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THE
SYDENHAM SOCIETY
INSTITUTED
MDCCCXLIII
SYDENHAM
LONDON
MDCCCXLIV.
THE
SEVEN BOOKS
OF
PAULUS ÆGINETA.
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK.
WITH
A COMMENTARY
EMBRACING A COMPLETE VIEW OF THE KNOWLEDGE
POSSESSED BY THE
GREEKS, ROMANS, AND ARABIANS
ON
ALL SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH MEDICINE AND SURGERY.
BY FRANCIS ADAMS.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON
PRINTED FOR THE SYDENHAM SOCIETY
MDCCCXLIV.
“MULTUM EGERUNT QUI ANTE NOS FUERUNT, SED NON PEREGERUNT. SUSPICIENDI TAMEN SUNT, ET RITU DEORUM COLENDI.”
(SENECA, EPIST. LXIV.)
PRINTED BY C. AND J. ADLARD,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
ADVERTISEMENT.
Although in the Preface which immediately follows, and which is reprinted with slight alterations from the former edition, I have entered, at some length, upon the subject of the following translation, I felt it necessary, in the circumstances under which my work now appears, to premise a few additional remarks.
It is now many years since I undertook and completed a translation of the whole works of Paulus Ægineta. In the year 1834 I published the first three books, with a commentary, having for its object to embody the most important opinions of the Greek, Roman, and Arabian writers, on all subjects treated of by the original author. Notwithstanding the very favorable reception which that volume obtained from many of the most eminent members of the medical profession, as well as from scholars both at home and abroad, I was under the necessity—from circumstances which I need not here detail—of deviating from my original intention of completing the publication of the work in the same form and at my own risk. After an interval of ten years the proposition was made to me by the Council of the Sydenham Society to prepare a new edition of the volume already published, and to complete the remaining two on the same general plan. This proposition was too gratifying to my feelings not to be immediately assented to; and it is with unfeigned satisfaction that I have now the honour to submit the first volume of the work to the members of so distinguished and important a Society.
In preparing this volume for the press, knowing that it will now be subjected to the criticisms of a very numerous and intelligent body of my professional brethren, I have been anxious to render it worthy of their approbation as far as lay in my power. At the request of the Council I have made considerable omissions in my commentary as formerly printed, more especially in regard to modern authorities; it being thought advisable not to bring the annotations further down than the period of the Arabian writers. I have also made not a few additions and alterations which I hope will be considered as improvements. In performing this part of my task I have greatly profited by the aid and valuable criticisms of two esteemed friends, Sir William Hamilton of Edinburgh, and Dr. Greenhill of Oxford.
I am sensible that it is to the growing conviction in the profession, of the value of the ancient authorities, that I owe the very flattering distinction which my work has now obtained; and I shall have great satisfaction in reverting to the labours of former years if they should now prove instrumental in increasing the desire of becoming acquainted with the views and practice of our forefathers. That the ancient literature of medicine has been too much neglected in this country is not disputed by any competent judge; and it would appear from the remarks of M. Hecker, in his address to the physicians of Germany, given in his admirable work on Epidemics,[1] that the profession on the Continent is not much in advance of us in this respect.
[1] Dr. Babington’s Translation; Sydenham edition, p. xv.
The time, however, it is to be hoped, is not far distant when the medical profession will everywhere be impressed with the importance of becoming properly acquainted with the views of the animal economy and of its derangements, entertained by three of the most intellectual nations of mankind; and when every newly-broached hypothesis will be tested by a comparison with doctrines of a similar nature advanced in former days, and every newly-proposed remedy will be subjected to a like ordeal. Surely every age ought to endeavour to benefit by the experiments, whether successful or otherwise, of all preceding ones; instead of every generation commencing a new series of trials, and wandering over the same ground in search of truths which had been long ago discovered; or in stumbling through the mazes of error without regarding the beacons set up by their forefathers to direct the footsteps of their descendants. If the wisdom of antiquity be entitled to high reverence in any case, it surely is so in medicine, founded as this art especially is on general observation and experience.
What renders ancient medical literature of the more importance at the present day, is the circumstance that it is almost our only source of information with regard to the diseases prevalent in several extensive countries bordering upon the Mediterranean Sea. It is well known that the inhabitants of Greece, of Asia Minor, and of the north coast of Africa have been long sunk into such a state of intellectual decrepitude as renders them incapable of making and recording original observation; consequently, for information in regard to the phenomena of disease, as manifested in these regions, we are almost entirely thrown back upon the literature of their ancestors.
I take the present opportunity of adverting to one or two circumstances which I omitted to notice in my original preface.
An objection, I am well aware, will be made by some scholars to the manner in which I have executed one part of my task. It is this:—that the references to ancient authors are often so vague, as to make it a matter of considerable difficulty to find the passages in the originals. It must be admitted that there are grounds for this objection; and if I had the work to do over again, I should most probably take pains to obviate it, in some degree, at least. But to remedy the omission, after the work was completed on its present plan, would have been a task of immense labour to me, without bringing a correspondent advantage to my readers. Moreover, I am convinced that, even as they stand, the references will, in general, be found sufficient to guide those who have an acquaintance with the originals to the places indicated; and to those who are unacquainted with them, this strict system of quotation would be of no use, further than to inspire them with a greater degree of confidence in the accuracy and pains-taking research of the Editor. It may be proper for me, then, to state that I have made it an invariable rule never to quote at second-hand, nor to make any reference to the opinions of an author whose works I have not myself carefully examined.
Many readers, I fear, will find considerable difficulty with the names of the Compound Medicines which occur throughout this volume; and may be disposed to think it was the duty of the Commentator to explain them as they occur. In answer to this objection, I beg to state, that these compositions will be fully described in the third and last volume, which treats of the Materia Medica and Pharmacy; and on this account I thought it unnecessary to notice them elsewhere. The General Index, which will be given at the end of the work, will also facilitate reference in such cases.
F. A.
Banchory, August 17th, 1844.
EDITOR’S PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION OF VOL. I.
Notwithstanding the additions which have been made of late years to the history of medical literature, it must still be admitted that there is not, in the English language, any work which contains a full and accurate account of the theoretical and practical knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabians, on matters connected with medicine and surgery. Nor, as far as I can learn, is the case very different with the continental languages. For, although the German and French have lately acquired several histories of medicine distinguished for their ability and research, the object of these works would appear to be confined to a general exposition of the leading discoveries and revolutions in doctrine which marked each particular age or epoch in the profession; and I will venture to affirm that no person will be able to acquire from a perusal of them anything like a competent acquaintance with the minute details of ancient practice. The design of the present publication is to supply the deficiency, now adverted to, by giving a complete Manual of the Surgery and Medicine of the Ancients, with a brief but comprehensive outline of the sciences intimately connected with them, especially Physiology, the Materia Medica, and Pharmacy. At first it was my intention to accomplish this purpose in the form of an original work, but, being perplexed what plan to choose in arranging the multifarious matters which I had to treat of, I at last resolved upon taking for my text-book the celebrated synopsis of Paulus Ægineta, whereby I was at once supplied with a convenient arrangement of my subject, and at the same time, by giving a close translation of it into English, I saw that I would be enabled to enrich our medical literature with one of the most valuable relics of ancient science. By following this correct and faithful guide, by supplying his omissions and enlarging his plan, when necessary, from the more copious works of his predecessors, and by adding, in all cases, the improvements of subsequent ages, down to the latest date of ancient literature, I am in hopes that I have been able to present the reader with a work from which he may, at one view, become acquainted with the prevailing opinions upon all the most important matters connected with medical practice during a period of more than fifteen centuries. Impressed with a sense of the arduous nature of the task which I had undertaken, and sensible that its value consists entirely in its completeness on all points, I have endeavoured to discharge this duty faithfully and to the best of my ability. I trust then it will be found that not only have I overlooked no treatise connected with the medical art which has come down to us from antiquity, but that I have turned to good account my acquaintance with the learned labours of modern commentators, especially in the department of the Materia Medica, in order to adopt the nomenclature of the ancients on these subjects to the terminology of Botany, Chemistry, and Mineralogy, in the present time.
And here may I be permitted to express my conviction that it is not altogether the blindness of partiality contracted towards intellectual pursuits upon which my mind has been so long engaged, that leads me to think that the original authors from whose stores I have drawn so liberally, will yet be found and acknowledged to have been well entitled to the confidence and reputation which they once enjoyed, and to which it is my wish that the present publication should, in some degree, restore them? It appears to me that, at certain periods of ancient times, the standard of professional excellence was such as would not easily be attained at the present day, with all our vaunted improvements in knowledge; and that many of those early masters of our art were distinguished for varied stores of erudition, an ardent love of truth, and an aptitude to detect the fallacies of error, such as few of us even now can lay claim to. The Father of Medicine held that, to become an eminent physician, it was necessary not only to be well acquainted with the structure of the human frame, but also to be skilled in logic, astronomy, and other sciences (De Aer. Aq., &c.); and of him it may be truly asserted, that he cultivated the art of medicine upon the strict principles of the inductive philosophy more than two thousand years before the world gave Lord Bacon the credit of introducing this method of philosophising. His devoted admirer and follower, Galen, was evidently the very beau ideal of an accomplished physician; skilled in all the sciences of the day, in logic, mathematics, rhetoric, and the first philosophy; to all these ornamental branches of knowledge he added a minute acquaintance with anatomy and physiology; a practical experience with the phenomena of diseases as diversified by climate, situation, and the varied modes of life; a singular perseverance in collecting facts; and an extraordinary ability for generalizing them. The contemporaries of Celsus regarded him not only as well acquainted with medical literature, but also as being minutely skilled in every elegant and useful science which was known and cultivated at that remarkable period. And Rhases, the Arabian, requires of him who aspires to eminence in the medical profession, that, instead of wasting his earlier years in frequenting musical and drinking parties, he should have spent them in conning over the valuable records of ancient wisdom. “But the Sciolist,” says he, “who gives himself out for a proficient in the art, while he has scarcely even a smattering of learning, will never be deserving of much confidence, nor ever attain any great eminence in his profession. For it can never be that any individual, to whatever age he may reach, should be able to comprehend in his mind a subject so vast and diffuse, except by treading upon the footsteps of the ancients; since the boundaries of the science far exceed the narrow limits of the life of man, as is the case with most of the liberal arts as well as with medicine. The number of authors is not small by whose labours the art has attained its present growth; and yet one may hope to master the monuments of their industry within the space of a few years. Let us suppose that, in the course of a thousand years, a thousand authors had made improvements in the profession; and then a person who has diligently studied their works may improve his mind as much in knowledge as if he had devoted a thousand years to the study of medicine. But, when an acquaintance with former authors is despised, what need be expected from the efforts of a single person? For, however much he may surpass others in abilities, how is it to be supposed that his private stock of knowledge should be at all worthy to compare with the accumulated treasures of antiquity? In a word, he who has never turned over the pages of the ancient physicians, nor has formed to his mind a distinct conception of the nature of diseases before he enters the chambers of the sick, will find that, from ignorance and misapprehension, he will confound one complaint with another, for this obvious reason, that he has come to his task unprepared and uninstructed.”
And here I would beg to call the attention of my readers to the fact that there is no legitimate mode of cultivating medical knowledge which was not followed by some one or other of the three great sects into which the profession was divided in ancient times. The Empirics held that observation, experiment, and the application of known remedies in one case to others presumed to be of a similar nature, constitute the whole art of cultivating medicine. Though their views were narrow, and their information scanty, when compared with some of the chiefs of the other sects; and although they rejected, as useless and unattainable, all knowledge of the causes and recondite nature of diseases, it is undeniable that, besides personal experience, they freely availed themselves of historical detail, and of a strict analogy founded upon observation and the resemblance of phenomena. To this class we may refer Scribonius Largus, Marcellus, Plinius Valerianus, and a few others, frequently quoted by us. The sect called the Rational, Logical, or Dogmatical, holding that there is a certain alliance and connexion among all the useful and ornamental arts, maintained that it is the duty of the physician not to neglect any collateral science or subject. They therefore inquired sedulously into the remote and proximate causes of diseases, and into the effects of airs, waters, places, pursuits, food, diet, and seasons, in altering the state of the human body, and in rendering it more or less susceptible of morbid changes. Looking upon general rules as not being of universal application, they held that the treatment ought to be modified according to the many incidental circumstances under which their patients might be placed. They freely and fully availed themselves of whatever aid they could derive from experience, analogy, and reasoning. Hippocrates, Galen, Aëtius, Oribasius, Paulus Ægineta, Actuarius, and all the Arabian authorities, may be looked upon as belonging to this sect. The Pneumatic sect, to which Aretæus probably belonged, was nearly allied to the Dogmatical. The sect of the Methodists, rejecting altogether the consideration of remote causes, which they held to be of no importance to the cure, and giving themselves up to too bold a classification of diseases, according to certain hypothetical states of the body in which they were supposed to originate, fettered themselves too much with a few general rules, which they held to be so universally applicable, that they would scarcely allow of their being modified by incidental circumstances in any possible contingency. Notwithstanding this defect, it is undeniable that their speculations as to the nature of diseases are generally very acute, and their modes of treatment frequently very rational. Upon the whole, the general outline of their system would appear to have borne a striking resemblance to that of the sect which started up in Edinburgh towards the end of the last century, called the Brunonian, from the name of its ingenious but fanciful founder, Dr. Brown. The only perfect model of ancient Methodism that has come down to us is Cælius Aurelianus, an author so truly eminent that some of his admirers in modern times have not scrupled to maintain that his works are even better worth being attentively studied than those of Hippocrates and Galen. Moschion and Theodore Priscian (otherwise known by the name of Octavius Horatianus) belonged to this sect; Alexander of Tralles also had a considerable leaning to its principles; and some would even refer the illustrious Celsus to the same class, but probably without good reason, for he would rather seem to have imbibed the genuine spirit of Eclecticism, and like his distinguished correspondent Horace, to have been
“Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri.”
Before concluding these prefatory remarks, it will be naturally expected that I should say something of the author whose work I have bestowed so much pains in translating and commenting upon. Here, however, I must regret that the information which I have to supply is exceedingly scanty and unsatisfactory. So little is known of him that it is not even ascertained in what century he flourished. Vossius is wholly undecided; Moreau and Le Clerc place him in the fourth century; Vander Linden and Conringius, in the fifth; but Freind, Albertus Fabricius, Hutcheson, Sprengel, and most of the late writers of the Ancient History of Medicine, bring him down as low as the seventh century, upon the authority of Abulfaragius; but every person who is at all acquainted with his works will agree with me that any opinion of his on chronological matters is entitled to very little consideration indeed.
What confidence does a writer deserve who states, for example, that Andromachus, the physician who added the flesh of vipers to the celebrated electuary of Mithridates, lived in the time of Alexander the Great!—that Dioscorides, of Ain Zarba, flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Physcon, namely, about one hundred and twenty years before Christ, whereas it can scarcely admit of a doubt that the celebrated author of the Greek Materia Medica did not live earlier than the end of the first century of the Christian era!—and that Ruffus was contemporary with Plato, when we have the authority of Suidas that he lived in the reign of Trajan! Dr. Milward, in his epistle to Sir Hans Sloane, endeavours to settle the age of our author from the following train of inferences: In the first place, then, since Paulus quotes Alexander Trallian and Alexander Aëtius, it is quite certain that our author was posterior to both these writers. Now the age of Aëtius may be made out from the following circumstances: Aëtius mentions St. Cyril, Archbishop of Alexandria, whose death is ascertained from ecclesiastical history to have happened as late as the middle of the fifth century. Nay, he also takes notice of a medicine much recommended by Petrus Archiater, chief physician to Theodoric, who was posterior to St. Cyril. We cannot possibly suppose it likely, then, that Aëtius flourished earlier than the end of the fifth century. But what brings him still further down, is the circumstance that his predecessor, Alexander, is mentioned by Agathias, the historian, about the middle of the sixth century. (Hist. v, 6.) It would seem almost certain, therefore, taking all these things into consideration, that our Author cannot have lived at an earlier period than in the end of the sixth or the beginning of the seventh century.
But, whatever may have been the period at which he lived, there can be no doubt that he attained great eminence in his profession, and continued to be looked up to as one of the highest authorities in Medicine and Surgery during a long succession of ages. His countryman Nonnus, although he does not mention him by name, gives a brief compendium of a considerable portion of his work; and Psellus does the same in politic verses of some elegance. All the medical authors, in a word, of the distinguished Arabian period, quote his opinions in almost every page of their works, and never fail to recognize him as one of the most eminent of their Grecian masters. At the revival of literature in modern times, the Latin translations of the Arabians continued for a time to be the ordinary guides to practice; but when the superior merit of their Greek originals came to be properly appreciated, our Author rose again into high consideration. As a proof of this, I may mention that the surgery of Fabricius ab Aquapendente is made up almost entirely from his works. Portal, therefore, had no good occasion for representing him as “one of those unfortunate writers to whom posterity had not done justice.” I admit, indeed, that for some time past, since professional research and the study of ancient models have been superseded by a restless desire of novelty in theory and in practice, he has not enjoyed that consideration to which he is justly entitled; but, in this respect, he has only shared the fate of other names, equally eminent for their contributions to medical science, who have now been suffered to fall into neglect.
Of the Latin translations, which are very numerous, the most celebrated is that of Cornarius, published by Henry Stephens in his ‘Medicæ Artis Principes;’ which, however, after a careful examination, I have not found to be so trustworthy as I expected to find it. There once existed an Arabic edition by Honain, or Joannitius, (see Choulant, Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin,) but of it I know nothing. The only part which has been translated into any modern language is the Sixth Book, a French translation of which was published at Lyons, A. D. 1539. Of the original there are two editions, namely, the Aldine of 1528 and the Basle of 1538, in neither of which is the text so accurate as could be wished.
F. A.
Banchory-Ternan; Nov. 12th, 1833.
THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE.
It is not because the more ancient writers had omitted anything relative to the Art that I have composed this work, but in order to give a compendious course of instruction; for, on the contrary, everything is handled by them properly, and without any omissions, whereas the moderns have not only in the first place neglected the study of them, but have also blamed them for prolixity. Wherefore, I have undertaken the following Treatise, which, it is like, will serve as a commentary to those who may choose to consult it, whilst it will prove an exercise to me. For it appears strange that lawyers should be possessed of compendious and, as they call them, popular legal synopses, in which are contained the heads of all the laws, to serve for immediate use, whilst we neglect these things, although they have it generally in their power to put off the investigation of any point not only for little but even for a considerable time, whereas we can seldom or very rarely do so; for, in many cases, necessity requires that we act promptly, and hence Hippocrates has properly said, “the season is brief.” (Aph. 1, i.) For their business is generally conducted in the midst of cities, where there is an abundant supply of books, whereas physicians have to act not only in cities, in the fields, and in desert places, but also at sea in ships, where such diseases sometimes suddenly break out as, in the event of procrastination, would occasion death, or at least incur the most imminent danger. But to remember all the rules of the healing art, and all the particular substances connected with it, is exceedingly difficult if not altogether impossible. On this account I have compiled this brief collection from the works of the ancients, and have set down little of my own, except a few things which I have seen and tried in the practice of the art. For being conversant with the most distinguished writers in the profession, and in particular with Oribasius, who, in one work, has given a select view of everything relating to health (he being posterior to Galen, and one of the still more recent authors), I have collected what was best in them, and have endeavoured, if possible, not to pass by any one distemper. For the work of Oribasius, comprehending seventy books, contains indeed an exposition of the whole art, but it is not easily to be procured by people at large on account of its bulk, whilst the epitome of it, inscribed to his son Eustathius, is deficient in some diseases altogether, and gives but an imperfect description of others, sometimes the causes and diagnosis being omitted, and sometimes the proper plan of treatment being forgotten, as well as other things which have occurred to my recollection. Wherefore the present work will contain the description, causes, and cure of all diseases, whether situated in parts of uniform texture, in particular organs, or consisting of solutions of continuity, and that not merely in a summary way, but at as great length as possible.
In the [First Book], you will find everything that relates to Hygiene, and to the preservation from, and correction of, distempers peculiar to the various ages, seasons, temperaments, and so forth; also, the powers and uses of the different articles of food, as is set forth in the chapter of contents.
In the [Second] is explained the whole doctrine of Fevers, an account of certain matters relating to them being premised, such as excrementitious discharges, critical days, and other appearances, and concluding with certain symptoms which are the concomitants of fever.
The [Third Book] relates to Topical affections, beginning from the crown of the head and descending down to the nails of the feet.
The [Fourth Book] treats of those complaints which are external and exposed to view, and are not limited to one part of the body but affect various parts. Also, of Intestinal Worms and Dracunculi.
The [Fifth] treats of the Wounds and Bites of Venomous Animals; also of the distemper called Hydrophobia, and of persons bitten by dogs which are mad, and by those which are not mad; and also of persons bitten by men. Afterwards it treats of deleterious substances, and the preservatives from them.
In the [Sixth Book] is contained everything relating to Surgery, both what relates to the fleshy parts, such as the extraction of weapons; and to the bones, which comprehends Fractures and Dislocations.
In the [Seventh] is contained an account of the Properties of all Medicines, first of the Simple, then of the Compound; particularly of those which I had mentioned in the preceding Six Books, and more especially the greater and, as it were, celebrated preparations. For I did not think it proper to treat of all these articles promiscuously, lest it should occasion confusion, but so that any person looking for one or more of the distinguished preparations might easily find it. Towards the end are certain things connected with the Composition of Medicines, and of those articles which may be substituted for one another: the whole concluding with an account of Weights and Measures.
CONTENTS
OF
THE FIRST VOLUME.
| PAGE | ||
| Advertisement | [v] | |
| Translator’s Preface | [ix] | |
| Author’s Preface | [xvii] | |
| [FIRST BOOK.] | ||
| SECT. | ||
| 1. | On the Complaints of Pregnant Women, and their Diet | [1] |
| 2. | On the Nurse | [5] |
| 3. | On the Milk of the Nurse | [6] |
| 4. | How to correct the bad qualities of Milk | [7] |
| 5. | On the Management of the Infant | [8] |
| 6. | On the Eruptions of Children | [10] |
| 7. | On the Cough and Defluxion of Infants | [11] |
| 8. | On Pruritus | [12] |
| 9. | On Dentition | [13] |
| 10. | On Aphthæ | [14] |
| 11. | On Excoriations of the Thighs | [16] |
| 12. | On Discharges from the Ears | [ib.] |
| 13. | On Siriasis | [ib.] |
| 14. | The Regimen of Infancy, and of the succeeding ages, until manhood | [18] |
| 15. | On the Preparatory Friction | [19] |
| 16. | On Exercises | [20] |
| 17. | On the kinds of Exercise | [22] |
| 18. | On the kinds of Friction | [28] |
| 19. | On Vociferation, or the exercise of the voice | [29] |
| 20. | On Lassitude from Exercises | [30] |
| 21. | On Constriction of the Skin | [33] |
| 22. | On Spontaneous Lassitude | [ib.] |
| 23. | On the Regimen of old persons | [36] |
| 24. | For a wrinkled state of the Body | [37] |
| 25. | To make the Perspiration fragrant | [38] |
| 26. | To warm the habit | [ib.] |
| 27. | For Paleness | [39] |
| 28. | On Lividity | [ib.] |
| 29. | Preservatives of the Teeth | [ib.] |
| 30. | For Dulness of Hearing | [40] |
| 31. | On Dimness of Sight | [ib.] |
| 32. | On Repletion | [41] |
| 33. | On Intoxication | [43] |
| 34. | On wrong Digestion of the Food | [44] |
| 35. | On Venery | [ib.] |
| 36. | On Impotence | [46] |
| 37. | On Inordinate Venery | [47] |
| 38. | On Redundance of Semen | [48] |
| 39. | On persons injured by Cold | [49] |
| 40. | For persons scorched by the Sun | [51] |
| 41. | On collections of Phlegm in the Stomach | [ib.] |
| 42. | How to produce easy Vomiting | [52] |
| 43. | On Laxatives and Diuretics to those in Health | [54] |
| 44. | On Clysters | [57] |
| 45. | On Suppositories | [58] |
| 46. | On Medicines which evacuate Phlegm from the Head—Masticatories, Errhines, and Liniments to the Nose | [59] |
| 47. | On Emmenagogues | [60] |
| 48. | On Sudorifics | [61] |
| 49. | On Airs | [63] |
| 50. | On Waters | [64] |
| 51. | On Baths | [67] |
| 52. | On the Natural Baths | [71] |
| 53. | On the Regimen fitting to the different Seasons | [73] |
| 54. | On the Regimen of Persons actively employed | [75] |
| 55. | On the Regimen of Travellers | [76] |
| 56. | On the Regimen of Persons on board Ship | [79] |
| 57. | On the means of diminishing Obesity | [80] |
| 58. | How to recruit those who are emaciated | [82] |
| 59. | How to remedy emaciated parts of the Body | [84] |
| 60. | Diagnosis of the best Temperament | [ib.] |
| 61. | Diagnosis of the Intemperaments of the Body | [85] |
| 62. | On the Form of the Head | [87] |
| 63. | The marks of the Temperaments of the Brain | [87] |
| 64. | The marks of the Temperaments of the Stomach | [90] |
| 65. | Diagnosis of the Temperaments of the Lungs | [93] |
| 66. | The marks of the Temperaments of the Heart | [94] |
| 67. | On the Temperaments of the Liver | [98] |
| 68. | Diagnosis of the Temperaments of the Testicles | [100] |
| 69. | On the parts that are omitted | [101] |
| 70. | The Correction of Hot Intemperaments of the Body | [ib.] |
| 71. | The Correction of the Cold Intemperaments of the Body | [102] |
| 72. | The Cure of the Dry Intemperaments, of the Stomach for example; then of the other Intemperaments | [103] |
| 73. | On the Powers of the Articles of Food | [106] |
| 74. | On Pot-herbs | [110] |
| 75. | On Asparagi, or young Shoots | [115] |
| 76. | On things having esculent Roots | [116] |
| 77. | On Truffles and Mushrooms | [119] |
| 78. | On the frumentaceous articles of Food | [120] |
| 79. | On Pulse | [124] |
| 80. | On the Summer Fruits | [127] |
| 81. | On the Fruit of Trees | [129] |
| 82. | On Animals; and, first, of Fowls | [138] |
| 83. | On Eggs | [143] |
| 84. | On Beasts | [145] |
| 85. | On the parts of Animals | [149] |
| 86. | On Milk | [151] |
| 87. | On the Drinking of Milk | [154] |
| 88. | Curds and Whey | [155] |
| 89. | On Cheese | [156] |
| 90. | On Fishes | [157] |
| 91. | On the Testacea, or Shellfish | [166] |
| 92. | On the Mollusca | [169] |
| 93. | On the Cartilaginous Fishes | [ib.] |
| 94. | On the Cetacea or large Fishes | [170] |
| 95. | On the Properties of Wine | [172] |
| 96. | On Honey, and Hydromel or Honied Water | [178] |
| 97. | On Sleep | [180] |
| 98. | On Watchfulness | [181] |
| 99. | On Somnolency | [183] |
| 100. | The Epistle of Diocles on the Preservation of Health—Diocles to King Antigonus | [ib.] |
| [SECOND BOOK.] | ||
| 1. | On Fevers, from the works of Galen and several others | [187] |
| 2. | Of the principal considerations to be inquired into with regard to febrile affections | [188] |
| 3. | From Galen, what to call the commencement of the Disease | [189] |
| 4. | How to know whether the Disease will prove fatal or not | [ib.] |
| 5. | How to know if the Disease will be of long duration | [193] |
| 6. | How to know if the Disease will terminate by a Crisis or by Resolution | [194] |
| 7. | On Critical Days | [ib.] |
| 8. | That Critical Symptoms appearing at the commencement are unfavorable | [198] |
| 9. | How to judge beforehand of a future Crisis | [ib.] |
| 10. | How to recognize a present Crisis | [199] |
| 11. | How to determine whether a past Crisis be favorable | [201] |
| 12. | On the Pulse, from the works of Galen | [202] |
| 13. | On the Alvine Discharges | [222] |
| 14. | On the Indications from the Urine | [224] |
| 15. | On the Indications from the Sputa | [228] |
| 16. | The Diagnosis and Cure of Ephemeral Fevers | [229] |
| 17. | Diagnosis of Fevers from Putrefaction | [235] |
| 18. | The Cure of Putrid Fevers | [237] |
| 19. | The Diagnosis of Tertian Fevers | [239] |
| 20. | The Cure of Tertian Fevers | [241] |
| 21. | The Cure of Spurious Tertians | [243] |
| 22. | The Diagnosis of Quartans | [245] |
| 23. | The Cure of Quartans | [246] |
| 24. | The Diagnosis of the Quotidian | [249] |
| 25. | The Cure of Quotidians | [250] |
| 26. | On the Fever Hepialus, and the Rigor without Heat | [251] |
| 27. | On the Continual Fevers | [253] |
| 28. | The Diagnosis and Cure of Synochous Fevers | [256] |
| 29. | On the Diagnosis of Ardent Fevers | [260] |
| 30. | The Cure of Ardent Fevers | [262] |
| 31. | Diagnosis and Cure of Fevers connected with an Erysipelatous affection | [264] |
| 32. | Diagnosis of Hectic Fevers | [266] |
| 33. | The Cure of Hectic Fevers | [268] |
| 34. | On Semi-tertians | [271] |
| 35. | On Epidemic Diseases | [273] |
| 36. | On the Plague, from the works of Ruffus | [277] |
| 37. | On the Treatment of those who are seized with Syncope from crude humours | [288] |
| 38. | Of those who have fallen into Syncope from thin humours | [291] |
| 39. | On the other Causes which occasion Syncope | [292] |
| 40. | On Pain | [296] |
| 41. | On colliquative Diarrhœa, or Melting | [297] |
| 42. | On Watchfulness in Fevers | [299] |
| 43. | The Cure of Cataphora, or Somnolency | [301] |
| 44. | The Cure of Headach in Fevers | [ib.] |
| 45. | On the Cure of Stomach affections | [303] |
| 46. | On inordinate Chills and Rigors in Fevers | [305] |
| 47. | On Sweats | [306] |
| 48. | On Cough in Fevers | [309] |
| 49. | On Sneezing | [310] |
| 50. | On Loss of Appetite | [311] |
| 51. | On Bulimos, or inordinate Appetite | [313] |
| 52. | On the canine Appetite | [314] |
| 53. | On Thirst | [316] |
| 54. | On Roughness of the Tongue | [318] |
| 55. | On Nausea | [319] |
| 56. | On Vomiting of Bile | [320] |
| 57. | On Hiccough | [321] |
| 58. | On Constipation and Looseness of the Bowels in Fevers | [323] |
| 59. | On trickling of blood and Hemorrhage from the Nose | [325] |
| 60. | On deliquium animi or Swooning | [327] |
| 61. | On the treatment of Ulceration upon the Os Sacrum | [329] |
| Appendix to the Commentary on Book Second: On Smallpox and Measles | [330] | |
| [THIRD BOOK.] | ||
| 1. | On affections of the Hair, Alopecia, Ophiasis, and Baldness | [337] |
| 2. | For making the Hair curled, and for dyeing it | [342] |
| 3. | On Pityriasis | [345] |
| 4. | On Headach | [350] |
| 5. | On Cephalæa and Hemicrania | [355] |
| 6. | On Phrenitis | [359] |
| 7. | On Phlegmon of the Brain | [365] |
| 8. | On Erysipelas of the Brain | [ib.] |
| 9. | On Lethargy | [366] |
| 10. | On Catochus, or Coma Vigil | [369] |
| 11. | On the Loss of Memory and of Reason; on Carus and Fatuity | [372] |
| 12. | On Vertigo | [374] |
| 13. | On Epilepsy | [376] |
| 14. | On Melancholia, Mania, and Demoniacs | [383] |
| 15. | On Incubus, or Nightmare | [388] |
| 16. | On Lycaon, or Lycanthropia | [389] |
| 17. | On Love-sick Persons | [391] |
| 18. | On Apoplexy and Hemiplegia, or Paralysis | [392] |
| 19. | On Convulsions, or Spasms | [401] |
| 20. | On Tetanus and its varieties | [403] |
| 21. | On Tremblings | [407] |
| 22. | On Diseases of the Eye | [409] |
| 23. | On Diseases of the Ear | [437] |
| 24. | On Affections of the Nose, and of the Sense of Smell | [446] |
| 25. | On Affections of the Face | [452] |
| 26. | On Affections of the Mouth | [454] |
| 27. | On Angina, or Quinsey, and Complaints allied to it, in which the subject of those who have been strangled, or otherwise suffocated, is treated of | [464] |
| 28. | On Coryza, Catarrh, Affections of the Trachea, and Cough | [469] |
| 29. | On Orthopnœa, Asthma, and Dyspnœa | [475] |
| 30. | On Peripneumonia | [480] |
| 31. | On Spitting of Blood | [483] |
| 32. | On Empyema and Phthisis | [491] |
| 33. | On Pleurisy | [496] |
| 34. | On Affections of the Heart | [501] |
| 35. | On Affections of the Breasts | [504] |
| 36. | Fetid Smell and Sweating at the Armpits | [506] |
| 37. | On Affections of the Stomach, of the Hypochondria, and of the Belly | [507] |
| 38. | On Inflation of the Stomach | [514] |
| 39. | On Cholera | [515] |
| 40. | On Lientery and Cæliac Affection | [520] |
| 41. | On Tenesmus | [523] |
| 42. | On Dysentery | [525] |
| 43. | On Colic Affection | [531] |
| 44. | On Ileus | [538] |
| 45. | On Affections of the Kidneys and Bladder | [541] |
| 46. | On Affections of the Liver | [560] |
| 47. | On Cachexia | [568] |
| 48. | On Dropsy | [569] |
| 49. | On the Spleen | [577] |
| 50. | On Jaundice | [580] |
| 51. | On Prolapsus of the Navel | [587] |
| 52. | How to make the Chin and Pubes continue long free of Hairs; on the Preservation of the Genital Organs; and among other things Depilatories | [588] |
| 53. | On Bubonocele, Enterocele, and Hydrocele | [589] |
| 54. | On Inflammation of the Testicle and Scrotum, and on the other diseases of these parts | [591] |
| 55. | On Gonorrhœa and Libidinous Dreams | [593] |
| 56. | On Satyriasis | [596] |
| 57. | On Priapism | [597] |
| 58. | On Impotence of the parts | [599] |
| 59. | On matters relating to the Genital Organs and Anus | [600] |
| 60. | On Affections of the Uterus; and, first, of the Menstrual Discharge | [608] |
| 61. | On Retention of the Menses | [609] |
| 62. | On Immoderate Menstruation and Uterine Hemorrhage | [615] |
| 63. | On the Female Flux | [617] |
| 64. | On Inflammation of the Uterus and Change of its Position | [620] |
| 65. | On Abscess of the Uterus | [623] |
| 66. | On Ulceration of the Womb | [624] |
| 67. | On Cancer | [627] |
| 68. | On Scirrhus and Scleroma | [629] |
| 69. | On the Mole | [630] |
| 70. | On Inflation of the Uterus | [632] |
| 71. | On Uterine Suffocation, or the Hysterical Convulsion | [633] |
| 72. | On Prolapsus Uteri | [638] |
| 73. | On Phimus in the Uterus | [640] |
| 74. | The Cure of Sterility | [641] |
| 75. | On Fissures, Condylomata, and Hemorrhoids of the Uterus | [645] |
| 76. | On Difficult Labour | [646] |
| 77. | On Ischiatic Disease | [652] |
| 78. | On Gout and Arthritis | [657] |
| 79. | On Chilblains, and Affections of the Feet and Hands | [676] |
| 80. | For Corns and Callus | [678] |
| 81. | On Complaints about the Nails | [679] |