SECT. XII.—ON VERTIGO.
Vertigo is occasioned by a cold and viscid humour seizing upon the brain, whence the patients are ready to fall down from a very slight cause, such as sometimes from looking at any external object which turns round, as a wheel or top, or when they themselves are whirled round, or when their head has been heated, by which means the humours or spirit in it are set in motion. And sometimes it is occasioned by the anterior cavities of the brain being compressed in perforations of the skull for fractures, in which cases there are violent pains. When it is a primary affection of the head, it is preceded by strong pain in the part, by drowsiness, and noises in the ears; and some have either the sense of smell or of taste impaired. But in those cases which arise from sympathy with the orifice of the stomach, heartburn accompanies and nausea follows.
The cure. Those affected with vertigo are to be roused at the onset, by using strong-scented things of a suitable nature, by frictions, and such like; and, during the remission, for the recovery of the complaint, they ought first to be bled, and then purged with hiera. And after an interval we must use an acrid clyster of centaury, or the decoction of colocynth. After such evacuations, we are to apply to the back part of the head cupping-instruments with scarifications, and afterwards use masticatories and sternutatories. When there is heat in the head and noises in the ears, inasmuch as they are occasioned by hot vapours diffused in the arteries, we must have recourse to anteriotomy behind the ears, as will be described when treating of surgical matters.
Commentary. See Galen (de Loc. Affect. iii, 12); Aretæus (Morb. Chron. Curat, i, 3); Aëtius (vi, 7); Oribasius (Synops. vi, 5); Actuarius (Meth. Med. vi, 2); Nonnus (35); Cælius Aurelianus (Morb. Chron. i, 2); Octavius Horatianus (ii, 2, 3); Serapion (i, 3); Avicenna (iii, 1, 5); Mesue (ii, 13); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 5; Pract. v, 20); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, 6, 7); Rhases (Divis. 5; Contin. 1.)
Galen agrees with Archigenes that vertigo may either be a primary affection of the brain, or may proceed from sympathy with the mouth of the stomach. Archigenes pretended to distinguish between the two cases in the manner described by our author, that is to say, when the disease is preceded by noises in the head, stupor, loss of the sense of smell, or of any other sense, he concluded that the disease was a primary affection of the brain; whereas, if preceded by nausea and heartburn, he believed that it had its origin in the stomach.
Aretæus details the treatment with great minuteness. He recommends restoring any suppressed secretion, bleeding at the arm, cupping, opening the frontal or nasal veins, sternutatories, emetics of hellebore and the like; cold applications to the head, friction of the extremities, gestation, walking, restricted diet, the cold bath, but not the hot. Aëtius, in an extract from Posidonius, treats of the disease in much the same terms.
Cælius Aurelianus recommends the same treatment as for cephalæa. Octavius approves particularly of hellebore.
Serapion directs us to open the arteries behind the ears, which practice, however, Galen had pronounced to be less useful than some had represented. Mesue makes mention of leeches to the nose, and medicines for renewing the menstrual and hemorrhoidal discharges when suppressed. Avicenna speaks of the actual cautery. (See [Book Sixth, Sect. I], of this Work.) Vertigo, according to Haly Abbas, may arise from a pituitous or sanguineous plethora of the cerebral vessels, or from compression occasioned by fracture. He approves of general and local bleeding only when there is a plethora of blood. In other cases he recommends drastic purgatives, aromatic stimulants, masticatories, and sternutatories. His treatment is judiciously modified according to the nature of the exciting cause. Alsaharavius recommends opening the arteries behind the ears, strong purgatives, clysters, gargles, and hot plasters, containing mustard, and the like. Aaron, one of Rhases’ authorities, decidedly inculcates that vertigo may either be connected with disease of the brain or of the stomach. He principally recommends bleeding and purging, and also speaks favorably of cupping the nape of the neck.