II
And now eliminate the details of Canada's status among the nations and consider only the salient undisputed facts:
Her population has come to her along four main lines of motive; seeking to realize religious ideals; seeking to realize political ideals; seeking the free adventurous life of the hunter; seeking—in modern day—freehold of land. One main current runs through all these motives—religious freedom, political freedom, outdoor vocations in freedom, and freehold of land. This is a good flavor for the ingredients of nationality.
Conditioning these movements of population have been Canada's climate, her backwoods and prairie and frontier hardship—challenging the weakling, strengthening the strong. No country affords more opportunity to the fit man and none is crueler to the unfit than Canada. I like this fact that Canada is hard at first. It is the flaming sword guarding the Paradise of effort from the vices of inert softened races. Diamonds are hard. Charcoals are soft, though both are the very same thing.
Canada affords the shortest safest route to the Orient.
Canada has natural resources of mine, forest, fishery, land to supply an empire of a hundred million; to supply Europe, if need arose.
She must some day become one of the umpires of fate on the Pacific.
She yearly interweaves tighter commercial bonds with the United States, yet refuses to come under American government. It may be predicted both these conditions will remain permanent.
Panama will quicken her west coast to a second Japan.
Yearly the West will exert greater political power, and the East less; for the preponderance of immigration settles West not East.
As long as she has free land Canada will be free of labor unrest, but the dangers of industrialism menace her in a transfer of population from farm to factory.
In twenty years Canada will have as many British born within her borders as there were Englishmen in England in the days of Queen Elizabeth.
In twenty years Canada will have more foreign-born than there are native-born Canadians.
Her pressing problems to-day are the amalgamation of the foreigner through her schools; a working arrangement with the Oriental fair to him as to her; the development of her natural resources; the anchoring of the people to the land; and the building of a system of powerful national defense by sea and land.
Her constitution is elastic and pliable to every new emergency—it may be, too pliable; and her system of justice stands high.
She has a fanatical patriotism; but it is not yet vocal in art, or literature; and it is—do not mistake it—loyalty to an ideal, not to a dynasty, nor to a country. She loves Britain because Britain stands for that ideal.
Stand back from all these facts! They may be slow-moving ponderous facts. They may be contradictory and inconsistent. What that moves ever is consistent? But like a fleet tacking to sea, though the course shift and veer, it is ever forward. Forward whither—do you ask of Canada?
There is no man with an open free mind can ponder these facts and not answer forthwith and without faltering—to a democratised edition of a Greater Britain Overseas. Only a world cataclysm or national upheaval displacing every nation from its foundations can shake Canada from that destiny.
Will she grow closer to Britain or farther off? Will she grow closer to the United States or farther off? Will she fight Japan or league with her? Will she rig up a working arrangement with the Hindu?
Every one of these questions is aside from the main fact—England will not interfere with her destiny. The United States will not interfere with her destiny. Canada has her destiny in her own hands, and what she works out both England and the United States will bless; but with as many British born in her boundaries anchored to freehold of land as made England great in the days of Queen Elizabeth, unless history reverse itself and fate make of facts dice tossed to ruin by malignant furies, then Canada's destiny can be only one—a Greater Britain Overseas.
THE END
INDEX
ALBERTA: size of, 16, 39; coal deposits of, 38; investment of British capital in, 104; distance from seaboard, 180; rate from on wheat to Fort William, 187-188; distance from Montreal, 195; from Great Lakes, 199.
"AMERICANIZING OF CANADA," discussion of, 61-79.
AMERICANS: emigration of to Canada, 65, 72, 273; investments of in Canada, 66, 80, 92; as pioneers, 74, 76; sell ranches as rawnches, 105; trade of with Canada, 128; attitude of Americans in Canadian Northwest to Monroe Doctrine, 244; view of opportunity, 280. See also UNITED STATES.
ARBITRATION ACT, defects of, 220.
BELL, GRAHAM, a Canadian, 278.
BIG BUSINESS, does not dominate government in Canada, 212, 223.
BORDEN, ROBERT: social prestige of, 4; a self-made man, 53; new premier, 91; one of Canada's great men, 109; naval policy of, 283, 285.
BRITISH COLUMBIA: demands self-government, 11; railway to planned, 14; larger than two Germanies, 16; climate of, 22; coal deposits of, 38; description of, 40-41; investment of British capital in, 104; opposes Oriental immigration, 129-133; coming of Hindus into and problem of, 141 et seq.
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT: the Canadian Constitution, 11; mentioned, 42, 111, 245; elasticity of, 51; constitution of Canada, 223; provisions of, 228.
BROWN, GEORGE, favors reciprocity, 82.
CABINET, how chosen and to whom responsible, 229.
CANADA NORTHERN: builds repair shops at Port Mann, 179; uses electric power in tunnels, 182; aided by government, 193.
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY: builds repair shops at Coquitlam, 179; tunnel of through Mount Stephen, 182; aided by government, 193.
CANADIAN SOO CANAL; tonnage passing through, 14; influence of in reducing freight rates, 38.
CHINA, an awakened giant, 168.
CHINESE: agitation against on West Coast, 129; head tax upon, 130,164; a separate problem from that of the Hindu, 138; in British Columbia, 159-167.
CHURCHES, well attended in Canada, 252-255.
COBALT: discovery of silver at, 34; boom in, 67.
"COBDEN-BRIGHT SCHOOL," mentioned, 82, 84.
COCKNEYS, Canadian hostility toward, 52.
CONNAUGHT, DUKE OF, rebukes lip-loyalist, 48.
CONSERVATIVES: tariff views of, 81-86; and appointment of judges, 234; support Family Compact, 242; principles of, 242-244; support Navy Bill, 283; oppose Laurier's naval program, 285.
DAWSON, GEORGE, on coal deposits of Alberta and British Columbia, 38.
"DIRECT PASSAGE" LAW: enacted, 130, 142; attempt to evade, 143, 153.
DIVORCE, low rate of, 264.
DOUKHOBORS: are accumulating wealth, 117; law-abiding, 118; influence of priests upon, 124.
DURHAM, LORD: work of in Canada, 226-228; report of, 274.
ENGLAND, see GREAT BRITAIN.
"FAMILY COMPACT": a governing clique, 9; mentioned, 14, 226, 242.
FRANCHISE, in Canada, 232-233.
FUR TRADE, account of, 294-322.
GEORGE, LLOYD: mentioned, 56, 57; Canada not interested in theories of, 58; effects of tax system of upon investment in Canada, 104.
GEORGIAN BAY SHIP CANAL, proposed, 194.
GLADSTONE, EDWARD E., attitude of toward colonies, 42.
GORDON, CHARLES, investigates mining strike, 117.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL: appointment and powers of, 43-44, 228-230; appoints provincial judges, 236.
GRAND BANKS, mentioned, 323.
GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC: has dock in Seattle, 173, 174; its low mountain grade, 182.
GREAT BRITAIN: withholds self-government from Oregon region, 11; food requirements of, 36; grants no trade favors to her colonies, 43; dependence of Canada upon, 43-45; trade of with the United States, 62-63; her dependencies, 95; immigration from, 95-110; allied with Japan, 127, 132; as a world policeman, 137; shipyards of, 171; need of shortest wheat route to, 197; eighty per cent. of Canada's agricultural products go to, 202; acquires Canada, 224; secret of her success as a colonial power, 269; overplus of women in, 265; rise of as a world power, 269; her navy Canada's chief defense, 289; what defeat of her navy would mean to Canada, 292-293; importance of Newfoundland to her possessions in America, 323; will not interfere with Canada's destiny, 333.
GREAT CLAY BELT; described, 33; mentioned, 303.
HENDRY, ANTHONY, first white fur-trader in Saskatchewan country, 314.
HILL, JAMES: he and associates buy large coal areas, 66; predicts bread famine in United States, 88; on rights of the public, 175; on western fruit crop, 181; wheat empire of, 198, 208; a Canadian, 278.
HINDUS: agitation against in British Columbia, 129; problem of in Canada, 138-167; possible effects on constitution of unlimited immigration of, 245; troops rushed across Canada, 286.
HOPKINSON: murder of, 144; had secret information regarding Hindus, 144, 153.
HUDSON BAY RAILROAD, account of, 191-209.
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY; monopoly of, 11; journals of mention mineral deposits, 35; governor of testifies that farming can not succeed in Rupert's Land, 271; effect of contentions regarding Northwest, 276; trade of, 297-298; former monopoly of, 299; mentioned, 302.
HUDSON STRAITS, the crux of the Hudson Bay route, 206-209.
HUNTERS' LODGES, raids of, 8.
ICELANDERS, story of in Manitoba, 122-123.
IMMIGRATION: increase in ten years, 20; from Great Britain, 51, 95-110; American immigration into Canada, 61-79; from continental Europe, 111-126; from the Orient, 127-167; probable effect of Panama Canal upon, 176.
IMPERIAL FEDERATION, a dead issue in Canada, 47.
INDIANS: number of in the fur trade, 294; rights of Indian wives married to white men, 266.
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD: in Canada, 219; program of, 221.
JAPAN: dominates fishing industry of the Pacific, 24; alliance of with Great Britain, 127; attitude of on equality question, 130-132; activity of on West Coast, 134-136; controls seventy-two per cent. of the shipping of the Pacific, 136, 178; future influence of, 137; attempt to draw into Hindu quarrel, 146; demands room to expand, 168; becomes a world power, 269; future relations of with Canada, 333.
JAPANESE: inrush of into British Columbia, 129; limitations on immigration of, 130; exclusion of becomes party shibboleth, 133; a separate problem from that of the Hindu, 138.
JUDGES, position and powers of, 233-236.
KOOTENAY, mining boom in, 66-67.
LABRADOR, as a fur country, 302-304.
LABRODOR, THE, under jurisdiction of Newfoundland, 327
LAURIER, SIR WILFRED: social prestige of, 4; helps allay racial antagonisms, 7; prediction of as to Canada's future, 17; supports Boer War, 31-32; a self-made man, 53; a free-trader, 82; and reciprocity, 89-91; one of Canada's great men, 109; and a Dominion navy, 283, 285; mentioned, 243.
LESSER GREAT LAKES, fisheries of, 39.
LIBERALS: favor free trade, 82; seek reciprocity agreement, 83-85; launch two more transcontinentals, 86; and appointment of judges, 234; organize to oust Family Compact, 242; principles of, 242-244; oppose Naval Bill, 283, 285.
LITERATURE: no great national in Canada, 262; Canadians slow to recognize writers, 279; most Canadian books first published out of Canada, 79.
LORD SELKIRK'S SETTLERS, come to Canada, 6.
LOYALISTS, see UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS.
MACDONALD, SIR JOHN: influence of upon Canadian constitution, 11-12; comes up from penury, 53; seeks tariff concessions from the United States, 81; tariff views of, 83; launches Canadian Pacific Railway, 86; one of Canada's great men, 109; mentioned, 243.
MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER: comes up from penury, 53; mentioned, 81; a free-trader, 82; a man of the North, 295.
MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON, a leader in rebellion of 1837-8, 226.
MANITOBA: almost as large as British Isles, 16, 39; coal deposits in, 38; distance of from Montreal and Hudson Bay, 195.
MANITOBA SCHOOL CASE, mentioned 44, 83.
MANN, DAN, comes up from penury, 53,
MARITIME PROVINCES, described, 221.
MONROE DOCTRINE: mentioned, 32, 45, 285; Canadian opinion of, 169, 288; attitude of French Nationalists toward, 244.
MOUNTED POLICE: say crime in Northwest is increasing, 118; efficiency of, 238-240.
MUNRO, DOCTOR, quoted regarding Oriental immigration, 162-163.
NATIONALISTS; oppose Navy Bill, 283, 285; and outside entanglements, 244.
NAVY BILL: defeated, 284.
NEW BRUNSWICK, mentioned, 22.
NEWFOUNDLAND; mentioned, 195; description of, 323-328; why not a part of Canada, 323-330.
NEW FRANCE, conquest of, 6.
NORTH AMERICA ACT, see BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.
NOVA SCOTIA, mentioned, 22.
ONTARIO: first settlement of, 3; more ultra-English than England, 4; description of, 33-35.
OSLER, WILLIAM, a Canadian, 278.
PANAMA CANAL; mentioned, 14; influence of upon commerce, 27; turns Pacific into a front door, 41; what it means to Canada, 168-190; will reverse conduits of trade, 280.
PAPINEAU, LOUIS, a leader in the rebellion of 1837-8, 226.
PARLIAMENT: composition and powers of, 230-233; a session every year, 234.
PEACE RIVER COUNTRY: mentioned, 16; wheat grown in, 271; wheat lands of, 300.
PEEL, PAUL: lost to Canada, 279.
PRAIRIE PROVINCES: resources of, 350; probable wheat production of in twenty years, 183.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, mentioned, 22.
QUEBEC, PROVINCE OF: more Catholic than the Pope, 4; size of, 16; description of, 27-32.
QUEBEC ACT, first constitution of Canada, 225.