])

Tridactylides.

Gryllotalpides.

Myrmecophilides.

Gryllides.

Oecanthides.

Trigonidiides.

Eneopterides.
NEUROPTERA (p. [341]) Mallophaga (p. [345])

Leiotheides.

Philopterides.
Pseudoneuroptera

Embiidae (p. [351]).

Termitidae (p. [356]).

Psocidae (p. [390]).
Neuroptera
Amphibiotica		 Perlidae (p. [398]).
Odonata (p. [409]) Anisopterides

Gomphinae.

Cordulegasterinae.

Aeschninae.

Corduliinae.

Libellulinae.
Zygopterides

Calepteryginae.

Agrioninae.
Ephemeridae (p. [429]).
Neuroptera
planipennia		 Sialidae (p. [444])

Sialides.

Raphidiides.
Panorpidae (p. [449]).
Hemerobiidae (p. [453]) Myrmeleonides (p. [454]).
Ascalaphides (p. [459])

Holophthalmi.

Schizophthalmi.

Nemopterides (p. [462]).

Mantispides (p. [463]).
Hemerobiides (p. [465])

Dilarina.

Nymphidina.

Osmylina.

Hemerobiina.

Chrysopides (p. [469]).

Coniopterygides (p. [471]).
Trichoptera Phryganeidae (p. [473])

Phryganeides (p. [480]).

Limnophilides (p. [481]).

Sericostomatides (p. [482]).

Leptocerides (p. [482]).

Hydropsychides (p. [482]).

Rhyacophilides (p. [483]).

Hydroptilides (p. [484]).
HYMENOPTERA (p. [487]) Hymenoptera
Sessiliventres

Cephidae (p. [504]).

Oryssidae (p. [506]).

Siricidae (p. [507]).

Tenthredinidae (p. [510]).
Hymenoptera
Petiolata
(part)

Cynipidae (p. [523]).

Proctotrypidae (p. [533]).

Chalcididae (p. [539]).

Ichneumonidae (p. [551]).

Braconidae (p. [558]).

Stephanidae (p. [561]).

Megalyridae (p. [562]).

Evaniidae (p. [562]).

Pelecinidae (p. [563]).

Trigonalidae (p. [564]).
(To be continued in Vol. VI.)
PROTOTRACHEATA
Peripatus (p. [1])
MYRIAPODA
Order. Family.
CHILOGNATHA (= DIPLOPODA)

Polyxenidae (p. [43]).

Glomeridae (p. [43]).

Sphaerotheriidae (p. [43]).

Julidae (p. [43]).

Blanjulidae (p. [44]).

Chordeumidae (p. [44]).

Polydesmidae (p. [44]).

Polyzoniidae (p. [44]).
CHILOPODA

Lithobiidae (p. [45]).

Scolopendridae (p. [45]).

Notophilidae (p. [45]).

Geophilidae (p. [46]).
SCHIZOTARSIA Cermatiidae (= Scutigeridae) (p. [46]).
SYMPHYLA. Scolopendrellidae (p. [46]).
PAUROPODA Pauropidae (p. [47]).
INSECTA
Order. Division, Series,
or Sub-Order.		 Family. Tribe or Sub-Family. Group.
APTERA (p. [180]) Thysanura (p. [182])

Campodeidae (p. [183]).

Japygidae (p. [184]).

Machilidae (p. [184]).

Lepismidae (p. [185]).
Collembola (p. [189])

Lipuridae (p. [190]).

Poduridae (p. [190]).

Smynthuridae (p. [191]).

ORTHOPTERA (p. [198])

 Orthoptera
cursoria

Forficulidae (p. [202]).

Hemimeridae (p. [217]).
Blattidae (p. [220])

Ectobiides.

Phyllodromiides.

Nyctiborides.

Epilamprides.

Periplanetides.

Panchlorides.

Blaberides.

Corydiides.

Oxyhaloides.

Perisphaeriides.

Panesthiides.

? Geoscapheusides.
Mantidae (p. [242])

Amorphoscelides.

Orthoderides.

Mantides.

Harpagides.

Vatides.

Empusides.
Phasmidae (p. [260])

Lonchodides.

Bacunculides.

Bacteriides.

Necroscides.

Clitumnides.

Acrophyllides.

Cladomorphides.

Anisomorphides.

Phasmides.

Aschipasmides.

Bacillides.

Phylliides.
Orthoptera
saltatoria		 Acridiidae (p. [279])

Tettigides.

Pneumorides.

Mastacides.

Proscopiides.

Tryxalides.

Oedipodides.

Pyrgomorphides.

Pamphagides.

Acridiides.
Locustidae (p. [311])

Phaneropterides.

Meconemides.

Mecopodides.

Prochilides.

Pseudophyllides.

Conocephalides.

Tympanophorides.

Sagides.

Locustides.

Decticides.

Callimenides.

Ephippigerides.

Hetrodides.

Gryllacrides.

Stenopelmatides.

Gryllidae (p. [330])

Tridactylides.

Gryllotalpides.

Myrmecophilides.

Gryllides.

Oecanthides.

Trigonidiides.

Eneopterides.
NEUROPTERA (p. [341]) Mallophaga (p. [345])

Leiotheides.

Philopterides.
Pseudoneuroptera

Embiidae (p. [351]).

Termitidae (p. [356]).

Psocidae (p. [390]).
Neuroptera
Amphibiotica		 Perlidae (p. [398]).
Odonata (p. [409]) Anisopterides

Gomphinae.

Cordulegasterinae.

Aeschninae.

Corduliinae.

Libellulinae.
Zygopterides

Calepteryginae.

Agrioninae.
Ephemeridae (p. [429]).
Neuroptera
planipennia		 Sialidae (p. [444])

Sialides.

Raphidiides.
Panorpidae (p. [449]).
Hemerobiidae (p. [453]) Myrmeleonides (p. [454]).
Ascalaphides (p. [459])

Holophthalmi.

Schizophthalmi.

Nemopterides (p. [462]).

Mantispides (p. [463]).
Hemerobiides (p. [465])

Dilarina.

Nymphidina.

Osmylina.

Hemerobiina.

Chrysopides (p. [469]).

Coniopterygides (p. [471]).
Trichoptera Phryganeidae (p. [473])

Phryganeides (p. [480]).

Limnophilides (p. [481]).

Sericostomatides (p. [482]).

Leptocerides (p. [482]).

Hydropsychides (p. [482]).

Rhyacophilides (p. [483]).

Hydroptilides (p. [484]).
HYMENOPTERA (p. [487]) Hymenoptera
Sessiliventres

Cephidae (p. [504]).

Oryssidae (p. [506]).

Siricidae (p. [507]).

Tenthredinidae (p. [510]).
Hymenoptera
Petiolata
(part)

Cynipidae (p. [523]).

Proctotrypidae (p. [533]).

Chalcididae (p. [539]).

Ichneumonidae (p. [551]).

Braconidae (p. [558]).

Stephanidae (p. [561]).

Megalyridae (p. [562]).

Evaniidae (p. [562]).

Pelecinidae (p. [563]).

Trigonalidae (p. [564]).
(To be continued in Vol. VI.)