SECT. XXVI.—ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
The weight is determined by the degree of heaviness; the measure by the capacity of the vessel: but the vessel is the measure either of a dry or of a liquid quantity. So then there are three differences of a measured quantity: first, that of weight; second, that of a dry substance, and, as it were, of such things as can be heaped; and third, that of a liquid. There being many and almost infinite varieties of weights and measures according to the practice of places, and of those who use them, we shall treat only of those which are familiar to all.
On the characters used by the Greeks for indicating weights and measures. But since some do not indicate these by whole letters, but by characters, it will be better for us, in imitation of the ancients, to explain these characters in the first place.
First, then, the letter χ having alpha placed above it, signifies chalcus (i. e. æreus), thus
; but if the χ has ο, chus (i. e. congius), thus
; but if οι, chœnix, thus
; but if η, cheme, thus
; Κ if it has ε placed above it, and a straight line obliquely intersecting the lower curvature of it indicates ceration (i. e. siliqua), thus
; but if the Κ has υ, cyathus, thus
and if ο cotyle (i. e. hemina), thus
. The circumflex line not surrounded by anything, and placed altogether obliquely, indicates obolus, thus 𐅼; but if there are two lines not surrounded, they signify two oboli, thus 𐅽, which make a gramma (i. e. scrupulum), which is indicated by γ having ρ near it, intersected by a straight line, thus
. Two lines united at one extremity so as to make an angle, like the two wings which join the straight line of the letter K, indicate drachma (or drachm), which is synonymous with holca, thus
. But the holca is properly indicated by λ with ο in its middle, thus
. But if the λ has ι, it indicates libra (a pound), thus
. Some, however, indicate a pound, by another line intersecting the line of the λ obliquely, thus
. But Γ having the letter o within its angle, signifies uncia (an ounce), thus
. The letter μ having ν in its middle, indicates mna, or mina, thus
; but if the μ has υ, it indicates mystrum, thus
; and if ο, modius, thus
. The letter τ followed by a ρ with a υ about it, indicates tryblium, thus
. The letter χ, if it has ε placed above it, indicates xestes (i. e. sextarius), thus
. But if it has ο written above, it signifies oxybaphum (i. e. acetabulum), thus
. Some indicate a sextarius by a χ, with a straight line intersecting it, thus
. The letter η, having μ placed above it, indicated hemina, thus
. The letter κ prefixed to ρ, and having μ placed above it, indicates ceramium, thus
.
On Weights.
| The Attic and Egyptian mna (i. e. mina) | contains | oz. xvj. |
| The Roman mina | ” | oz. xx. |
| The libra (i. e. pound) | ” | oz. xij. |
| The uncia (i. e. ounce) | ” | dr. viij. |
| The drachma (i. e. drachm) | ” | scr. iij. |
| The scrupulus (i. e. scruple) | ” | oboli ij. |
| The obolus contains ceratia or siliquæ | iij. | |
| The siliqua contains chalci (i. e. ærei or æreoli) | ij. and ⅔. | |
| So that an obolus contains viij æreoli. | ||
On the Measures of Liquids.
The Italic ceramium contains choes (or congii) viij.
The chus or congius contains sextarii vj.
The sextarius contains cotylæ ij, which are also called tryblia.
The cotyla, or tryblium, contains great mystra iij, but acetabula iv.
The great mystrum contains acetabulum j, and a third.
The acetabulum contains cyathus j, and a half.
The cyathus contains small chemæ, or small mystra ij.
But if you would wish to know the measure of the weights of liquids (for there are many differences of liquid substances according to weight), we shall illustrate this by the example of oil, wine, and honey. Honey, then, is heavier than wine by a fourth part, and a tenth part more, which makes altogether almost a third part. For the same measure of honey as of wine contains the weight of the wine and a third part more. Honey is heavier than oil by one half; for it contains the whole weight of the oil, and a half part of the weight besides. Wine exceeds oil by a ninth part, for it contains the whole weight of the oil and a ninth part more. In order to make this appear more manifest, we shall subjoin, as in a diagram, the proportion of the particular measures, it being obvious that the words oil, wine, and honey, are to be understood as expressed in every line of the series.
| The Italian | Of oil. | Of wine. | Of honey. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ceramium contains | lib. lxxij | lib. lxxx | lib. cviij. |
| Chus, or congius | lib. ix | lib. x | lib. xiiss. |
| Sextarius | oz. xviij | oz. xx | oz. xxvij. |
| Cotyle or hemina | oz. ix | oz. x | oz. xiiiss. |
| Great mystrum | oz. iij | oz. iij, scr. viij | oz. ivss. |
| Acetabulum | dr. xviij | oz. ij, scr. xij | oz. iij, scr. ix. |
| Cyathus | dr. xij | oz. iss, scr. iv | oz. ij, dr. ij. |
| Small mystrum | dr. vj | scr. xx | dr. ix. |
Oribasius says, on the authority of Adamantius, that the Italian sextarius of wine contains oz. xxiv by measure, but lb. j oz. viij by weight; and that a sextarius of honey contains lb. iiss by weight.
On the Measures of Dry Substances.
The Egyptian artaba contains modii iij.
The Egyptian and Italian modius contains chœnices viij.
The chœnix contains sextarii ij.
The sextarius contains two semisextarii, which are called heminæ.
The hemina contains cyathi viij.
The Attic medimnus contains hemiecta xij.
The hemiecton contains chœnices iv. Hence the medimnus contains modii vj, chœnices xlviij, and sextarii xcvj.
But of these it is not easy to give the weight, because of dry things the difference, according to the inclination of the balance, is immense.
The end of the Seventh and Last Book of Paulus Ægineta.
Commentary. See, further, Galenus (De Pond. et Mens.); Cleopatra (De P. et M.); Celsus (v, 17); Pliny (H. N. xxi, 34); Rhemnus Fannius (De Pond. et Metr.); Marcellus Empiricus; Pollux (Onomast.); Hesychius et Suidas (pluries); Serapion (de Antid. vii, 37); Avicenna (v, 2, 8.) The best modern writers on the weights and measures of the ancients are, Arbuthnot (On Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures); Milligan (Præfatio et Notæ in Celsum); Poucton (Métrologie); Raper (Philosoph. Transact. London, 1770, 1771); J. F. Wurm (De Pond. &c.); Conger (Weights, Measures, &c. of the Greeks and Romans.)
Since a proper knowledge of this subject is indispensably necessary, in order to attain a practical acquaintance with ancient pharmacy, we shall not scruple to avail ourselves freely of the information contained in the works of the modern authorities referred to above. It will be seen, that in the following sketch, we have followed Arbuthnot very closely; indeed, it is proper to mention, that when we originally wrote this, our concluding Commentary, we were not acquainted with the labours of Wurm and Conger. We now remark that, although the later authorities agree with Arbuthnot on general principles, they differ from him on a few points, as will be perceived upon a comparison of his tables with those of Conger. The discrepance between them, we find, arises from two causes, only one of which, it will be observed, is of any practical importance. First: Arbuthnot mixes the fractional with the decimal mode of computation, whilst Conger uses the decimal method alone. Second: They give different estimates of the length of the Pes. For example, Arbuthnot states the contents of the ligula to be ¹⁄₄₈ pint, and the decimals ·117⁵⁄₁₂ solid inch; whereas Conger rates it at the decimals ·62 pint, or the decimals ·69 solid inch. Now the 48th part of a pint equals the decimal ·6, which, when added to the former decimals ·117 solid inch, amounts to ·717: the difference between this number and ·69 is ·027, which being multiplied successively by the tabular values of the ligula, cyathus, acetabulum, &c., and the product divided by the number of solid inches in a pint, gives 12 pints, or 1 gal. 2 qts. as the difference between Arbuthnot’s and Conger’s contents of the amphora. By Arbuthnot’s table the contents of the amphora is 7 gal. 1 pint, 10·66 solid inches; by Conger’s, it is 5 gal. 2 qts. 1 pint, and the decimal ·64 of a pint. For example,
| gal. | qts. | pts. | sol. inch. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arbuthnot’s amphora | = | 7 | 0 | 1 | 10·66 |
| Conger’s ” | = | 5 | 2 | 1 | |
| Difference | 1 | 2 | 0 | 10·66 |
The Pes is the standard from which the contents of the amphora, and of the other names of weights and measures in the table are deduced; and, as our authorities assign slightly different estimates to the length of the pes, the other measures in the table are consequently affected by this difference in the assumed standard. Arbuthnot assumes the pes to be 11·604 inches, whereas Conger, with the later authorities, makes it to be ·97075 ft. or 11·649 inches. Now the amphora, being the cube of the pes, equals, according to Arbuthnot, 1562·5112 solid inches, whereas the cube of Conger’s pes makes the amphora to contain 1580·75 solid inches.
Having thus pointed out the source of the discrepance between the tables of Arbuthnot and the later authorities, we shall now proceed with our extracts, beginning with Dr. Milligan, who, although he can have no pretensions to be reckoned an original authority on the subject, has been particularly fortunate in giving from Targa and Arbuthnot, a very lucid exposition of the weights, measures, and characters, which occur in the works of Celsus.
Extracts from Dr. Milligan’s edition of Celsus.
Characterum in Celso obvenientium Tabula.
| P | = | Pondo: cum aliis notis junctum quasi pondere; Anglice, by weight, significat. |
| P., per se | = | 1 Libra. |
| 𐆖 | = | 1 Denarius. |
| 𐆐 non per se | = | 1 sextantem denominationis antecedentis signat. |
| 𐆐 per se | = | fere unius drachmæ sextantem. |
| 𐆐 𐆐 | = | 2 sextantis. |
| ⍪ | = | 1 sextantem. |
| — | = | ½ sextantis. |
| Z | = | 1 sextantem. |
| 8 | = | 1 sextantem. |
Porro P. 𐆐, P ⍪, P Z, P 8, characteres compositi sunt, qui omnino secundum tabulam superiorem, libræ sextantem singuli significant. Pari quoque ratione, P. 𐆖. 𐆐, P. 𐆖. ⍪, P. 𐆖. Z, P. 𐆖. 8, denarii sextantem, vel unciæ quadrigesimam secundam partem designat.
Notæ Celsi lectoribus negotii nonnihil facessere solent. Cum ipso igitur, id anticipandum nobis erit; ut ponderum divisio quam decimo septimo libri quinti capite descripsit, hic quasi prærogetur.
| Libra | } | valet | { | Uncias duodecim. |
| Uncia | } | { | Denarios septem. | |
| Denarius | } | { | Sextantes sex. | |
| Sextans | } | { | Obolum unum. | |
| Obolus | } | { | Scrupulum dimidium. |
Denarius autem (Greaves, Diss. on the Denarius) grana 62 (English Troy weight) habebat; unde unciæ essent 434, sextanti ejus 10⅓ grana; fere scrupulum dimidium, ut Celsus, loco citato, docet.
His præposites scire licet,
ά. Notam P., per se libram significare.
β´. Notam 𐆐, sextatem indifferenter significare, sed non drachmæ magis quam libræ, vel cujuslibet denominationis præcedentis, sextantem. Sic Notam P. 𐆐, uncias duas æquare.
γ´. Notam 𐆐 𐆐, duos sextantes indicare.
δ´. Notam 𐆑, sextantis dimidium representare.
έ. Notam 𐆖, Denarium indicare 𐆐 ⅐ unciæ. Quam vero notam, propter similitudinem, librarii sæpe cum X, decem indicante confundunt. Nam 𐆖, perinde ac X decem olim significabat.
Videmus ergo Notam P, libram esse; cum aliis autem notis pondo significat, quasi pondere (Anglice by weight) adeo ut ista textus P. 𐆖 𐆐, Denarii sextantem pondere, vel grana 10⅓ indicet. Pari ratione P. 𐆖, denarius pondere, vel absolute denarius, qui grana 62, est.
Porro P. 𐆐, P Z, P 8, P⍪, libræ sextantem pondere: P. 𐆖. 𐆐, P. 𐆖 Z, P. 𐆖 8, P. 𐆖 ⍪, denarii sextantem, vel unciæ quadragesimam secundam partem, designant.
Constat 1. Denarium Romanum grana Trojana Britannica 62⁴⁄₇ pependisse.
2. Pedem Romanum pollicum Britannicorum 11·604 valuisse.
Ab his sequitur, pedem Romanum, ad pendulum latitudinis Londinii per spatium inane, ad 62 Farenheiti thermometri calefactum, oscillans, rationem habere quam 11·604 ad 39·1393. Porro congium Romanum ad congium (gallon) Britannicum Imperialem, ut 189·64 ad 274, esse.
Tabula Ponderum et Mensurarum Pliniana.
| = | 1 | obolus | = | 10 | chalci. | |||||
| 1 | denarius argenteus | = | 1 | drachma Attica | = | 6 | oboli | = | 60 | chalci. |
| 1 | cyathus | = | 10 | drachmæ | = | 60 | oboli | = | 600 | chalci. |
| 1 | acetabulum | = | 15 | drachmæ | = | 90 | oboli | = | 900 | chalci. |
| 1 | hemina | = | 60 | drachmæ | = | 360 | oboli | = | 3600 | chalci. |
| 1 | mna | = | 100 | drachmæ | = | 600 | oboli | = | 6000 | chalci. |
Tabula Ponderum Celsiana.
| 1 | sextans | = | 1 | obolus. | |||||||||
| 1 | scrupulus | = | 2 | + sextantes | = | 2 | + oboli. | ||||||
| 1 | denarius | = | 3 | scrupuli | = | 6 | sextantes | = | 6 | oboli. | |||
| 1 | uncia | = | 7 | denarii | = | 21 | scrupuli | = | 42 | sextantes | = | 42 | oboli. |
Sed ut ostendemus, 1 denarius = 62 grana (Troy weight), hinc 62 grana = 1 denarius = 6 sextantes = 6 oboli; dividendo, 10⅓ grana = 1 sextans = 1 obolus.
Tabula, pondera Trojana, tam mensurarum capacitatis, tam gravitatis, Romanorum sistens.
| Urna. | Libra. | Uncia. | Denarius. | Scrupulus. | Sextans. | Chalcus. | Grana. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amphora | = | 2 | = | 80 | = | 960 | = | 6720 | = | 20160 | = | 40320 | = | 403200 | = | 420480 |
| Urna | 1 | = | 40 | = | 480 | = | 3360 | = | 10080 | = | 26160 | = | 210600 | = | 210240 | |
| Congius | ¼ | = | 10 | = | 120 | = | 840 | = | 2540 | = | 5040 | = | 50400 | = | 52920 | |
| Sextarius | 1⅔ | = | 20 | = | 140 | = | 420 | = | 840 | = | 8400 | = | 8760 | |||
| Libra | 1 | = | 12 | = | 84 | = | 252 | = | 504 | = | 5040 | = | 5256 | |||
| Hemina | 8⁴⁄₇ | = | 60 | = | 180 | = | 360 | = | 3600 | = | 3759 | |||||
| Acetabulum | 2⅐ | = | 15 | = | 45 | = | 90 | = | 900 | = | 939 | |||||
| Sesqi-cyathus | 2⅐ | = | 15 | = | 45 | = | 90 | = | 900 | = | 939 | |||||
| Cyathus | 1³⁄₇ | = | 10 | = | 30 | = | 60 | = | 600 | = | 626 | |||||
| Sescuncia | 1½ | = | 10½ | = | 31½ | = | 63 | = | 630 | = | 657 | |||||
| Uncia | 1 | = | 7 | = | 21 | = | 42 | = | 420 | = | 438 | |||||
| Cochleare | 2½ | = | 7½ | = | 15 | = | 150 | = | 156 | |||||||
| Drachma | 1 | = | 3 | = | 6 | = | 60 | = | 62⁴⁄₇ | |||||||
| Denarius | 1 | = | 3 | = | 6 | = | 60 | = | 62⁴⁄₇ | |||||||
| Scrupulus | 1 | = | 2 | = | 20 | = | 20⅔ | |||||||||
| Scrupulus dimidiatus | ½ | = | 1 | = | 10 | = | 10⅓ | |||||||||
| Obolus | 1 | = | 10 | = | 10⅓ | |||||||||||
| Sextans | 1 | = | 10 | = | 10⅓ | |||||||||||
| Chalcus | 1 | = | 1¹⁄₃₆ | |||||||||||||
Denario infra hanc lineam 62 grana, compendii numerique rotundandi gratia tribuimus. Qui accuratiora volunt ⁴⁄₇ illud Grævii in valorem per denariorum columnam ducant, et nostris superaddant.
Sed post tot annorum lapsum, quomodo ista pondera ad nostra Trojana referamus? Diligentia antiquariorum illud perfacile effecit. Inclytus enim J. Grævesius Angliæ decus, pondus Denarii, per plurima exemplarium centena, in Italicis aliisque cimeliis conservata, ipsa statera trutinavit: et pondus omnium meliorum denariorum ad grana Trojana 62⁴⁄₇ librare reperit. Sed cognito denarii, qui veteribus non tantum nummus fuit, sed ponderis rerum arbiter, pondere, ceterarum denominationum valorem calculo simplicissimo, in granis Trojanis habebis.
Tabula Ponderum ac Mensurarum relationis quas passim Celsus usurpavit.
| Unc. | Sextans. | Quadrans. | Triens. | Quincunx. | Semis. | Septunx. | Bes. | Dodarans. | Dextans. | Deunx. | Quævis unctar. | Characteres. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Uncia | 1 | = | ½ | = | ⅓ | = | ¼ | = | ⅕ | = | ⅙ | = | ⅐ | = | ⅛ | = | ⅑ | = | ⅒ | = | ¹⁄₁₁ | = | ¹⁄₁₂ | ⊥ |
| 2 | Sextans | 1 | = | ⅔ | = | ½ | = | ⅖ | = | ⅓ | = | ²⁄₇ | = | ¼ | = | ²⁄₉ | = | ⅕ | = | ²⁄₁₁ | = | ⅙ | 𐆐, Z | ||
| 3 | Quadrans | 1 | = | ¾ | = | ⅗ | = | ½ | = | ³⁄₇ | = | ⅜ | = | ⅓ | = | ³⁄₁₀ | = | ³⁄₁₁ | = | ¼ | 𐆐 𐆑 | ||||
| 4 | Triens | 1 | = | ⅘ | = | ⅔ | = | ⁴⁄₇ | = | ½ | = | ⁴⁄₉ | = | ⅖ | = | ⁴⁄₁₁ | = | ⅓ | 𐆐 𐆐 | ||||||
| 5 | Quincunx | 1 | = | ⅚ | = | ⁵⁄₇ | = | ⅝ | = | ⁵⁄₉ | = | ½ | = | ⁵⁄₁₁ | = | ⁵⁄₁₂ | 𐆐 𐆑 𐆐 | ||||||||
| 6 | Semis | 1 | = | ⁶⁄₇ | = | ²⁄₄ | = | ⅔ | = | ⅗ | = | ⁶⁄₁₁ | = | ½ | S. S.ʺ | ||||||||||
| 7 | Septunx | 1 | = | ⅞ | = | ⁷⁄₉ | = | ⁷⁄₁₀ | = | ⁷⁄₁₁ | = | ⁷⁄₁₂ | V. | ||||||||||||
| 8 | Bes | 1 | = | ⁸⁄₉ | = | ⅘ | = | ⁸⁄₁₁ | = | ⅔ | 𐆑 S. 𐆑 | ||||||||||||||
| 8 | Octunx | 1 | = | ⁸⁄₉ | = | ⅘ | = | ⁸⁄₁₁ | = | ⅔ | 𐆑 S 𐆑 | ||||||||||||||
| 9 | Dodrans | 1 | = | ⁸⁄₁₀ | = | ⁹⁄₁₁ | = | ¾ | S 𐆐 𐆑 | ||||||||||||||||
| 10 | Dextans | 1 | = | ¹⁰⁄₁₁ | = | ⅚ | S 𐆐 𐆐 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | Deunx | 1 | = | ¹¹⁄₁₂ | S 𐆐 𐆑 𐆐 | ||||||||||||||||||||
His cujusvis unitatis, libræ, unciæ, denarii, congii, partes duodecimæ, hoc est unciæ, distributæ erant.
Extracts from Dr. Arbuthnot’s Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures.
1. Roman Measures of Capacity for things Liquid.
| English Wine Measure. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gall. | Pints. | Sol. Inc. Dec. | ||||||||||
| Ligula | 0 | 0¹⁄₄₈ | 0·117⁵⁄₁₂ | |||||||||
| 4 | Cyathus | 0 | 0¹⁄₁₂ | 0·469⅔ | ||||||||
| 6 | 1½ | Acetabulum | 0 | 0⅛ | 0·704½ | |||||||
| 12 | 3 | 2 | Quartarius | 0 | 0¼ | 1·409 | ||||||
| 24 | 6 | 4 | 2 | Hemina | 0 | 0½ | 2·818 | |||||
| 48 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | Sextarius | 0 | 1 | 5·636 | ||||
| 288 | 72 | 48 | 24 | 12 | 6 | Congius | 0 | 7 | 4·942 | |||
| 1152 | 288 | 192 | 96 | 48 | 24 | 4 | Urna | 3 | 4½ | 5·33 | ||
| 2304 | 576 | 384 | 192 | 96 | 48 | 8 | 2 | Amphora | 7 | 1 | 10·66 | |
| 46080 | 11520 | 7680 | 3840 | 1920 | 960 | 160 | 40 | 20 | Culeus | 143 | 3 | 11·095 |
2. Attic Measures of Capacity for things Liquid.
| English Wine Measure. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gall. | Pints. | Sol. Inc. Dec. | ||||||||||
| Κοχλιάριον | 0 | ¹⁄₁₂₀ | 0·0356 | |||||||||
| 2 | Χήμη | 0 | ¹⁄₆₀ | 0·0712 | ||||||||
| 2½ | 1¼ | Μύστρον | 0 | ¹⁄₄₈ | 0·089 | |||||||
| 5 | 2½ | 2 | Κόγχη | 0 | ¹⁄₂₄ | 0·178 | ||||||
| 10 | 5 | 4 | 2 | Κύαθος | 0 | ¹⁄₁₂ | 0·356 | |||||
| 15 | 7½ | 6 | 3 | 1½ | Ὀξύβαφον | 0 | ⅛ | 0·535 | ||||
| 60 | 30 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 4 | Κοτύλη | 0 | ½ | 2·141 | |||
| 120 | 60 | 48 | 24 | 12 | 8 | 2 | Ξέστης | 0 | 1 | 4·283 | ||
| 720 | 360 | 288 | 144 | 72 | 48 | 12 | 6 | Χόυς | 0 | 6 | 25·698 | |
| 8640 | 4320 | 3456 | 1728 | 864 | 576 | 144 | 72 | 12 | Μετρητής | 10 | 2 | 19·626 |
3. Attic Measures of Capacity for things Dry.
| English Corn Measure. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pecks. | Gals. | Pints. | Sol. Inch. | |||||||
| Κοχλιάριον | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0·276 | ||||||
| 10 | Κύαθος | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2·763 | |||||
| 15 | 1½ | Ὀξύβαφον | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4·144 | ||||
| 60 | 6 | 4 | Κοτύλη | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16·579 | |||
| 120 | 12 | 8 | 2 | Ξέστης | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33·158 | ||
| 180 | 18 | 12 | 3 | 1½ | Χοῖνιξ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15·705 | |
| 8640 | 864 | 576 | 144 | 72 | 48 | Μέδιμνος | 4 | 0 | 6 | 3·501 |
N.B. Besides this Medimnus, which is the Medicus, there was a Medimnus Georgius, equal to 6 Roman Modii.
4. Less ancient Grecian and Roman Weights reduced to English Troy Weight.
| Lb. | Oz. | Dwts. | Grs. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lentes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0⁸⁵⁄₁₁₂ | |||||||||
| 4 | Siliquæ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3¹⁄₂₈ | ||||||||
| 12 | 3 | Obolus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9³⁄₂₈ | |||||||
| 24 | 6 | 2 | Scrupulum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18³⁄₁₄ | ||||||
| 72 | 18 | 6 | 3 | Drachma | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6⁹⁄₁₄ | |||||
| 96 | 24 | 8 | 4 | 1⅓ | Sextula | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6⁶⁄₇ | ||||
| 144 | 36 | 12 | 6 | 2 | 1½ | Sicilicus | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13²⁄₇ | |||
| 192 | 48 | 16 | 8 | 2⅔ | 2 | 1⅓ | Duella | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1⁵⁄₇ | ||
| 576 | 144 | 48 | 24 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | Uncia | 0 | 0 | 18 | 5⅐ | |
| 6912 | 1725 | 576 | 288 | 96 | 72 | 48 | 36 | 12 | Libra | 0 | 10 | 18 | 13⁵⁄₇ |
N.B. The Roman ounce is the English avoirdupois ounce which they divided into 7 denarii as well as 8 drachms; and since they reckoned their denarius equal to the Attic drachm, this will make the Attic weights ⅛ heavier than the correspondent Roman weights.
The above Tables are thus given by Conger.
I. Roman Measures of Capacity.
For Liquids (Unit: Amphora = 5⁷⁄₁₀ gallons).
| Cub. inch. | Gal. | Qts. | Pints. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ligula | 0·69 | 0·02 | |||||||||||
| 4 | Cyathus | 2·74 | 0·08 | ||||||||||
| 6 | 1½ | Acetabulum | 4·12 | 0·12 | |||||||||
| 12 | 3 | 2 | Quartarius | 8·23 | 0·24 | ||||||||
| 24 | 6 | 4 | 2 | Hemina | 16·47 | 0·48 | |||||||
| 48 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | Sextarius | 32·93 | 0·95 | ||||||
| 288 | 72 | 48 | 24 | 12 | 6 | Congius | 197·59 | 2 | 1·70 | ||||
| 1152 | 288 | 192 | 96 | 48 | 24 | 4 | Urna | 799·38 | 2 | 3 | 0·82 | ||
| 2304 | 576 | 384 | 192 | 96 | 48 | 8 | 2 | Amphora | 1580·75 | 5 | 2 | 1·64 | |
| 46080 | 11520 | 7680 | 3840 | 1920 | 960 | 160 | 40 | 20 | Culeus | 31615·01 | 114 | 0 | 0·80 |
II. Grecian Measures of Capacity.
For Liquids (Unit. Μετρητής = 8½ gallons).
| Cub. inch. | Gal. | Qts. | Pints. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Κοχλιάριον | 0·27 | 0·008 | ||||||||||||||
| 2 | Χήμη | 0·55 | 0·016 | |||||||||||||
| 2½ | 1¼ | Μύστρον | 0·69 | 0·02 | ||||||||||||
| 5 | 2½ | 2 | Κόγχη | 1·37 | 0·04 | |||||||||||
| 10 | 5 | 4 | 2 | Κύαθος | 2·74 | 0·08 | ||||||||||
| 15 | 7½ | 6 | 3 | 1½ | Ὀξύβαφον | 4·12 | 0·12 | |||||||||
| 30 | 15 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 2 | Τέταρτον | 8·23 | 0·24 | ||||||||
| 60 | 30 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 2 | Κοτύλη | 16·47 | 0·48 | |||||||
| 120 | 60 | 48 | 24 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | Ξέστης | 32·93 | 0·95 | ||||||
| 720 | 360 | 288 | 144 | 72 | 48 | 24 | 12 | 6 | Χοῦς | 197·59 | 2 | 1·70 | ||||
| 4320 | 2160 | 1782 | 864 | 432 | 288 | 144 | 72 | 36 | 6 | Διώτη | Cub. ft. | 1185·56 | 4 | 1 | 0·23 | |
| 8640 | 4320 | 3456 | 1728 | 864 | 576 | 288 | 144 | 72 | 12 | 2 | Μετρητής | 1 | 643·13 | 8 | 2 | 0·46 |
| 10 | 13 | 1247·26 | 85 | 2 | 0·60 | |||||||||||
| 100 | 137 | 375·60 | 855 | 2 | 1·97 | |||||||||||
| 1000 | 1372 | 310· | 8557 | 1 | 1·70 | |||||||||||
III. Grecian Measures of Capacity.
For things Dry (Unit. Μεδιμνος = 1½ bushels).
| Cub. inch. | Bus. | Pks. | Qts. | Pints. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Κοχλιάριον | 0·22 | ·008 | |||||||||||||
| 10 | Κύαθος | 2·74 | ·079 | ||||||||||||
| 15 | 1½ | Ὀχύβαφον | 4·12 | ·12 | |||||||||||
| 60 | 6 | 4 | Κοτύλη | 16·47 | ·48 | ||||||||||
| 120 | 12 | 8 | 2 | Ξέστης | 32·93 | ·95 | |||||||||
| 240 | 24 | 16 | 4 | 2 | Χοῖνιξ | 65·86 | 1·90 | ||||||||
| 960 | 96 | 64 | 16 | 8 | 4 | Ἡμίεκτον | 263·46 | 3 | 1·61 | ||||||
| 1920 | 192 | 128 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 2 | Ἑκτος | 526·92 | 7 | 1·21 | |||||
| 3840 | 384 | 256 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 4 | 2 | Τριτὸς | Cub. ft. | 1053·83 | 1 | 7 | 0·43 | ||
| 11520 | 1152 | 768 | 192 | 96 | 48 | 12 | 6 | 3 | Μέδιμνος | 1 | 143·35 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1·28 |
| 10 | 18 | 511· | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0·8 | |||||||||
| 100 | 182 | 1654· | 142 | 2 | 3 | 2· | |||||||||
| 1000 | 1829 | 989· | 1426 | 0 | 7 | 2· | |||||||||
IV. Roman Weights.
(Unit: Libra = 10 oz. 10 dwts. 9·5 grs. Troy weight.)
| Troy weight. | Avoirdupois weight. | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lb. | Oz. | Dwts. | Grs. | Lb. | Oz. | Dwts. | |||||||||||
| Siliqua | 2·9 | 0·11 | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Obolus | 8·8 | 0·32 | ||||||||||||||
| 6 | 2 | Scrupulum | 17·5 | 0·64 | |||||||||||||
| 12 | 4 | 2 | Semisextula | 1 | 11·1 | 1·28 | |||||||||||
| 24 | 8 | 4 | 2 | Sextula | 2 | 22·1 | 2·56 | ||||||||||
| 36 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 1½ | Siciliquus | 4 | 9·2 | 3·85 | |||||||||
| 48 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1⅓ | Duella | 5 | 20·3 | 5·13 | ||||||||
| 72 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1½ | Semiuncia | 8 | 18·4 | 7·69 | |||||||
| 144 | 48 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | Uncia | 17 | 12·8 | 15·39 | ||||||
| 1728 | 576 | 288 | 144 | 72 | 48 | 36 | 24 | 12 | Libra | 10 | 10 | 9·5 | 11 | 8·67 | |||
| 172800 | 57600 | 28800 | 14400 | 7200 | 4800 | 3600 | 2400 | 1200 | 100 | Cent. pod. | 87 | 7 | 19 | 17·1 | 72 | 2 | 2·85 |
The denarius was the chief silver coin among the Romans. As a weight it was the 7th part of a Roman ounce. It is from this standard that both the value of the Roman weights and coins are deduced.
The industrious, learned, and honest Mr. Greaves affirms that having in Italy and elsewhere perused many hundred Denarii consulares, he found, by frequent and exact trial, the best of them to amount to 62 grains English.
The Roman ounce is certainly our avoirdupois ounce; but I must own that I have differed in a small matter from Mr. Greaves in settling the quantity of Troy grains contained in an ounce avoirdupois. The denarius, according to my supposition, will come out 62²²⁄₄₉ grains.
That the denarius was the 7th part of the Roman ounce is clear from multitudes of passages. Celsus (v, 17): Sed et antea sciri volo in uncia pondus denariorum esse septem.
Celsus divided the denarius into six parts, which he called, unciæ; uncia being a general word for the division of any integer. This was done in imitation of the Greek physicians, who, after the manner of their country, divided their drachma into 6 oboli.
The common mark of the denarius was an X or 𐆖, in imitation of which, among the Latin physicians, it grew to an *.
Of the Roman Pondo. The pondo argenti, amongst the Romans, is a sort of numeral expression of sums of money, and is different from the common libra which consisted only of 84 denarii, or 96 drachms, for as, æs, pondo, and mina, amongst ancient authors generally pass for the same.
Pondo is an indeclinable word, and when it is joined with numbers it signifies libra; but when it is joined to other weights, it stands for the same thing as σταθμῆ, or ὅλκη in the Greek, signifying the same with pondus, or weight in general.
Of Roman Weights. The Romans used the libra, which they divided into 12 unciæ, or ounces, and the later Greeks, in imitation of them, had their litra, which they divided after the same manner.
They divided their ounce into 3 duellæ, and likewise into 6 sextulæ (sextula among the Greeks was called ἑξάγιον, and corruptly, στάιγιον). Another division of their ounce was into 4 sicilici. They likewise divided their ounce into 7 denarii. Then they divided it into 8 drachms. The 12th part of an ounce they called dimidia sextula. It was likewise divided into 24 scrupula, or rather scriptula, called by the Greeks, γράμματα.
The denarius was divided into 2 victoriati, not only as a piece of money but as a weight. The denarius was also divided into 6 sextantes, in imitation of the 6 oboli of a drachm; according to which division a sextans would contain, in English Troy weight, about 6⅓ grains. Celsus mentions the quadrans denarii and the triens denarii.
The value of the Roman pound is determined, as in the tables, from the value of the denarius, viz. 5245⁵⁄₇ Troy grains; according to the common reckoning it is 5256; this small difference proceeds from assuming the avoirdupois ounce to the Troy ounce precisely as 51 to 56.
Greek Weights. The talent was the greatest weight as well as the greatest sum of money among the Greeks. And this ponderal talent was divided, as the nummary talent, into 60 minæ, and every mina into 100 drachmæ.
A drachma was ⅛ of the ounce and ¹⁄₁₀₀ part of a mina. The Greeks used the expression τρίτον ἡμιδράχμον to signify 2½ drachms. The old division of drachma was into 6 oboli.
An obolus contained 6 χαλκὸι, or, as the Latins call them, æreoli.
An ἡμιώβολον, or semiobolus, contains 1 siliqua and a half, and 4 æreoli, according to Cleopatra, but 3 only according to Diodorus (Ap. Suidam.)
Χαλκὸς, or æreolus contained the 6th part of an obolus, and 7 λεπτὰ, according to Suidas.
The Λεπτὸν was the 7th part of an æreolus, and was called by the Latins minuta, and sometimes minutia, and is not divided into any lesser weight.
The Greeks used the ὀυγγία, and divided it as the Romans did. They used the κεράτιον, in Latin, siliqua, which was the ¹⁄₁₈ of a drachma.
The medical weights were the mina, of 16 Roman ounces, as appears from Dioscorides and Galen, and Cleopatra (in Cosmeticis) who tells you that mina, as a weight, contains 16 ounces, 128 drachms, 384 scriptula, 768 oboli, 1052 lupini, 2304 siliquæ, 6144 æreoli. But when Celsus and Scribonius Largus make use of a denarius of about 62²²⁄₄₉ grains, the drachma being supposed equal to that; 100 such drachmæ must have made a mina of 6222²²⁄₄₉ grains, whereas, a mina of 16 ounces is about 7000 Troy grains, or our avoirdupois pound.
The physicians likewise made use of the litra of 96 drachms. The ὀυγγία, or uncia, being divided as usually. The κεράτιον, or siliqua, as mentioned before, was likewise a common weight among the physicians; and the σιτάριον, or grain, ¼ of the siliqua.
The Romans dividing their ounce into 7 denarii, and likewise into 8 drachms; the Greeks of later ages dividing likewise their ounce into 8 drachms, and the Roman denarius being supposed equal to the Greek drachma, have occasioned great confusion in the expressions of authors about the weights of both nations. It is evident there was an Attic mina of 16 Roman ounces, namely, the more ancient one, and another of 12½ ounces. By ounces is here meant Roman ounces, which is our avoirdupois ounce. So that the most ancient mina Attica was exactly our avoirdupois pound. Cleopatra speaks of the two different minæ, the first of 16 and the other of 12½ ounces. Dioscorides mentions only that of 16 ounces; and though it is mentioned by the physicians, it is not what they prescribed by, but perhaps like our avoirdupois weight, what their gross drugs were at first bought and sold by.
Of Arabian Weights. The Arabian weights used by their physicians, Serapion, Rhases, and Avicenna, are a mixture of the Greek and Roman weights, and derived from them. Their manes is a corruption of the Hebrew maneh, or the Greek mina: there were two of them, one of 20 ounces, and another of 16.
The ancient Arabian weights reduced to Troy weights.
| Lb. | Oz. | Dwts. | Grs. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kestuf | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1²⁹⁄₅₆ | ||||||||||
| 2 | Kirat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3¹⁄₂₈ | |||||||||
| 4 | 2 | Danich | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6¹⁄₁₄ | ||||||||
| 6 | 3 | 1½ | Onolossat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9³⁄₂₈ | |||||||
| 12 | 6 | 3 | 2 | Garme | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18³⁄₁₄ | ||||||
| 36 | 18 | 9 | 6 | 3 | Darchimi | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6⁹⁄₁₄ | |||||
| 41⅐ | 20⁴⁄₇ | 10²⁄₇ | 6⁶⁄₇ | 3³⁄₇ | 1⅐ | Denarius | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14²²⁄₄₉ | ||||
| 144 | 72 | 36 | 24 | 12 | 4 | 3½ | Sextarium | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2⁴⁄₇ | |||
| 288 | 144 | 72 | 48 | 24 | 8 | 7 | 2 | Sacros | 0 | 0 | 18 | 5⅐ | ||
| 3456 | 1728 | 864 | 576 | 288 | 96 | 84 | 24 | 12 | Ratel | 0 | 10 | 18 | 13⁵⁄₇ | |
| 4608 | 2304 | 1152 | 768 | 384 | 128 | 112 | 36 | 16 | 1⅓ | Manes Alicatica | 1 | 2 | 11 | 10²⁄₇ |
Greek Measures of Capacity. In reducing the Greek solid measures to the English, I shall make use of the χοῦς, which made in weight 720 drachms, according to all authors; suppose of rain-water, the ancients making no difference betwixt the weight of that and of wine. Taking the heaviest Attic drachm, which is the 100th part of the old Attic mina, or our avoirdupois pound, and neglecting the small difference in the tables, I shall state it at 70 grains Troy. According to this drachm, the weight of the Attic χοῦς must be 50,400 grains. There are in a solid foot 1728 solid inches, weighing 76 pounds of rain water: by this experiment 760 grains make 3 solid inches; therefore, 50,400 make 198·94737 solid inches, the number of the solid inches in the χοῦς; which is 6 pints, 25,698 solid inches, somewhat less than the Roman congius, though the Greek χοῦς and Roman congius are used indifferently as the same measure by ancient authors; as likewise are the 6th part of them, the ξέστης and sextarius, and the 12th the κοτύλη and the hemina. There is great probability that the Greeks measured the capacity of their vessels by the weight of oil, the product of their country. For the physicians, speaking of these measures, always mention their weight in oil; and Galen, speaking of the cotyla, saith that Heras understood the cotyla to be of 60 drachms reducing the weight to oil. I find likewise that it is a general supposition among the ancients that the weight of oil was to that of wine, as 9 to 10; so 72 pounds of oil is made equal in bulk to 80 pounds of wine, 9 pounds of oil to 10 of wine, and so everywhere. According to our experiments, the weight of oil is to that of wine or fresh-water, as 476 to 527, which is very near, as 9 to 9·96. So small a difference may be accounted for by the oil weighing less in a warm country than in ours.
The largest Greek measure for things liquid was the Attic μετρητής, which contained 12 choes. It is also called ἀμφορεὺς, κάδος, κεράμιον.
The χοῦς, or χοεὺς contained 12 cotylæ. It is also called λάγυνος, or λάγυνον, λάγηνον, or lagena. The Greek physicians sometimes use χοῦς for the Roman congius, the difference being but small. The Grecians in later times borrow the ξέστης from the Roman sextarius. It was the 6th part of the χοῦς.
The Attic κοτύλη was one half of the ξέστης. It is also called τρύβλιον.
The ὀξύβαφον was a measure answering to the Roman acetabulum. Pliny saith it was the 4th part of the hemina. (H. N. xv, c. ult.) Hesychius saith it was called ἄις, ἄλις, βάφιον, and γάβενον.
Κύαθος was the 12th part of the ξέστης.
Κόγχη was so called from a shell. There were a greater and a less. The greater was equal to the oxybaphum, and the lesser to one half of the cyathus.
Μύστρον, or μύστλον, so called from μῦς. Of this measure there were two kinds, the greater of which was the 16th part of the cotyla, and the lesser the 4th part of the cyathus. The mystrum is called βάρβος by Hesychius.
Χήμη was so named from a shell-fish. There was a greater or rustic cheme, the 20th part of the cotyla; but the lesser, which the physicians used, was the 30th part of the cotyla.
The κοχλιάριον, in Latin, cochlear, was the smallest measure for liquids: it is equal to one half of the cheme. See the Table.
Greek Measures of things Dry. Μέδιμνος, or μέδιμνον, was a measure for dry things, such as wheat, barley, flour, &c., and contained 48 chœnices.
Χοῖνιξ is a dry measure containing 3 cotylæ, and so was 1½ of the ξέστης: κοτύλη, ὀξύβαφον, κύαθος, and κοχλιάριον were also used as measures for things dry. Their capacity and proportion to one another is the same as when they are measures for liquids, which have been shown already.
The Roman Measures of Capacity. The amphora, which contained 8 congii, was the cube of a pes, or foot. The congius itself, the cube of ½ foot. The pes being settled, as equal to 11·604 inches, its cube 1562·5112, gives the contents of the amphora in solid inches; and divided by 8, gives 195·3139 inches for that of the congius.
The greatest measure among the Romans of liquid things, was the culeus, or culleus, containing 20 amphoræ. A culeus also contains 40 urns, the urn being half the amphora.
The amphora is otherwise called quadrantal, ceramium, cadus, and μετρητὴς Ιταλικὸς. The urna is the 40th part of the culeus, and the half of the amphora.
The congius was the 8th part of the amphora, and the 4th of the urna: it contained 6 sextarii. The congius in English measure contains 207·0676 solid inches, that is, 7 pints 4·942 solid inches.
The sextarius urbicus was the 6th part of the congius. This sextarius is divided into two heminæ, or cotylæ. It is also divided into four quartarii which are the half of a hemina. A sextarius is also divided into 8 acetabula. The parts of the sextarius were like those of the as, uncia, sextans, quadrans, triens, quincunx, semis, septunx, bes, dodrans, dextans, deunx, by which words a certain number of cyathi is meant, a cyathus being the 12th part of the sextarius. The sextarius castrensis was double of the urbicus.
Hemina, the half of the sextarius, contains 2 quartarii, 4 acetabula, 6 cyathi, 24 ligulæ.
Quartarius, as we have said, was the fourth part of the sextarius.
The acetabulum was the half of the quartarius.
Cyathus was the 12th part of the sextarius.
The ligula, or lingua, contained one 48th of the sextarius.
Cochlear, cochleare, and cochlearium, often denote a spoon, and sometimes a measure equal to the ligula.
There was also among the Romans a libra mensuralis, which the Greeks called λίτρα μετρικὴ, and distinguished from the λίτρα σταθμικὴ, or libra ponderalis. This consisted of 12 ounces, and was divided as the as. It was made commonly of horn, and divided by 12 lines, marking the ounces. This libra mensuralis weighed 10 ounces of oil, and of wine, 11 oz. 2 scr., 1 obolus, and 1 siliqua, according to the ponderal libra. The ancients all along supposed the weight of oil to be, to that of wine, as 9 to 10. This proportion of the specific gravity of these two liquors holds in this computation; for 11 oz., 2 scr. 1 ob. 1 sil., make 1600 siliquæ; and 10 ounces make 1440 siliquæ; and dividing both by 160, makes it as 9 to 10. According to this weight of wine assigned by Galen, the libra mensuralis contained 19·085 solid inches, somewhat less than ¾ of our pint, wine measure. But the Roman measures varying, in all appearance this originally was designed to contain 12 ponderal ounces of water, according to which weight it would be equal to 20·612 solid inches, the difference between the two being only 1·527 solid inches.
Roman Measures of Capacity for things dry. The modius was the third part of the amphora, or quadrantal, which was one half of the medimnus. The semimodius contained 8 sextarii. Sextarius and hemina are also measures of dry things, as so also quartarius, acetabulum, cyathus and concha.
Table of the Roman Measures of capacity for things Dry.
| English Corn Measure. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pecks. | Gals. | Pints. | Sol. Inch. | |||||||
| Ligula | 0 | 0 | ¹⁄₄₈ | 0·01 | ||||||
| 4 | Cyathus | 0 | 0 | ¹⁄₁₂ | 0·04 | |||||
| 6 | 1½ | Acetabulum | 0 | 0 | ⅛ | 0·06 | ||||
| 24 | 6 | 4 | Hemina | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0·24 | |||
| 48 | 12 | 8 | 2 | Sextarius | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0·48 | ||
| 384 | 96 | 64 | 16 | 8 | Semimodius | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3·84 | |
| 768 | 192 | 128 | 32 | 16 | 2 | Modius | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7·68 |
Of the Arabian Measures. The knowledge of the Arabian measures is necessary for those who read the Arabian physicians, such as Avicenna, Rhases, Serapion, Mesue, and Haly Abbas.
Dorach, equal to the Roman amphora.
Aldorach, equal to 2 xestæ.
Johem, equal to the congius of the Romans.
Kist, equal to a Roman sextarius.
Korboni, equal to the hemina.
Kiliathi, equal to one half of the cotyla.
Kestuf, equal to the acetabulum.
Cuathum, equal to the cyathus.
Falgerin, equal to the cochleare parvum.
Briala, a measure of uncertain capacity.
Mustarum, the greater equal to ⅓ hemina, the lesser equal to ½ cyathus. A corruption of the Greek μύστρον.
Decimal Tables.
Roman Measures for things Dry.
| Hemina | 0·5074 | pint. |
| Sextarius | 1·0148 | pints. |
| Modius | 1·0141 | pecks. |
Attic Measures for things Dry.
| Ξέστης | 0·9903 | pint. |
| Χοῖνιξ | 1·486 | pints. |
| Μέδιμνος | 1·0906 | bushels. |
Roman Measures for things Liquid.
| Hemina | 0·59759 | pint. |
| Sextarius | 1·19518 | pints. |
| Congius | 7·1712 | pints. |
| Urna | 3·5857 | gallons. |
| Amphora | 7·1712 | gallons. |
| Culeus | 2·27 | hogsheads. |
Attic Measures for things Liquid.
| Κοτύλη | 0·5742 | pint. |
| Ξέστης | 1·1483 | pints. |
| Χοῦς | 6·8900 | pints. |
| Μετρητής | 10·335 | gallons. |
A Table of the more usual Characters of Weights and Measures used by the Greek and Roman Authors. From Paucton, ‘Métralogie,’ p. 95.
Notes pondérales des Romains.
Notes pondérales des Grecs.
Notes mensurales des Romains.
Notes mensurales des Grecs.
The end of the Commentary on Paulus Ægineta.