Account of the Skerryvore lighthouse

by Alan Stevenson

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX, No. I.
TABLE OF CO-ORDINATES OF AN HYPERBOLIC COLUMN WHOSE DIAMETER AT THE TOP = 16 FEET, AT THE BASE = 42 FEET, AND HEIGHT = 120·25 FEET.

The column is generated by the revolution of a rectangular hyperbola about one of its asymptotes. In the annexed figure ([No. 98]), a f is the height of the column, a c and f h the radii of its base and top; and we have to determine the particular hyperbola which will pass through the points c, h.

Putting b e = x; e g = y, the equation to the curve, referred to its asymptotes, is

x y = a²2,

in which the value of the constant a² 2 is to be found. For this purpose we have the conditions a c = 21; f h = 8; and a f = 120·25. Let the co-ordinates of the point c be x′, y′, and of h, x″, y″, then y′ = 21; y″ = 8; x″ = x′ + 120·25.

Fig. 98.

And since	x′ y′ = a²2 = x″ y″
we have	21 x′ = 8 (x′ + 120·25)
from which	x′ = 74
and	a²2 = x′ y′ = 74 × 21 = 1554.
Therefore	x y = 1554.

Transferring the origin to a, x becomes x - x′ = x - 74, and y (x - 74) = 1554, and the required equation by which the following Table was computed is, y = 1554 x - 74.

Table of the Radii of the Hyperbolic Column at each foot of its Height.

Height.	Radius.	Height.	Radius.	Height.	Radius.	Height.	Radius.
0	21·000	31	14·800	62	11·426	93	9·305
1	20·720	32	14·660	63	11·343	94	9·250
2	20·447	33	14·523	64	11·261	95	9·195
3	20·182	34	14·389	65	11·180	96	9·141
4	19·923	35	14·257	66	11·100	97	9·088
5	19·671	36	14·127	67	11·021	98	9·035
6	19·425	37	14·000	68	10·944	99	8·983
7	19·185	38	13·875	69	10·867	100	8·931
8	18·951	39	13·752	70	10·792	101	8·880
9	18·723	40	13·632	71	10·717	102	8·830
10	18·500	41	13·513	72	10·644	103	8·780
11	18·282	42	13·397	73	10·571	104	8·730
12	18·070	43	13·282	74	10·500	105	8·681
13	17·862	44	13·170	75	10·430	106	8·633
14	17·659	45	13·059	76	10·360	107	8·586
15	17·461	46	12·950	77	10·291	108	8·539
16	17·267	47	12·843	78	10·224	109	8·492
17	17·077	48	12·738	79	10·157	110	8·446
18	16·891	49	12·634	80	10·091	111	8·400
19	16·710	50	12·532	81	10·026	112	8·355
20	16·532	51	12·432	82	9·962	113	8·310
21	16·358	52	12·333	83	9·898	114	8·266
22	16·188	53	12·236	84	9·835	115	8·222
23	16·021	54	12·141	85	9·774	116	8·179
24	15·857	55	12·046	86	9·712	117	8·136
25	15·697	56	11·954	87	9·652	118	8·094
26	15·540	57	11·862	88	9·593	119	8·052
27	15·386	58	11·773	89	9·534	120	8·010
28	15·235	59	11·684	90	9·476	120·25	8·000
29	15·087	60	11·597	91	9·418	...	...
30	14·942	61	11·511	92	9·361	...	...

APPENDIX, No. II.
NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF PARABOLOÏDAL REFLECTORS,
from Information furnished by Mr James Murdoch, of the Northern Lights Service.

Fig. 99.

The reflector-plate consists of virgin-silver and the purest copper (from the ingot), in the proportion of 6 oz. of silver to 16 oz. of copper. The two metals are in pieces, forming a flat parallelopepid of about nine inches of surface. Being first thoroughly scraped and cleared from rust with a file, they are tied together with wire and placed in the furnace, where they are united by means of a flux composed of burnt borax and nitre, mixed to the consistence of cream. Their thickness is sufficient to admit of their being repeatedly passed through the rolling-mill, so as at last to come out a plate twenty-eight inches square. Every time it is passed through the rollers, the plate is annealed in the furnace before being again pressed. It is then cut into a circular disc ready for working; and great care should be taken to keep the metal perfectly clean during the whole of the hammering and polishing processes. The first step towards forming the plate to the curve, is to raise the back or copper side to a slight convexity by beating, with the boxwood mallet ([fig. 99]), rounded at each end, c and d, its inner or silver side upon a large block of beechwood, of a form slightly concave. This beating is begun at the edge of the plate, and gradually reaches the centre. After the disc has been raised to the proper height on the wooden block, the next step is to take it to the horse ([fig. 103], opposite page), where it is beaten with the wooden mallet ([fig. 100]), its concave face being in contact with the bright steel-head a ([fig. 103]), until it has nearly reached the proper height for the reflector, for which the workman has a gauge or mould to guide him; in this course of raising, as it is called, the peened face b a b ([fig. 100]) is first used, and then recourse is had to the opposite or flat face for smoothing it after being raised. In this last course of raising, as well as in the process of smoothing the reflector all over, the workman bestrides the horse.

Fig. 100.

Fig. 101.

During the process of raising with the peened side of the mallet, an external mould FGHF ([fig. 101]), with a needle-point P, at its vertex, is applied, to indicate its proper position with reference to the mould; and allowance is made on the height and diameter of the reflector to meet the expansion of the metal during the hard-hammering which is to follow. After each course of the raising with the wooden mallets, the reflector must be annealed in the following manner:—The reflector is first damped with clean water, and its surface dusted over with a powder, composed of one pint of powdered charcoal to one ounce of saltpetre, which is applied by means of a thin flannel bag. The reflector is then put on a clear charcoal fire, where it is turned round as the powder flies off, which is an indication that the metal is duly heated. Over-heating is very injurious. When removed from the fire, the reflector is plunged into a large tub, containing what is called the pickle, which is a solution of one quart of vitriol in five or six gallons of water. After this it is washed with clean water, and scoured with Calais sand.

The next step is to put the reflector, thus raised nearly to its true form, into an iron stool, where a small hole being drilled in its vertex, a circle is described from this point with a beam-compass, so as to cut the paraboloïd to the proposed size.

Fig. 102.

Fig. 103.

Fig. 104.

Fig. 105.

The reflector is next hard-hammered all over (or planished, as it is technically termed) on the bright steel-head a ([fig. 103]), with the planishing hammer ([fig. 102]); and to facilitate working, the reflector is slung in a flexible frame SS, and counterbalanced by a weight w, hanging by a cord over the pulleys p p. When the reflector is all planished over, the next process is the smoothing, which is done on the steel-head a, with a lighter hammer ([fig. 104] ), muffled with fine parchment at each end. After it is smoothed comes the finishing, or what is called the filling up to the mould. This is a tedious process, and the workman requires continually to have recourse to the marble table at M, on which he lays the reflector, as shewn in [fig. 105], and applies to successive portions of its surface the mould g n, which has a needle-point centred at n, in the small hole drilled in the vertex. During this examination, he marks with a fine slate-pencil those portions of the reflector which do not meet the mould g n. The parts, so marked, are gently gone over with the muffled hammer, until every point touches the mould. This last process requires great caution; for, if any part of the surface be raised above the gauge, it is hardly possible to remedy it. Such a mistake, indeed, can only be corrected by annealing the reflector afresh, and bringing it back to the true form with the mallet; but reflectors so cobbled are never good. The table M ([fig. 105]) rests on a square box C, in which the tools and moulds are kept.

Fig. 106.

When thus finished from the hammer, the reflector is put into the apparatus shewn in [fig. 106], which is placed at the end of a long dark corridor. RR is a wooden frame fixed to the wall with projecting brackets at K, which carry the reflector, fixed at E, E, by means of screws, so as always to have a definite position with reference to the bracket B, which carries the lamp and its fountain f, so arranged that its flame may admit of perfect adjustment to the point which ought to be the focus of the reflector. For the purpose of this adjustment, S shews screws for raising and depressing the level of the burner; and the lines or marks M, M′ shewn at the sockets J being brought into line, regulate the position of the burner in the plane of the focus, after it has been raised to the level of that plane by means of the screws at S. The lamp being lighted and thus properly placed, its effect on the reflector’s surface is observed by some one stationed at a convenient distance; and if the whole surface appear luminous, the instrument is considered fit for polishing; but if any dark spaces be found in it, the whole reflector must be again carefully tested by means of the mould, and the defective parts remedied in the manner above described.

The next step is to turn over the edge of the reflector, so as to stiffen it. For this purpose it is placed in the matrix P′P′ ([fig. 107]), and the needle-point at V is adjusted by the screw at D, so as just to enter the small hole formerly drilled in the vertex of the reflector. The die-plate PP (which is worked by means of the arms AA, which turn the screw S) then descends and presses the edge over, which is finished with a finely polished tool C, revolving round the axis of the instrument, which coincides with the centre of the matrix and die. In order to ensure a steady vertical movement of the die-plate PP, cross-arms FF, which are provided with sockets HH, which slide over the rods GG, GG, are added to prevent any lateral shake or derangement. The whole frame is stiffened by the cross-head in which the screw S works.

Fig. 107.

Fig. 108.

Fig. 109.

The reflector is then placed on the circular cast-iron table ([figs. 108], [109]), to which it is attached by the clamp-screws S, S. In this position, the bizzle W ([fig. 108]) and back-belt NAN ([fig. 109]), are soldered on. After this the reflector is ready for being finally polished; for which purpose, it is placed in a chaise percée, padded round the edges, and is first scoured all over with a piece of pure charcoal of hard wood, and next with a mixture of Florence oil and finely washed rottenstone, applied by means of a large ball of superfine cloth. It is then carefully cleansed with a piece of fine flannel dipped in Florence oil, and afterwards dusted over with the powder of well washed whiting, and wiped out with a soft cotton cloth. Lastly, it is carefully rubbed by the naked hand, with finely washed rouge and clean water, and wiped with a smooth chamois skin. In all the polishing and cleansing processes, some skill in manipulation is required, as the hand is generally moved in such a manner as to describe successive circles with their planes parallel to the lips of the reflector, and their centres in the axis of the generating curve.

The prices paid to the workmen for the various departments of the reflector-making are generally as follows:—

Raising the plate to the curve, with the wooden mallet,	L.0	10	0
Hammering and smoothing to the mould,	1	5	0
Finishing in the die, and putting on bizzle and back-belt,	0	6	0
Polishing,	0	12	0
	L.2	13	0

The prices paid to the manufacturer were for the large reflectors of 24 inches aperture, L.43; for the small ones of 21 inches, L.31, 12s. The lamp with the sliding-carriage, required for each, costs L.6.

APPENDIX, No. III.
NOTES ON THE GRINDING OF THE VARIOUS PIECES COMPOSING THE INSTRUMENTS USED IN DIOPTRIC LIGHTHOUSES, CHIEFLY FROM NOTES FURNISHED BY M. THEODORE LETOURNEAU OF PARIS.

The glass used in all the parts of the optical apparatus of the dioptric Lighthouses is that of St Gobain, whose index of refraction is 1·51.

As well on account of the difficulty experienced in producing at all times regular castings of glass from the moulds, as in order to compensate for the frequent accidents, which occur in the first application of the rubbers to the inequalities of the surface of the glass, the castings, whether for rings of lenses or prisms, are made from moulds, exceeding the intended size of the finished pieces by one-eighth part.

We shall take as an example, which is well calculated to illustrate the difficulties of the grinding process, one of the prismatic rings of a Catadioptric Light of the first order. The first operation will be to take off the rough arris at the angles of the pieces as they come from the moulds, and to reduce to equality the length of each of the four quadrantal prisms or segments by removing from each the quantity that may be necessary to make those four pieces, when placed on a circle, exactly equal to that of the finished zones. Each of them must have an excess of material at the various surfaces just sufficient to insure the rubber having scope enough to remove all the flaws or defects of the two surfaces to be first ground, which are the (concave and convex) refracting faces of the zone (the sides AC and BC in the [Table] in the Appendix, No. IV.)

Fig. 110.

The pieces must be placed end to end on the horizontal plane or table of the lathe at AA ([fig. 110]), and must rest on the exterior arris A of the reflecting side, on which arris there is ground a narrow plane whose width is proportionate to the projection of the outer edge beyond the inner edge of the zone, foreshortened by the bevel or inclination of the reflecting side, when resting (as in [fig. 110]) on the circular iron belt, which is screwed to the table of the lathe provided for its reception. This narrow plane at the arris A should be sufficient to give the prism a solid and regular bearing on the circular iron belt. In this figure ([fig. 110]) a b is the vertical axis of the lathe, n the point from which the co-ordinates for O, the grinding centre for the exterior concave refracting surface AC, are measured, and e AC the arc swept by the grinding surface. Conversely, n′ is the origin of the co-ordinates for the grinding centre O of the interior convex refracting surface BC, and e CB the arc swept by its grinding surface. Some skill is required in fixing the prism on the belt, for, on the one hand, there is an obstacle to correct workmanship from the dragging motion of the platform, and, on the other, by the unequal subdivision of the weight of the glass, which should be nearly balanced. This narrow plane being perfectly adjusted for all the segments so as to bed them quite level, the circular iron belt on which the ring should be ground, is placed on its platform, in the manner represented in the [figure]. It should be as truly levelled as possible, otherwise all the subsequent operations will be deranged by it. This iron belt is heated by means of heating pans; and the degree of heat may be practically judged of by the ebullition of drops of water let fall on it. The segments of glass are also at the same time placed in a stove heated with steam, and are generally raised to about 120° centigrade. The difference between the time required for the two operations of heating the iron belt and the glass segments is employed in laying or bedding a quantity of cement on the reflecting side of the segment, so as to fill up the angular space between the glass and the iron belt, and also to serve as a seat for the segment in the manner shewn in [fig. 110]. This operation is performed on a plane surface, in order that the lower part of the mastic may be precisely on a level with the narrow plane already ground on the outer arris of the reflecting side. After being sure that the heat is equally spread over every part of the circular iron belt, the segment is arranged on it; and the workman must, at this juncture, exert all his skill in placing the parts of the segment in a position nearly concentric with the belt, or in a truly circular form, making due allowance, however, for the inequalities existing at various parts of the rough material, and at the same time taking care that there should be an interval of at least two millimètres (or about ¹⁄₁₂th inch) between the ends of each of the two adjacent segments. Without this interval the heat evolved during the polishing would either dilate the glass so much as to cause the ends of the segments to fly into splinters, or make it needful to remove the zone before this should take place, the inevitable consequence of which would be the fracture of the pieces. Those intervals between the segments are filled with statuary’s plaster, which must be carefully washed and brushed at each change of the emery employed in grinding.

The exterior diameter of the circular iron belt must be precisely equal to that of the ring, because, if larger, the free movement of the rubbers to and fro on the concave refracting surface AC ([fig. 110]) could not take place.

By what is already said, it will be obvious that the grinding process is begun at the refracting sides AC and BC, and a few words will shew that this could hardly be otherwise. If a commencement be made on the reflecting side, which appears at first sight more natural, the consequence is obvious. Having provided for an excess of material in every direction, the segment must consequently be larger than it will be when finished; and the surfaces therefore cannot be true and perfect, except they be ground throughout their entire segmental section, from their centres of curvature, in reference to some given apex of the generating triangle. Now, if the reflecting side were finished first, it might continue to possess this excess of size after being finished, and would, therefore, afford no accurate starting point for the grinding of the other surfaces; it would also present no surface or narrow plane for resting firmly on the iron belt, but would then depend merely on its own finished plane, which, being curved and considerably inclined, would not give a solid bearing for the glass. The other mode of commencing with the two refracting sides, on the contrary, gives a solid bearing on the narrow plane already ground on the reflecting side at A; and after these surfaces have been ground, and the segments inverted (as shewn in [fig. 111]), the outer edge of this narrow plane at the arris A, which has been fully defined by the intersection of the finished surface AC just ground, and also the apex at C, which has been determined by the intersection of AC and BC, combine to fix an accurate starting point for the rubber, in grinding the reflecting surface AB.

Fig. 111.

Dressing off the rough part of the Ring.

The ring is generally reduced from the rough state by means of fixed rubbers, the adjustment of which is more easily regulated than that of the moveable beam or radius of the arc, which is used to give the exact curvature of the surface. Those fixed rubbers are 150 millimètres (nearly 6 inches) wide, by 200 millimètres (nearly 8 inches) long, and are of cast-iron. Three such rubbers are placed at equidistant points of the circle. Two cutters of sheet-iron attached to arms placed vertically (as are also those which carry the rubbers), and moving in grooves radiating towards the centre of the lathe, so as to admit of adjustment to suit the varying radii of the zones, serve gradually to abrade the outer and inner arrises of the segments, so as to prevent the splintering to which, from becoming too sharp, those arrises, without this precaution, would be liable. Those rubbers are, besides, fixed by stems to frames, in the form of quadrants of the circle, which allow of a change in the direction of the planes, as occasion may require.

Instead of the siliceous sand formerly used, the powder of pounded freestone is employed, as it is found to wear the tools less, and to form a better preparation for the subsequent grinding operations. It is easy to conceive that the action of the fixed rubbers necessarily produces ruts or inequalities in the circular direction. The operation of rough dressing, therefore, is not finished until, when those first rubbers are removed, the surfaces of the segments have been subject, for the required time, to the action of moveable rubbers, attached to arms working as radii of curvature, in a plane at right angles to the horizontal movement of the lathe, which carries the zones.

The Emery Grinding.

The form of the segment should be nearly perfect, after the rough grinding is finished. The lathe and the zone are then subjected to an extremely careful washing. Every place where the stone-powder might adhere is dusted. The radius of curvature is verified afresh, agreeably to the co-ordinates ([Appendix, No. IV.]); and emery is used instead of powdered stone; beginning with that called No. 1, which is drawn after suspension in water for one minute. Brushes are used for spreading the emery on the surface of the glass. The quantity ought always to be sufficient to prevent the direct contact of the cast-iron rubber with the glass. Splintering or scratching, which cannot be easily effaced, may result from the neglect of this precaution.

Practice alone, and an eye duly trained by continual experience, can determine the point of time at which each kind of emery must be discontinued. The celerity of the work depends on circumstances very difficult to appreciate, such as the amount of the pressure of the rubbers, or the degree of accuracy with which the radius of curvature has been adjusted, during the rough grinding. Each kind of emery in succession thus corrects the form of the zone and refines the grain of the surface of the glass; and each change to a fresh material requires the same attention to cleanliness, so as to remove every trace of the substance last used in grinding, and thus to give each successive process its full and legitimate effect. The douci is the fifth and last kind of emery which precedes the polish. It is drawn off after ten minutes’ suspension in water, and is extremely fine. Before applying it, the greatest care is necessary to insure cleanliness, as a single grain of any of the preceding kinds of emery might cause scratches, which the polish cannot remove.

The Polish.

The same considerations which induce the workman most carefully to cleanse the lathe and everything connected with it, before employing the last emery called the douci, are still more urgent in the case of the final polish. The only change which is made at this last stage of the work is to replace the first rubber by a new one, both longer and wider by about 50 millimètres (nearly 2 inches). On its lower face is attached with cement a piece of soft carpet, whose edges are fixed to the rubber by means of flat bands of iron, attached with screws. This security, added to that given by the cement, is necessary to fit it to resist the great pressure it must sustain. A practical question, which experience alone can resolve, occurs at this stage, as the operation of polishing may, in the hands of unskilful persons, be so inopportunely commenced, as to make that work almost endless. Thus, the mere circumstance of spreading at the beginning too thick layers of rouge, or using unsuitable kinds of carpet, would cut scratches in the glass, and thus perhaps make it necessary to return to the use of the emery called douci. Sometimes, also, if the carpets be not washed at the very time of using them, scratches are formed by the dust which they may contain. This shews, that the use of rouge should be rather sparing than otherwise, at the commencement of the polish; and that the carpet-cloths should be brushed and washed twice rather than once. In all cases, the quality of the carpet forms an important element in the success of the working.

When the polish is finished, the ring is detached from the circular belt, simply by the tap of a hammer, on the inner edge of the circle. The division of the zones (which are quarters of the circle) into eighths, is done by means of a sawing machine consisting of a flat copper-wheel, one-half millimètre (¹⁄₅₀th inch) in thickness, attached to an arm with a counterpoise. This wheel descends and cuts the zone by means of emery, which is continually applied to it; the direction of the cut is radial. The two halves of the zone are detached from each other, as soon as their weight exceeds the resistance of the part which remains to be sawn.

Adjustment of the Prisms.

The adjustment of the prisms in the frames, involves an operation which is not without risk. Much care is required in handling the sharp arrises of the glass, which are very acute and delicate and at the same time lie in a curved direction, which makes them liable to be splintered in the hands of unskilful persons.

With the exception of the plane vertical surfaces of the annular lenses, and the central band and rings of the dioptric belts of fixed lights, which are ground by means of vertical rubbers with a reciprocating movement, every other plane surface is executed by hand on a flat table.

Composition of the Cement for fixing the glass on the lathe.

8	parts Swedish pitch.
1	do. of wood ashes.

The whole is heated in an iron pot until fully liquified and thoroughly mixed. This cement is used almost in a state of ebullition, so that it cannot be handled without the precaution of continually dipping the hands in cold water.

Composition of cement used for the adjustment of the pieces of glass which touch each other.

12	parts	white lead.
1	do.	minium or red lead.
5	do.	boiled lintseed oil.

The whole is pounded on an iron table by means of a flat mullet, like that used by painters ([fig. 112]), whose grinding surface is a b, and c the knob for the hand. This cement is applied liquid so as to offer no resistance to the close union of the pieces, which it is intended to unite.

Fig. 112.

Cement for filling up voids, and fixing the rings in the frames.

12	parts	white lead.
3	do.	whiting.
1	do.	minium.
4	do.	boiled lintseed oil.

This last composition differs from the former only in the introduction of whiting, which, while like minium it has a desiccative property, gives more body to the cement and prevents the formation of cracks. The oil is also decreased in quantity, as the cement must be used in a more compact state. The trituration of this cement is performed by means of a cylindric iron roller a b, with a centre-spoke c d for the hand ([fig. 113]).

Fig. 113.

It is essential for the production of good cement, that the mixture of the ingredients be complete.

Prices of the various parts of the Dioptric Apparatus.

The expense of the various parts of the Dioptric apparatus is as follows: Great lens of first order, L.58 (8 of which are required); pyramidal lens and mirror, L.14, 12s. (8 of which are required); catadioptric cupola, L.480; catadioptric rings below lenses, L.360; pannel of dioptric belt for fixed light of first order, L.56 (of which 8 are required for the whole circle); apparatus of fourth order, for a fixed light, for whole horizon, L.128; apparatus of sixth order, for whole horizon, L.44. The expense of the mechanical lamp of the first order with four wicks, as made for the Scotch Lighthouses by Mr John Milne of Edinburgh, is L.30.

Diagrams illustrative of the [Table], Appendix, No. IV.

Fig. 114.

Fig. 115.

Fig. 116.

Fig. 117.

APPENDIX, No. IV.
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CATADIOPTRIC ZONES SUITED FOR LIGHTS OF THE FIRST ORDER IN THE SYSTEM OF AUGUSTIN FRESNEL.

Note.—TheSix co-ordinates of the Generating Triangle of each Zone in these Tables have the Focus of the Principal Lenses of the Systemfor their origin; it being considered more convenient, in executing the necessary protractions, preparatory to theconstruction of the grinding apparatus, at once to refer the whole of the grinding machinery to the axis of theapparatus. To prevent the appearance of any inconsistency, however, it is proper to mention, that the radiant pointsof the series of Zones, do not exactly coincide with the Focus of the Lenses nor with each other; and that to avoidthe parallax which the distance of the radiant points from the origin of the co-ordinates would occasion, it is necessary tomake some corrections upon the linear dimensions, so as to find the line corresponding to the angles θ, ξ, and thedistance Δ. In the Hyperpyral series, which stands abovethe flame, the Zones have the radiant point 10 millimetres above the Focus of the Lenses, and each y of thisseries, therefore, requires a reduction of that quantity; while the xremains unchanged. In the Hypopyral series, which stands belowthe flame, the Focus or radiant points of each Zone, varies its place in the flame, moving upwards as the Zone islower, so that the line joining the Zones and the Foci, revolves as a radius vector round a point between them. Inthis way, the x’s remain unaltered; but the y’s will be lengthened successivelyby the addition of 10, 14, 19, 25, 32, and 40 millimetres. As these Tables contain the dimensions of Zones whichare intended as an addition to the apparatus of Fresnel,I have adopted the metric scale, so as to render them at once applicable to the existing protractions of that system.It is only necessary to add, that the conversion of millimetresinto imperial inches, is easily effected by adding the log. millimetres to the log. ̅2·59516, the sum being the log. ofthe equivalent of the first term in imperial inches.
				θ			ξ			BCA,			ABC,			BAC,			BA,	BC,	AC,	Co-ordinates of the Apices of the Generating Triangle, in Millimetres,having the Axis of the System cut by the horizontal plane of the focus of the Annular Lenses, for its origin. ([Fig. 116].)						Inclination of the Sides of the Generating Triangle to the VerticalAxis of the System. ([Fig. 117].)									AB, Reflecting Surfaces (convex). ([Fig. 115].)									AC, Outer Refracting Surfaces (concave).									BC, Inner Refracting Surfaces (convex).									Δ,
			No. of Zone.	Inclination of Ray FC to the Vertical Axis of the System.			Incidence of Ray FC on Side BC of Zone.			Obtuse Angle of the Generating Triangle of the Zone.			Angle of Generating Triangle of Zone.			Angle of Generating Triangle of Zone.			Reflecting Side of Zone in Millimetres being Chord of the Arc b A.	Inner Refracting Side of Zone in Millimetres.	Outer Refracting Side of Zone in Millimetres.	Ay	Ax	By	Bx	Cy	Cx	Inclination of AB.			Inclination of BC.			Inclination of AC.			Radius of Curvature in Millimetres, XA or X b.	Horizontal distance of centre of curvature X from the axis of the System in Millimetres = OX.	Vertical distance of centre of curvature X below the outerarris of the Zone at A in Millimetres = OA.	Inclination of the Two Radii in A and B.			Inclination of the Outer Radius in A to the Vertex.			Radius of Curvature in Millimetres.	Horizontal distance of centre of curvature from the axis of the System in Millimetres.	Vertical distance of centre of curvature above the outer arrisof the Zone at A in Millimetres.	Inclination of the Radii in A and C.			Inclination of the Outer Radius at A to the Vertex.			Radius of Curvature in Millimetres.	Horizontal distance of centre of curvature from the axis of the System in Millimetres.	Vertical distance of centre of curvature below the outer arrisof the Zone at A in Millimetres.	Inclination of the Radii in C and B.			Inclination of the Outer Radius in C to the Vertex.			Distance of C from the Focus for the Zones, in Millimetres = FC.	No. of Zone.
				([Fig. 114].)			([Fig. 114].)			([Fig. 114].)			([Fig. 114].)			([Fig. 114].)			([Fig. 115].)	([Fig. 115].)	([Fig. 115].)																																											([Fig. 114].)
				°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″										°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″				°	′	″	°	′	″				°	′	″	°	′	″				°	′	″	°	′	″
HYPER- PYRAL SERIES OF ZONES.		-	1	60	45	38	44	06	09	117	26	40	31	48	10	30	45	10	160·331	92·379	95·209	593·369	986·260	551·481	831·497	525·000	920·000	74	51	19	73	20	31	44	06	09	8750·19	3194·76	8466·88	1	02	59	14	38	11	4000·00	3825·31	2817·77	1	21	50	45	12	56	4000·00	2021·19	3777·07	1	19	24	15	58	47	1054·34	1
			2	56	55	38	41	28	10	116	00	42	32	32	01	31	27	17	155·430	90·249	93·011	663·063	957·410	617·423	808·832	593·369	895·816	72	55	27	74	32	32	41	28	10	8253·90	3306·80	7909·94	1	04	45	16	32	11	...	3923·65	2683·55	1	19	56	47	51	52	...	1918·37	3797·40	1	17	34	14	48	41	1069·02	2
			3	53	05	38	38	48	29	114	31	20	33	17	30	32	11	10	151·551	88·729	91·434	734·313	926·908	684·958	783·619	663·063	869·605	70	59	39	75	42	51	38	48	29	7850·30	3411·75	7446·67	1	06	22	18	27	11	...	4015·06	2542·31	1	18	34	50	32	14	...	1813·60	3815·77	1	16	16	13	39	01	1087·52	3
			4	49	15	38	36	07	09	112	58	40	34	04	36	32	56	44	148·580	87·768	90·424	807·357	894·222	754·267	755·451	734·313	840·920	69	03	53	76	51	31	36	07	09	7527·08	3514·22	7056·39	1	07	51	20	22	11	...	4098·54	2394·23	1	17	42	53	14	00	...	1707·55	3831·95	1	15	26	12	30	46	1109·85	4
			5	45	25	38	33	24	19	111	23	00	34	53	07	33	43	53	146·444	87·332	89·947	882·445	858·858	825·547	723·921	807·357	809·337	67	08	12	77	58	41	33	24	19	7275·23	3617·56	6730·66	1	09	12	22	17	11	...	4173·08	2239·64	1	17	18	55	57	02	...	1599·72	3846·04	1	15	04	11	23	47	1136·14	5
			6	41	35	38	30	40	05	109	44	32	35	42	57	34	32	31	145·087	87·403	89·986	959·847	820·325	899·011	688·608	882·445	774·426	65	12	36	79	04	27	30	40	05	7082·17	3723·81	6459·63	1	10	25	24	12	11	...	4237·70	2078·82	1	17	20	58	41	15	...	1489·62	3858·14	1	15	08	10	17	59	1166·57	6
			7	37	45	38	27	54	34	108	03	30	36	34	01	35	22	29	144·481	87·977	90·536	1039·852	778·108	974·899	649·051	959·847	735·730	63	17	03	80	08	56	27	54	34	6944·09	3835·23	6234·93	1	11	31	26	07	11	...	4291·45	1912·18	1	17	48	61	26	32	...	1376·71	3868·30	1	15	36	9	13	16	1201·46	7
			8	33	55	38	25	07	52	106	20	06	37	26	11	36	13	43	144·609	89·060	91·604	1122·784	731·645	1053·471	604·730	1039·852	692·742	61	21	35	81	12	14	25	07	52	6857·03	3954·67	6052·36	1	12	30	28	02	11	...	4333·30	1740·12	1	18	44	64	12	46	...	1260·38	3876·59	1	16	32	8	09	30	1241·16	8
			9	30	05	38	22	20	07	104	34	36	38	19	23	37	06	01	145·476	90·671	93·209	1209·000	680·322	1135·025	555·059	1122·784	644·900	59	26	08	82	14	29	22	20	07	6817·87	4081·70	5902·53	1	13	20	29	57	11	...	4362·26	1563·10	1	20	06	66	59	50	...	1139·94	3883·03	1	17	56	7	06	33	1286·15	9
			10	26	15	38	19	31	25	102	47	12	39	13	27	37	59	21	147·089	92·843	95·384	1298·900	623·433	1219·892	499·354	1209·000	591·556	57	30	46	83	15	47	19	31	25	6824·46	4226·67	5795·68	1	14	05	31	52	11	...	4377·24	1381·63	1	21	58	69	47	36	...	1014·67	3887·66	1	19	48	6	04	19	1336·99	10
			11	22	25	38	16	41	54	100	58	10	40	07	14	38	54	36	145·361	93·000	95·413	1390·290	559·378	1308·183	439·428	1288·900	531·963	55	36	30	84	16	16	16	41	54	6880·52	4385·63	5718·52	1	12	37	33	47	11	...	4376·72	1194·94	1	22	00	72	37	06	...	884·95	3893·00	1	19	56	5	03	46	1394·36	11
			12	18	42	02	13	56	26	99	10	50	40	59	53	39	49	17	143·362	93·000	95·271	1482·755	490·169	1398·007	374·538	1390·290	467·217	53	45	43	85	14	24	13	56	26	6980·89	4558·83	5672·64	1	10	36	35	38	59	...	4360·70	1009·41	1	21	12	75	22	58	...	752·78	3897·32	1	19	56	4	05	38	1457·22	12
			13	15	06	03	11	16	04	97	26	07	41	51	03	40	42	49	141·379	93·000	95·127	1576·048	415·991	1488·972	304·611	1482·755	397·403	51	58	53	86	10	02	11	16	04	7123·05	4747·24	5654·92	1	08	15	37	26	59	...	4329·31	828·19	1	21	46	78	03	02	...	618·37	3901·10	1	19	56	3	10	00	1525·43	13
				°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″										°	′	″	°	′	″	°	′	″				°	′	″	°	′	″				°	′	″	°	′	″				°	′	″	°	′	″
HYPO- PYRAL SERIES.		-	1	59	49	16	43	27	36	117	05	56	31	58	37	30	55	27	159·369	92·000	94·806	593·815	985·212	550·915	831·725	525·000	920·000	74	23	03	73	38	20	43	27	36	8674·74	3243·48	8375·64	1	03	09	15	05	22	4000·00	3855·83	2785·60	1	21	28	45	51	40	4000·00	2002·52	3781·91	1	19	04	15	42	08	——	1
			2	55	48	55	40	42	01	115	35	07	32	44	43	31	40	09	158·051	92·000	94·783	682·731	981·810	634·862	831·183	610·872	920·000	72	22	10	74	53	06	40	42	01	8419·60	3456·44	8047·72	1	04	31	17	05	32	...	3983·21	2644·16	1	21	28	48	37	15	...	1918·55	3801·51	1	19	04	14	27	22	——	2
			3	51	48	33	37	54	32	114	00	31	33	28	16	32	27	13	156·592	92·000	94·719	779·464	978·917	726·831	830·694	704·730	920·000	70	21	45	76	05	59	37	54	32	8278·82	3685·41	7823·68	1	05	01	19	05	13	...	4104·84	2494·82	1	21	24	51	24	46	...	1836·22	3818·93	1	19	04	13	14	29	——	3
			4	47	51	11	35	07	32	112	23	53	34	20	23	33	15	44	155·083	92·000	94·619	885·046	974·441	827·926	830·261	807·657	920·000	68	23	16	77	16	21	35	07	32	8252·95	3941·89	7701·00	1	04	36	21	04	24	...	4218·56	2340·02	1	21	20	54	11	48	...	1756·33	3834·20	1	19	04	12	04	07	——	4
			5	43	59	40	32	23	06	110	46	32	35	08	23	34	05	05	153·489	92·000	94·488	1000·663	970·608	939·385	829·882	920·871	920·000	66	28	11	78	23	26	32	23	06	8335·86	4228·06	7673·05	1	03	18	23	00	10	...	4322·95	2182·17	1	21	12	56	56	18	...	1679·85	3847·38	1	19	04	10	57	02	——	5
			6	40	16	34	29	43	19	109	10	04	35	55	37	34	54	18	151·863	92·000	94·334	1127·665	966·771	1062·591	829·557	1045·740	920·000	64	37	37	79	26	45	29	43	19	8522·64	4549·97	7732·80	1	01	15	24	51	43	...	4416·91	2023·99	1	21	04	59	36	09	...	1607·39	3858·56	1	19	04	9	53	43	——	6

APPENDIX, No. V.
NOTICE TO MARINERS.—SKERRYVORE LIGHTHOUSE.

The Commissioners of the Northern Lighthouses hereby give notice, that a Lighthouse has been erected upon the Skerryvore Rock, which lies off the Island of Tyree, in the county of Argyll, the Light of which will be exhibited on the Night of the 1st February 1844, and every Night thereafter, from sunset to sunrise.

A [specification] of the bearings of the Lighthouse and character of the Light will be found on the next page.

And the Commissioners hereby further give notice, that by virtue of a Warrant from the Queen in Council, of date the 13th December 1843, the following Tolls will be levied for voyages in respect of which benefit will be derived from this Light, viz., from every British Vessel (the same not belonging to Her Majesty, or being navigated wholly in ballast), and for every Foreign Vessel which, by any Act of Parliament, Order in Council, Convention, or Treaty, shall be privileged to enter the Ports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, upon paying the same duties of tonnage as are paid by British Vessels (the same not being navigated wholly in ballast), the Toll of One Penny per Ton of the Burden of every such Vessel; and for every Foreign Vessel not so privileged, the Toll of Two Pence per Ton.

By Order of the Commissioners,

(Signed)C. Cuningham,
(Signed)Alex. Cuningham,

}Joint Secs.

Edinburgh, 23d December 1843.

The following is a Specification of the Position of the Lighthouse, and the Appearance of the Light, by Mr Alan Stevenson, Engineer to the Commissioners.

The Skerryvore Rock lies off the Island of Tyree, in Lat. 56° 19′ 22″ N.; Long. 7° 6′ 32″ W.

By Compass, the Lighthouse bears from Barrahead Lighthouse S. ¹⁄₄ E., distant 33 nautic miles; from Hynish Point, in Tyree, WSW. ¹⁄₂ W., distant 10¹⁄₃ miles; from Iona Island, WNW. ³⁄₄ N., distant 20 miles; from Rhinns of Islay Lighthouse, N. ¹⁄₄ E., distant 44 miles; and from Innistrahull Lighthouse in Ireland, NE. by N., distant 53¹⁄₂ miles.

Owing to the distance to which the foul ground extends on every side of the rock on which the Lighthouse is placed, and the weight of sea which breaks on the shallow ground all round it, it is necessary to give the Light a wide berth. The better to enable seamen to judge of this, their attention is called to the prefixed [Chart],[87] which exhibits the relative position of the Skerryvore Rock, and the various dangers around it. In particular, it is necessary to notice the position of those rocks which lie seaward of the Lighthouse, viz. Mackenzie’s Rock, about 3 miles W. by S. ¹⁄₄ S. from the Lighthouse; Stevenson’s, 2¹⁄₄ miles W. ¹⁄₂ N.; and Fresnel’s, which lies between these two Rocks. To the left of the prefixed [Chart] is a small diagram, which exhibits the position of the Skerryvore Rock in reference to the principal landmarks above noticed.

[87] A copy of the Chart referred to will be found at [Plate II.] at the end of this volume.

The Skerryvore Light will be known to mariners as a Revolving Light, producing a Bright Flash once every minute. The Lantern, which is open all round, is elevated 150 feet above the level of the sea. In clear weather the flashes of the Light will be seen at the distance of six leagues, and at lesser distances according to the state of the atmosphere; and to a near observer, in favourable circumstances, the Light will not wholly disappear between the flashes.

APPENDIX, No. VI.
ACCOUNT OF THE EXPENSE OF ERECTING THE SKERRYVORE LIGHTHOUSE AND OF THE SUBSIDIARY WORKS.

Establishment at Hynish.
	Wages of the different workmen quarrying and dressing the stones, and building the dwelling-houses,barracks, storehouses, inclosure and subdivision dykes, draining and trenching the ground, &c., at Hynish, and the wages of joinerspreparing and fitting up the joiner work,					£2996	7	7
	Timber, pavement, bricks, ironmongery, glass, &c., &c., used in the erections,					1376	16	9	¹⁄₂
	Slater, plaster, and plumber work of the houses,					436	1	0
	Paid the tenant of Hynish for a barn which was used as a barrack to accommodate the workmen whenthey first landed at Tyree,					13	0	0
										£4822	5	4	¹⁄₂
	Note.—Although these buildings had been erected for the purposes of theworks, yet the greater part of them were designed to serve as part of the permanent accommodation required at Tyree in connectionwith the Lighthouse Establishment, and have accordingly been so applied.
Rock Barrack, No. 1.
	Cost of the barrack on the Rock, which was destroyed, including the contractor’s account for extrawork, &c.,					£742	17	7
	Lead for running up the bats and for other purposes about the barrack,					14	11	6	¹⁄₂
	A smith’s forge, bellows, anvil, and smith’s tools used at Rock in erecting the barrack,					32	19	1	¹⁄₄
										790	8	2	³⁄₄
Rock Barrack, No. 2.
	Cost of the carpenter and joiner work on the second barrack, the expense of fitting and erecting itat Greenock, the wages of four joiners and a smith, furnished by the contractor to assist in its erection at Skerryvore, includingsundry other minor charges,					£911	14	4
	Cost of the iron-work of the barrack,					369	11	8
	Lead for running up the bats and protecting the timber of cooking apartment, &c.,					29	11	10
	Cooking apparatus for the cook-room of barrack, sheet-iron smoke tube, cooking utensils, &c.,					54	16	6
	Bedding for beds of barrack,					90	9	1
	Expense of upholding and making sundry small repairs on the barrack since its erection,					22	18	6	¹⁄₂
										1479	1	11	¹⁄₂
	Cost of the furniture, bedding, and other utensils required for the dwelling-houses, barracks, &c.,connected with the different establishments of the works,									830	19	2
Establishment at North Bay.
	Wages of the quarriers, masons, joiners, &c., quarrying stones, building the barracks, storehouses,&c., &c., and fitting up the joiner work,					£378	11	9
	Timber and other furnishings for the erections, the expense of making the doors andwindows, including furnishings required for erecting the habitable part of SkerryvoreBarrack at North Bay as a temporary accommodation for the workmen, and sundry other charges,					361	4	7
	Sundry furnishings—such as utensils for provision store, smithy, &c.,					13	2	5
										752	18	9
Quarries at North Bay.
	Cost of rails and timber for railway and timber, &c., for shipping-pier at North Bay,					£131	5	1
	Wages of workmen who were employed at quarries in North Bay, quarrying the lighthouse blocks,constructing the pier, railway, &c.,					1752	5	3
										1883	10	4
Temporary Wharf and Railway at the Skerryvore Rock.
	Cost of timber used in the wharf and railway at the Skerryvore Rock,					£103	18	6
	Iron bats, bolts, &c., for fastening the timber, rails for railway, and sundry furnishings connectedwith an apparatus for blasting under water,					119	7	6
	Wages of the workmen constructing the railway, fastening the timber of wharf, &c.,					34	10	5
										257	16	5
Excavation at Rock and Platform, &c.
	Wages of the workmen excavating the foundation for the Lighthouse Tower, on the Skerryvore Rock,					£609	2	3	¹⁄₂
	A portable forge, and other smith’s tools, used at the rock for this work,					21	15	10
	Wages of the workmen excavating the site of a platformat the workyard in Hynish, and quarrying and dressing stones for sill of platform,					£107	16	5
	Cost of freestone from Garscube Quarry, Glasgow, for part of the sill of platform,					24	14	0
										763	8	6	¹⁄₂
Dressing Lighthouse Blocks.
	Wages of masons, including the assistance of labourers, carters, &c., in dressing the blocksfor the Lighthouse Tower at Hynish,					£8589	8	7	¹⁄₂
	Timber for moulds of the various blocks, and the joiners’ wages making the moulds,					384	18	10
	Timber, &c., and wages of joiners in erecting sheds for the masons,					955	4	5
										9929	11	10	¹⁄₂
	Expense of victualling the workmen and others who were employed at the rock during the operation of the whole works,									1503	18	6
Implements and Tools for Masons, Smiths, &c.
	Amount paid to sundry persons for the implements and tools used by the workmen in all the departments of the works,					£1176	9	6	¹⁄₂
	Wages of the smiths and their hammermen keeping these tools in repair and making others,					908	16	5
										2085	5	11	¹⁄₂
Machinery for the Works at the Rock, Hynish, and North Bay.
	Cost of cranes, crabs, winches, trucks, iron blocks, chains, rope-guys, &c., with sundry otherfurnishings connected with these articles,					£1516	9	5
	1 Woolwich or sling-cart, a janker for wood, and four jack-screws,					89	6	4
	Large balance crane used in building the Lighthouse Tower,					533	10	0	¹⁄₂
	Hoisting beams or needles, and a pair of strong sheer-poles, used in building the Lighthouse Tower,					42	11	2
										2181	16	11	¹⁄₂
Cartage Account.
	Cost of 3 large draught horses and a pony, for the use of the works,					£127	9	10	¹⁄₂
	Carts and stable utensils,					65	14	2	¹⁄₂
	Harness and other furniture, and keeping them in repair,					52	2	3	¹⁄₂
	Provender for the horses for seven years,					858	14	8
										1104	1	0	¹⁄₂
Mortar Account.
	Cost of the lime which was used for all the departments of the works,					£331	9	8
	Pozzolano which was used for the building of the Lighthouse Tower, excepting a small portion forthe works of the harbour or dock,					376	16	4
	Mastic, cements, and stucco,					39	6	10
	Wages of labourers grinding and sifting Pozzolano at Hynish, and burning and sifting a portion of the lime,					121	18	8
	Packages to contain Pozzolano, to prevent its admixture with other cargo when on board ship,					20	0	1
										889	11	7
Signal Tower at Hynish.
	Expense of quarrying, dressing, and building the stones, and executing the joiner work of theSignal Tower at Hynish,					£370	13	2
	Pavement and bricks for the interior,					32	13	1
	Cast-iron floor, with lintels and sole plates for windows, and cast-iron supports for do.,					110	13	4
	Timber for joisting of floors, lining of walls andwindows, including the glazing of them, a wooden trap, flag-pole, and other furnishings for interior,					284	9	0
	Plumber work of roof,					35	9	6
	A 5 feet achromatic telescope, with stand, &c., for Signal Tower,					35	10	0
	Cost of a code of signals, flags, return books, and other furnishings,					11	10	6
										880	18	7
Lights Account.
	Expense of the apparatus required for the lights at the Pier and Signal Tower at Hynish,including fitting up, &c.,					£66	7	0
	Cost of oil and other requisites for upholding these lights,					136	5	8
	Salary of the Lightkeepers, &c.,					131	11	7
										334	4	3
“Skerryvore” Steamer.
	First cost and complete outfit of the steamer Skerryvore,					£5930	0	11
	Alteration on the engines, by raising the shafts, &c.,					423	5	0
	Repairs on the hull and engines, on various occasions, during the progress of the works,					1057	4	2
	Sailing expenses (exclusive of the cost of coals supplied when the steamer was at Hynish),and sundry other minor charges,					5538	10	11	¹⁄₄
										12,949	1	0	¹⁄₄
“Queen” Tender.
	First cost and complete outfit of the “Queen” Tender,					£935	13	3
	Sailing expenses and other charges,					1010	7	9
	Repairs on the hull, rigging, sails, &c.,					77	12	8	¹⁄₄
										2023	13	8	¹⁄₄
StoneLighters.
	First cost and outfit of four lighters for transporting the Lighthouse blocks, &c.,from Hynish to the Skerryvore Rock,					£1666	15	6	¹⁄₂
	Hawsers for towing, mooring-ropes, heaving-lines, &c., used in the course of transportingthe stones to the Rock,					249	1	6
	Upholding the lighters in repair, and sundry other charges,					178	9	9	¹⁄₂
	Expense transporting the lighters on various occasions to different places,					58	15	10
	Expense shifting and attending upon the lighters when lying at Leith, and advertising them for sale,					19	9	10	¹⁄₂
										2172	12	6	¹⁄₂
Moorings.
	Cost of the buoys for mooring the vessels belonging to the works in Hynish Bay, and at theRock, when lying there,					£240	1	3
	Cast-iron mushroom anchors for mooring the buoys,					118	7	4
	Wrought-iron common anchors, grapnels, &c., for mooring the vessels, warping, kedging, &c.,					48	16	1
	Chains and shackles for do., &c.,					354	2	7
	Upholding and keeping in repair the buoys,					4	17	1
										766	4	4
Boats and Attendance.
	Cost of 8 boats, with oars, sails, tackling, &c.,					£207	19	11	¹⁄₂
	Upholding these boats in repair,					28	13	9
	Amount paid for the use of boats and their crews assisting to discharge cargoes from vesselsprevious to the pier being built,					119	6	0
										355	19	8	¹⁄₂
	Amount paid the owners of hired vessels, as freights of the Lighthouse blocks from the quarriesat North Bay, in Mull, to the workyard at Hynish,									1300	14	8	¹⁄₂
Freight andSailing Expenses.
	Freights and other charges paid the owners of hired vessels, vessels, for the materialswhich were imported for the use of various departments of the works, exclusive of the Lighthouse blocks from North Bay,									4045	9	7	¹⁄₂
	Wages of labourers, &c., discharging the cargoes from the vessels at the Pier at Hynish,and the wages of workmen quarrying stones for ballast, and putting it on board the vessels,									933	12	10
	Amount paid for travelling expenses, and other charges connected with the transport of theworkmen, including the expenses of the Officers, &c., travelling on the business of the works,									1711	11	2
	Cost of the coals supplied to the steamer “Skerryvore,” when plying between the Skerryvore Rock,Hynish, &c., for the household purposes of the different departments of the works, and also for the smith’s forge,									1463	0	7	¹⁄₂
	Cost of the blasting powder used for the purpose of quarrying stones, excavating rocks, &c.									375	14	2	¹⁄₂
Lighthouse Tower.
	Wages of the workmen who were engaged at Skerryvore Rock in building the Tower, and shippingthe materials at Hynish for Rock, including the wages of masons, &c., assisting the other tradesmen in the respectivedepartments of their work, after the completion of the building operations,					£2381	11	7
	Cost of the wainscot and other articles for the joinery of the interior of the Lighthouse; thewages of the joiners preparing the wood at Hynish, and fitting it up at the Tower,					1415	5	1
	Green heart and oak for treenails, for securing the lower courses of Lighthouse Tower,					40	10	4
	Plate-glass for windows and borrowed lights inpartitions of Tower,					84	7	4
	Lewis bats, hinges, &c., for entrance-door and shutters of Tower, and the locks and othermounting for the interior,					218	15	2
	14 Copper oil-cisterns, a copper-pump, gauging-rods for do.,					276	10	7
	Cast-iron water-tanks and coal-boxes, for interior of Tower,					160	13	9
	A large cooking apparatus for kitchen of Tower, a stove to heat the lower apartments, and cast-ironsmoke-tubes for both fire-places,					117	17	7
	A bell-metal railing for balcony,					341	13	1
	A bell-metal ladder from rock to entrance-door of Tower,					194	13	4
	A cast-iron pillar to support floor of light-room,					17	8	7
	A bell-metal lightning-conductor for Tower, and fixtures,					65	13	0
	Cast-iron permanent railway on the Skerryvore Rock, from the landing creek to the Tower; a cast-ironplatform near the Tower, and stairs at landing creek,					493	11	8
	A crane erected at the landing creek, for landing materials on the rock,					98	13	2
	A copper flagstaff and ball for the top of the Lighthouse Tower, with bell-metal base, fixtures,pulleys, &c.,					66	10	8
	A brass force-pump, for pumping water up from tanks to kitchen of Lighthouse,					31	17	5
	Premiums paid the seamen who were employed in the shipping department, in lieu of extra time,					454	2	6
	Premiums paid 17 seamen who were employed in thebuilding works at the Rock during the season of 1842, in lieu of extra time,					121	11	0
	Premiums of the landing master at Rock, foreman of masons, &c.,					96	12	0
	Cost of the furniture, bedding, utensils, books, &c., for the Lighthouse Tower,					304	6	10
	Sundry furnishings connected with the building of the Lighthouse Tower,—the wages of workmen quarryingstones at Hynish for Lighthouse Tower, previous to opening quarries at North Bay, and the wages of workmen, and furnishings for thegeneral purposes of the works,					1386	18	5	¹⁄₂
	Cost of three models, in stucco, of different forms of the Lighthouse,					22	4	6
	Cast-iron water-tanks, which were built and secured into recesses of the rock, for the supplyingof the rock works,—new water-casks, and their repairs, for taking off water,					17	5	11
	Feu-duty, rent of ground, assessed taxes, &c., for the establishment at Hynish,					143	6	4
										8551	19	10	¹⁄₂
	Cost of the iron and steel which were used for all the departments of the works,									1299	3	5	¹⁄₄
Lightroom and Apparatus.
	Cost of the lantern of cast-iron, with facings of bell-metal, including the cleaning and trimmingpaths, and bell-metal ladder outside of lantern, and the wages of the contractor’s workmen fitting them up at Skerryvore,					£863	13	6
	Plate-glass for the lantern,					268	4	6
	Copper dome of lantern, including the internal frame of do., drip-pan, copper steps,handles, air-tubes, rain-water pipes, a platform outside of dome for cleaningthe vents, with the wages of the contractor’s workmen fitting them up at Skerryvore,					348	16	9
	Machinery of the revolving apparatus, and brass case for do. complete; three machines for pumpingthe oil for supplying the burner; the expense of the lamps, fountains, &c.; and bell-metal frames for annular lenses, zones,pyramidal lenses, &c., with the wages of the contractor’s workmen fitting up the above apparatus at Skerryvore,					1244	10	6	¹⁄₂
	The charge of Mr François of Paris furnishing eight annular lenses, and two spare do., with eight catadioptricframes of the first order for lower part, and eight pyramidal lenses, with mirrors, for upper part,	£762	0	0
	Expense of transporting the whole apparatus to Leith,	79	7	10
						841	7	10
	Cost of two bells, and one spare do., used during foggy weather,	£107	6	3
	Shafting for do.; bevel wheels, levers, hammers, &c., connecting with the machinery of apparatus,	63	14	11	¹⁄₂
						171	1	2	¹⁄₂
	Eighteen screens for lantern, cased with iron, and brass mounted, with rollers, &c., and thetime of workmen fitting them up at Skerryvore,					48	7	6
	Air watch-bells from lightroom to bedrooms and kitchen, time of workmen fitting them up at Skerryvore,and furnishings for the complete working of do.,					34	13	0
	Brass medallion heads and copper tubes forventilation of lightroom,					8	9	6
	Wood and workmanship making models of the catadioptric zones to a full size, and a brass modelof frame for zones to a small scale,					22	1	2
										3851	5	6
Salaries, Agencies, and Office Expenses.
	Salaries of the Engineer, Surveyor, Clerk, and Store-keeper, including expenses of the surveyof the rocks and adjoining Islands,					£3262	10	5
	Agency of the Agent at Aberdeen, who made the monthly payments to the workmen’s relatives, andfor some time superintending the making of tools; and the agency of the Lighthouse Agent at Greenock transacting business for the works,					294	13	11
	Iron safe, &c., books, and other stationery for the various departments of the works,					99	10	10
										3656	15	2
	Petty disbursements and miscellaneous expenses, made on account of the general purposes of the works,									308	7	9
Lightkeepers’ Houses.
	Wages of workmen, quarrying, dressing, and building the stones of houses at Hynish for light-keepers,building the brick partitions and lining of walls, and the wages of joiners executing the joiner-work,					£1893	6	2
	Timber and other articles used in the joinery of the houses,					462	19	9
	Plumber-work of roof, including the expense of bringing the water into the houses, &c.,					963	18	6
	Bricks for partitions, lining of external walls, &c.,					73	10	0
	Pavement for floors, water-cisterns, &c.,					51	16	0
	Workmanship, executing the plaster-work (the lime being charged in a special account for this article),					38	12	11
	Glass for glazing the windows and fan-lights,					20	12	3
	Locks, hinges, and other mounting for the doors and windows,					101	11	11
	Cans for the chimney heads,					9	16	6
	Furniture, bedding, utensils, &c., supplied for these houses,					299	0	4
										3915	4	4
Pier at Hynish.
	Wages of masons, quarriers, carters, labourers, &c., quarrying, dressing, and building the stonesof a pier at Hynish for the landing and shipping of materials,					£2300	17	1	¹⁄₂
	Iron rails for the works of building the pier,					53	10	1
	Timbers for fenders of pier, and other purposes connected with the building of it,					130	19	4
	Cost of a pont for building the pier,					106	8	11
										2591	15	5	¹⁄₂
Dock or Harbour for Tender.
	Wages of workmen, quarrying, dressing, and building stones to form a talus wall and parapetalong the south side and round the point of the pier at Hynish; raising the pier one course; excavating rock in the interiorof the harbour or dock and along the point of pier; quarrying, dressing, and building the stones of boom-heads and walls ofdock; excavating reservoir and forming embankment of do, for scouring sand, &c., from the dock; forming the feeders toreservoir, and the tail-race from reservoir to dock, refreshments to workmen during night and tide works, &c.,					£6676	10	6
	Timber for double set of boom-gates of dock, copper for sheathing their ends, and mounting for booms,					101	2	6
	Timber used in constructing coffer-dams, and for the general purposes of the harbour works,					135	18	0
	Cost of two sluices, and of the machinery, &c., complete for working them,					81	14	0
	Two cast-iron ladders for sides of pier and dock,					13	1	9
	Cost of sea-boots, &c., and keeping them in repair, which were used by the workmen at tide works,					26	12	0
	Cost of silt-pumps, and furnishings of leather, &c.,for making others, and keeping them in repair,					9	10	0
	Compensation paid the tenant of the farm of Hynish, for liberty to cut drains for a supply of waterfor a reservoir,					5	0	0
	Two signal lamps, two torches, turpentine, &c., for signalizing when the tender enters the dock at night,					5	14	8
										7055	3	5
						Total,				£89,817	6	11
Deductions—
	Price of steamer “Skerryvore,” sold,					£1616	0	6
	Do. of sloop “Queen,” sold,					200	0	0
	Do. of 4 Stone Lighters, sold,					225	0	0
	Do. of Horses and Carts, sold,					60	0	0
	Implements sold or afterwards used at other works of the Board,					738	8	10
										2839	9	4
										£86,977	17	7

APPENDIX, No. VII.
EXCERPTS FROM AN ACCOUNT OF EXPERIMENTS UPON THE FORCE OF THE WAVES OF THE ATLANTIC AND GERMAN OCEANS.
By
Thomas Stevenson, F.R.S.E., Civil-Engineer, Edinburgh.
(From the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. XVI.)

The letters (see [Plate IV.]) D E F D represent a cast-iron cylinder, which is firmly bolted at the projecting flanges G to the rock where the experiments are wanted. This cylinder has a flange at D D. L L is a door, which is opened when the observation is to be read off. A A is of iron, and forms a circular plate or disc, on which the sea impinges. Fastened to the disc are four guide-rods B B B B. These rods pass through a circular plate C C (which is screwed down to the flange D D), and also through holes in the bottom E F. Within the cylinder there is attached to the plate C C a powerful steel spring, to the other or free end of which is fastened the small circular plate K K, which again is secured to the guide-rods B B B B. There are also rings of leather T T, that slide on the guide-rods, and serve as indices for registering how far the rods are pushed through the holes in the bottom; or, in other words, how much the spring has been drawn out or lengthened by the force of the sea acting upon the plate or disc A A. The object of having four leathern rings, where one might have answered the purpose, was merely that they might serve as a check upon each other; and so perfectly did they answer the purpose intended, that in every instance they were found equidistant from the bottom of the cylinder; proving thereby, that after the recoil of the spring, they had all kept their places. The guide-rods are graduated, so as to enable the observer to note exactly the quantity that the spring has yielded.

This instrument, which may, perhaps, be not improperly termed a Marine Dynamometer, is, therefore, a self-registering apparatus which indicates the maximum force of the waves. In the graduation of the instrument, the power of the spring is ascertained by carefully loading the disc with weights, so that when the quantity that the spring has yielded by the action of the sea is known, the pressure due to the area of the disc exposed is known also. The discs employed were from 3 to 9 inches diameter, but generally 6 inches, and the powers of the springs varied from 10 lb. to about 50 lb. for every ¹⁄₈ inch of elongation. Their respective effects were afterwards reduced to a value per square foot. The instrument was generally placed so as to be immersed at about three-fourths tide, and in such situations as would afford a considerable depth of water. It is not desirable to have the instrument placed at a much lower level, as it has not unfrequently happened during a gale, that for days together no one could approach it to read off the result and readjust the indices to zero. It must, however, at the same time be remarked, that it is in most situations almost impossible to receive the force unimpaired, as the waves are more or less broken by hidden rocks or shoal ground before they reach the instrument.

In connection with the apparatus above described, a graduated pole was erected on an outlying sunken rock, for the purpose of ascertaining the height of the waves; but the observations were not of so satisfactory a nature as could have been desired, and the poles soon worked loose from their attachments, and disappeared.

With the instrument which has been explained, I entered upon the following train of observations:—

In 1842 several observations were made on the waves of the Irish Sea at the island of Little Ross, lying off the Bay of Kirkcudbright. Since April 1843 till now, continued observations have been made on the Atlantic at the Skerryvore and neighbouring rocks lying off the island of Tyree, Argyllshire; and in 1844 a series of observations was begun on the German Ocean at the Bell Rock. It will be seen, that in selecting these localities a varied exposure has been embraced, comprising the comparatively sheltered Irish Sea, the more exposed eastern shore of Scotland, and the wild Rocks of Skerryvore, which are open to the full fury of the Atlantic, the far distant shores of North America being the nearest land on the west.

Referring for more full information to the [tables] of experiments which are given at the end of this paper, it will be sufficient in this place to state generally the following as the results obtained.

In the Atlantic Ocean, according to the observations made at the Skerryvore rocks, the average of results for five of the summer months during the years 1843 and 1844, is 611 lb. per square foot. The average results for six of the winter months (1843 and 1844), is 2086 lb. per square foot, or thrice as great as in the summer months.

The greatest result yet obtained at Skerryvore was during the heavy westerly gale of 29th March 1845, when a pressure of 6083 lb. per square foot was registered. The next highest is 5323 lb.

In the German Ocean, according to the observations made at the Bell Rock, the greatest result yet obtained is 3013 lb. per square foot.

It thus appears, that the greatest effect of the sea, which has been observed, is that of the Atlantic at Skerryvore, which is nearly equal to three tons per square foot.

These experiments, amounting to 267 in number, and on the Atlantic alone, extending over 23 months continuously, are not intended to prove anything farther than the simple fact, that the sea has been known to exert a force equivalent to a pressure of three tons per square foot, however much more.

It is proper, however, to observe, that there may be some objection to referring the action of the sea to a statical value. Although the instrument might perhaps be made capable of giving a dynamical result, it was considered unnecessary, in these preliminary experiments, to do anything more than represent the maximum pressure registered by the spring, because the effects of the waves may, from supposing them to have continuity of action, be perhaps regarded as similar to a statical pressure, rather than to the impact of a hard body. The near coincidence, or indeed almost perfect agreement of the results of the experiments made with different instruments, goes far to shew that the waves act in very much the same manner as a pressure, although both pressure and impact must obviously enter into their effect. In the experiments, begun February 1844, and given at the end of the paper, the three instruments had not only different areas of discs, but very different powers of springs, and yet the results were almost identical. Now, the same force, supposing the waves to act like the impact of a hard body, would, in the Marine Dynamometer, have assumed very different statical values, according to the spaces in which that force was expended or developed; so that with the same force of impact, the indication of a weak spring would be less than that of a stronger.

In future experiments it may be interesting, however, to test the springs dynamically, by means of the impact of a heavy body dropped from a given height upon the plate or disc of the instrument. In some experiments lately made in this way, by dropping a cannon-ball upon the disc, it appeared, that, within the limits of the experiments, there was for each individual spring a ratio between the value registered by the leathern index and the calculated momentum of the impinging body. These ratios were, of course, found to vary in springs of different power, and to be constant only for springs of the same power. Did the waves, therefore, act by a sudden finite impact, like the cannon-ball employed in this instance, we could scarcely have found such harmony between the results of instruments with different springs, as the experiments alluded to afford. At the same time, the result cannot, perhaps, be in strictness considered correct; but, from the elongation of the spring being very small, the results may be regarded as practically correct,—the more so when we find so remarkable a coincidence of results as that alluded to.

Experiments.—With reference to the following experiments I have only to observe, that those which were made at Little Ross, upon the Irish Sea, cannot, from the unusual fineness of the weather at the time, be regarded as affording a true value of the effects of a hard gale in these seas. Of the others it is to be noticed, that where two or three instruments were for some time employed as a check upon each other, and only one or two readings are given, the want has occurred either from the instruments being under repair, or being difficult of access in stormy weather, or during neap tides. It often happened also, in consequence of the springs proving too weak, when new ones had to be made, or the area of the disc reduced. Registers of the state of the weather, apparent height of spray, &c., were generally kept; but it was not considered necessary to complicate the Tables by inserting these, excepting in one or two instances.

Dates.		lbs. to a Square Foot.
Observations at Little Ross.
1842.
April	25			15
	28			51
June	1			36
	4			81·5
	20			86·5
	24			840·0
	25			458·0
July	25			380·0
Aug.	2			570·0
	5			665·0
	6			380·0
	9			380·0
The Observations at the Skerryvore Rock, and the neighbouring Island of Tyree,distant 13 miles from the Skerryvore, are as follows:—
1843.
April	24			455
	25			707
May	7			243
	11			182
	12			243
	16			364
	20	-		495
				476
June	3			182
	4			519
	7			428
	8			855
	9			173
July	2			476
	3	-		723
				866
	30			433
Aug.	9			346
	22			723
	30			389
Sept.	5			866
	21			952
Oct.	5			1535
	6			1606
Nov.	18			1711
	19			1497
	27			1497
	29			2353
Dec.	5			2674
	8	-		3421
				At least
	14			2460
	26			1947
In January, two instruments were placed beside each other, but not set parallel.These instruments had springs of different power, the one being about double that of the other, and one had a discof 3 inches diameter, the other 6 inches.
1844.
Jan.	6			962
				928
	7			2353
				357
	9			1925
				1000
	10			826
				1000
Both instruments set parallel.
	16			424
				427
Another instrument was placed beside them, but the two marked thus* were found tobe too weak, as the leathers were found flattened, and one of the instruments was broken, and was not repaired till the 15th February.
	28			3422	*
				2285	*
				3313
Feb.	2			429
				457
	3			429
				457
	13			214
				228
	15			321
				280
				321
	16			428
				402
				343
	24			1284
				1364
				685
	26			2032
				2068
				399
	27			321
				321
				342
March	4			3316
				3369
				3427
	7			1069
				963
				913
	10			1925
				1925
				1713
	11			535
				481
				456
	12			3316
				4011
				2970
	13			1142
				1283
				1283
April	10			457
				428
				481
	11			800
	12			343
				321
	14			571
				535
	16			571
				642
				481
	17			800
				856
				862
	18			571
				481
	19			800
				535
				481
	22			913
				482
				962
	24			1942
				1604
				1370
	25			1283
				343
				321
	27			457
				481
		-		Night	800
				tide
				642
	30			229
				241
May	15			343
	14			481
June	6			571
	15			1828
July	11			1028
	13			457
	18			914
	23			1532
	25			571
	26			971
	27			457
	28			1142
	29			286
	30			914
	31			1028
Aug.	1			571
	7			914
	13			914
	14			914
	21			800
	30			1713
Sept.	12			1028
	14			914
	20			457
	23			1142
	25			685
	30			1599
Oct.	2			2399
	3			1485
	4			1828
	11			3427	[88]
	14			1599
	19			1599
	20			2513
	22			800
	24			1827
	28			1485
	29			457
Nov.	2			1942
	10			1028
	14			1257
	15			2056
	16			2056
	22			2627
	23			3427
	27			3199
	28			4112
Dec.	7			1369
	9			2738
	10			1825
	13			1925
	14			1027
	15			1764

[88] On this occasion, 14 stones were slightly moved, and 14 scattered, all of which had been built into the round-head or end of Hynish Pier, which was still in an unfinished state, and a Dynamometer which was attached to the Pier, registered on this occasion 2557 lb. These stones weighed from 1 to 1¹⁄₂ tons, and exposed, when built into the wall, about two square feet of surface. The stone to which the instrument was fixed was turned upside down, although it weighed about 1¹⁄₄ ton = 2800 lb.

A more exposed point of the Skerryvore Rock was at this time chosen for experiment; and with the view of ascertaining the effect of the waves at different heights upon the rock, two instruments were fixed, the one (No. I.) several feet lower, and about 40 feet seaward of the other (No. II.). It was observed, that about half-flood the force of the waves was a good deal expended before they reached the place where No. I. was placed, from there being so little water on the rocks outside; whereas when the tide was higher, the waves were, from the greater depth of water, not so much broken when they reached No. II. The results of the Marine Dynamometer shew generally about twice the force at No. II. as at No. I.; a result which shews how important it would be to ascertain the relative forces of the waves at different levels upon our breakwaters and other seaworks.

Date.		Remarks.	No. of Instru- ment.	Pressure in lbs. per Square Foot.
1845.
Jan.	7	Heavy sea.	I.	1714
		...	II.	4182
	12	Very heavy swell.	I.	2856
		...	II.	5032
	16	Heavy ground swell.	I.	2856
		...	II.	4752
	22	A good deal of sea.	I.	2856
		...	II.	5323
	28	Heavy ground swell.	I.	2627
		...	II.	4562
Feb.	5	Fresh gales.	I.	856
		...	II.	3042
	21	...	I.	1827
		...	II.	3422
	24	Fresh breezes.	I.	1256
		...	II.	3802
March	9	Ground swell.	I.	1256
		Waves supposed about 10 feet high.	II.	3041
	11	Short sea.	I.	1028
	24	Heavy sea.	I.	2281
		Waves supposed about 20 feet high.	II.	4562
	26	Swell.	I.	1256
		Waves about 6 feet high.	II.	3041
	29	Strong gale, with heavy sea, the highest waves supposed 20 feet high, and the spray rose about 70 feet.	I.	2856
		...	II.	6083

Register of Observations on the force of the Sea, made at the Bell Rock, German Ocean.

Dates.		lbs. to a Square Foot.
1844.
Sept.	15	853
	20	2260
Oct.	9	3013
	...	2562
	26	1142
	27	958
Nov.	12	1680
	13	1920
Dec.	13	1560
	26	1439
1845.
Jan.	7	1559
	10	1439
	11	1439
	15	1559
	25	959
	26	719
	27	1199
	30	2879
	31	1559
Feb.	6	2999
	24	1199
	25	959
	27	839
	28	1319
March	4	959
	7	1079
	11	1919
	20	2519
	21	2759
	24	1319
	25	959
	28	599
	30	1079

APPENDIX, No. VIII.
LIST OF NORTHERN LIGHTHOUSES, BEACONS AND BUOYS.
FOR 1848.

Name of Light.	Situation of Light.	Number of Lights.	Appearance of Light.	Distance visible in Nautic Miles.	Points of Compass within which Light is Visible.	Height of Lantern in feet above High-water Spring Tides.	North Latitude.		West Longitude.		Date of first Exhibition.
INCHKEITH	Highest Land on the Island of Inchkeith, in Fifeshire	One	Revolving, and appearing in its brightest state once every minute	18	All round the Compass	220	56°	2′	3°	8′	1804
ISLE OF MAY	Highest Land on Isle of May, in Fifeshire	One	Fixed	21	All round the Compass	240	56°	11′	2°	33′	1816
DO. LEADING LIGHT	Placed about 130 feet below the High Light, and to the NE. by N. of it	One	Fixed	15	When seen in ONE line with the High Light, these two Lights bear NE.by N. ¹⁄₄ N., and SW. by S. ¹⁄₄ S., and in this line lead about half a mile to the Eastward of the North Carr Rock. The Lightsmust on no account be opened to the Westward	110					1844
BELL ROCK	Bell Rock, a sunk reef, 11³⁄₄ miles S. by E. ¹⁄₃ E. off Arbroath, in Forfarshire	One	Revolving, and shewing alternately a red and white light every 2 minutes	14	All round the Compass	90	56°	26′	2°	23′	1811
GIRDLENESS	Girdleness, Kincardineshire	Two	Fixed Lights, one above the other	19 & 16	From NNE. to WSW. ¹⁄₂ W. Easterly and Southerly	185 & 115	57°	8′	2°	3′	1833
BUCHANNESS	Buchanness, Aberdeenshire	One	Flashing once every 5 seconds	16	From N. by E. to SW. by W. Easterly	130	57°	28′	1°	46′	1827
KINNAIRDHEAD	Kinnairdhead, Aberdeenshire	One	Fixed	15	From WNW. to SE. Northerly	120	57°	42′	2°	0′	1787
COVESEA SKERRIES	Craighead, Morayshire	One	Revolving, and appearing in its brightest state once every minute. From W. by N. ¹⁄₄ N. to SE. by E. ¹⁄₄ E. the lightis of the natural appearance; but from SE. by E. ¹⁄₄ E. to SE. ¹⁄₄ S. it is coloured RED	18	From W. by N. ¹⁄₄ N. to SE. ¹⁄₄ S. Northerly	160	57°	43′	3°	20′	1846
CHANONRY POINT	Chanonry Point, Ross-shire	One	Fixed	11	From W. ¹⁄₂ N. to N. by E. Southerly	40	57°	35′	4°	5′	1846
CROMARTY POINT	Cromartyshire	One	Fixed and red	9	From WNW. to SE. by E. ¹⁄₄ S. Northerly	50	57°	41′	4°	2′	1846
TARBETNESS	Tarbetness, Cromartyshire	One	Intermittent, suddenly bursting into view, and continuing in sight 2¹⁄₂ min., then suddenly eclipsed for half aminute. But within the Moray Frith, in Southerly and South-westerly directions from Tarbetness, the light does not intermit,but is permanently visible	18	From SW. ¹⁄₂ W. to W. ¹⁄₂ N. Easterly	175	57°	51′	8°	48′	1830
NOSSHEAD	Nosshead, Caithness-shire (building)
DUNNETHEAD	Dunnethead, most northern point of the Mainland of Scotland, Caithness-shire	One	Fixed	23	From SE. ¹⁄₂ E. to W. Northerly	346	58°	40′	3°	21′	1831
PENTLAND SKERRIES	Pentland Skerries Island, Orkney	Two	Fixed, and 100 feet apart	16 & 18	All round the Compass	140 & 170	58°	41′	2°	55′	1794
START POINT	Start Point, Sanday Island, the most eastern point of Orkney	One	Revolving, and appearing in its brightest state once every minute	15	All round the Compass	100	59°	17′	2°	23′	1806
SUMBURGH-HEAD	The most southern Headland of Zetland	One	Fixed	22	From NE. by E. ¹⁄₄ E. to NW. by N. ¹⁄₄ N. Southerly	300	59°	51′	1°	16′	1821
CAPE WRATH	Cape Wrath, north-western Headland of Sutherlandshire	One	Revolving, and shewing alternately a red and white light every 2 minutes	25	From SE. ¹⁄₂ E. to SW. by W. Northerly	400	58°	37′	5°	0′	1828
ISLAND GLASS	Island Glass, one of the Harris Isles, Inverness-shire	One	Fixed	16	From W. by S. to ENE. ¹⁄₂ E. Southerly	130	57°	52′	6°	33′	1789
BARRAHEAD	Highest land on Bernera Island, Inverness-shire	One	Intermittent, suddenly bursting into view, and continuing in sight 2¹⁄₂ min., then suddenly eclipsed for half a minute	32	From N. by E. to ENE. Westerly and Southerly	680	56°	48′	7°	38′	1833
ARDNAMURCHAN	Ardnamurchan Point, Argyleshire (building)
LISMORE	Mousedale, small Island off Lismore, Argyleshire	One	Fixed	15	From E. to NE. by E. ¹⁄₄ E. Westerly	103	56°	30′	5°	38′	1833
SKERRYVORE[89]	Skerryvore Reef, 12 miles WSW. ¹⁄₂ W. from Tyree Island, with foul ground all round it	One	Revolving, and appearing at its brightest once every minute	18	All round the Compass	150	56°	19′	7°	7′	1844
RHINS OF ISLAY	Oversay, small Island off Islay, Argyleshire	One	Flashing once every 5 seconds	17	From NNE. to SE. Southerly	150	55°	41′	6°	29′	1825
MULL OF KINTYRE	South-western Headland of Argyleshire	One	Fixed	22	From NNE. ¹⁄₂ E. to S. by W. ¹⁄₄ W. Southerly	297	55°	1′	5°	49′	1787
PLADDA	Pladda Isle, off south-east point of Arran, county of Bute	Two	Fixed, the one above the other	13 & 16	From NW. by W. to NE. by E. Southerly	77 & 130	55°	26′	5°	7′	1790
CORSEWALL	Western side of entrance to Loch Ryan, in Wigtonshire	One	Revolving, and shewing alternately a red and white light every 2 minutes	15	From NE. by E. to SW. Northerly	112	55°	1′	5°	9′	1817
LOCH RYAN	Cairn Ryan Point, within Loch Ryan, Wigtonshire	One	Fixed	10	From S. by W. ¹⁄₈ W. to N. ⁷⁄₈ E. Westerly	30	54°	58′	5°	2′	1847
MULL OF GALLOWAY	Southern extremity of the Mainland of Scotland, Wigtonshire	One	Intermittent, suddenly bursting into view, and continuing in sight 2¹⁄₂ min., then suddenly eclipsed for half a minute	23	From NE. to NW. ¹⁄₂ W. Southerly	325	54°	38′	4°	51′	1830
LITTLE ROSS	Little Ross Island, Kirkcudbrightshire	One	Flashing once every 5 seconds	18	From N. by E. to NW. by W. Southerly	175	54°	46′	4°	5′	1843
POINT OF AYRE	Northern extremity of Isle of Man	One	Revolving, and shewing alternately a red and white light every 2 minutes	15	From S. by W. to W. by N. Northerly	106	54°	25′	4°	22′	1818
CALF OF MAN	West side Calf Island, at the southern extremity of Isle of Man	Two	Revolving, and shewing white lights every 2 minutes	22 & 24	From NE. ¹⁄₃ to SW. W. Southerly	275 & 368	54°	3′	4°	49′	1818

[89] At Hynish Point in Tyree Island, two fixed Lights are shewn from the Pier, but ONLY when the Vessel which attends the Lighthouse is expected to enter the Dock at Hynish. In the Trinity House Chart, Skerryvore Light is erroneously described as “Intermittent.”

BEACONS AND BUOYS.
FRITH OF FORTH DISTRICT.

Name of Station.	Description of Mark.	Depth at Low Water of Spring Tides.	Bearings of Marks and of Lines of Intersection Meeting at the Station.
MIDDLE BANK, WEST END, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy, Red.	3¹⁄₂ Feet.	Alloa Tower in line with the Centre of Clackmannan Pier—BearingN. by E.
			Clackmannan Church Spire in line with High Chimney-Stackof Park-Farm House—Bearing NE. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Middle Bank Buoy, East End—Bearing SE. by S.
MIDDLE BANK, EAST END, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy, Red.	4 Feet.	Tullyallan House in line with Tullyallan Old Church Spire,in ruins—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₂ S.
			Remarkable Clump of Trees on distant high land in linewith Airth Church Spire—Bearing W. by N. ¹⁄₂ N.
			Buoy off Inch Brake Rock—Bearing S. by E.
INCH BRAKE BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy, Black.	5 Feet.	Flagstaff on the Ferry Pier, Kincardine, clear outside ofKincardine Stone Pier—Bearing N. by E.
			Alloa Church Spire in line with South Corner of Kennet PansDistillery Garden Wall—Bearing N. by W.
			Long Annat Buoy—Bearing SSE. ¹⁄₂ E.
LONG ANNAT	6 Feet Buoy,	9 Feet.	Sands House, West Wing, in line with West Face ofAnnat Quarry—Bearing NNE. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Binns Monument in line with the Middle of Bo’ness Pier—Bearing SE. by S.
			Hen and Chicken’s Buoy—Bearing SE. by E. ¹⁄₄ S.
HEN AND CHICKEN’S BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy, Black.	12 Feet.	The East Wing of Culross Abbey in line with Eastmost House in CulrossVillage—Bearing NNE. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Airth Castle, in line with High-Water Mark onLong Annat Point—Bearing NW. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Buoy on East End of Dods’ Bank—Bearing SSE. ¹⁄₂ E.
DODS’ BANK BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy, Red.	15 Feet.	Berry-Law Trees in line with the Chimney-Stack ofBunyan’s Farm—Bearing E. by N.
			Chimney Stack of the Snub Coal Pit (the first Stack West ofKinneil New Iron Works), in line with the West Pier Wall of Bo’ness—Bearing WSW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Comary House, East Wing, in line with the West Wing of the Factor’sHouse—Bearing N. by E. ³⁄₄ E.
			Valleyfield House, a little East of the Eastern House on PrestonIsland, about half-way between the house and where the Island dries at half-tide—Bearing N. by E. ¹⁄₄ E.
			The Buoy of Hen and Chicken’s Rock—Bearing NNW. ¹⁄₂ W.
BEAMER BEACON.	Painted Black, with Spherical Ball at top.	Rock Dry at Low Water.	Bo’ness Pier—Bearing NW. by W.
			Charleston Pier, Outer End—Bearing NW. by N.
			South-West Extremity of the Point at North Queensferry—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₄ E.
			The Halls, or principal South Queensferry Pier—Bearing SSE. ¹⁄₄ E.
DRUM SAND EAST BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy, Red.	12 Feet.	Newbigging House in line with East Edge of Carcraig Rock—BearingNE. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Oxscare Beacon—Bearing E. ³⁄₄ N.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Highest Point of Arthur’s Seat in line with Nelson’s Monument—BearingS. by E. ³⁄₄ E.
DRUM SAND WEST BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy, Red, with Fenders.	3¹⁄₄ Fathoms.	South Point of Inchkeith in line with Centreof Opening of Mickery Stone—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Fordel House in line with Centre of DonibristleHouse—Bearing N. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Chimney-Stack of Castle Landhill Farm-House in line withEnd of Lazarett Pier—Bearing NW. ³⁄₈ N.
OXSCARE BEACON.	Painted Red, with Flat Cone at top.	Rock Dry at Low Water.	South Point of Carlin’s Nose—Bearing W. ³⁄₄ N.
			Burntisland Pier—Bearing ENE.
			Extremity of Kinghornness—Bearing E. ¹⁄₂ N.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Martello Tower—Bearing SSE. ³⁄₄ E.
			Granton Pier—Bearing S. by E. ¹⁄₄ E.
WEST GUNNET BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy, White.	3³⁄₄ Fathoms.	Nelson’s Monument just clear East of North Leith Church Spire—Bearing SSW.
			North Berwick Law in line with North End of Long Craig—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Clump of Trees East of Grange Housein line with Burntisland Church Spire—Bearing N. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing E. ¹⁄₂ S.
EAST GUNNET BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy, White.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Notch at the foot of East Brow of the Pentland Hills inline with North Leith Church Spire—Bearing SSW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Carlin’s Nose clear of the North Side of Mickery Stone—Bearing WNW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Kinghorn New Free Church in line with Kinghornness—Bearing NE. by N.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing E.
PALLAS BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy, Striped White and Black horizontally.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Kinghorn Free Church in line with Swan’s Factory—BearingN. by E. ³⁄₄ E.
			North Brow of Inchkeith in line with the Centre of SillyCarr Rock—Bearing ENE. ¹⁄₄ N.
			Assembly Hall Spire, Edinburgh, in line with MartelloTower—Bearing SW. ³⁄₄ S.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing ENE. ³⁄₄ E.
HERWIT BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy, Black.	4³⁄₄ Fathoms.	East Brow of Pentland Hills, touching West Brow of Arthur’sSeat (half way up)—Bearing SW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			East Stables (Red-tiled House) of Pettycur in line with East Brow ofInchkeith—Bearing N. by W.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing N. by W. ¹⁄₂ W.
CRAIG WAUGH	8 Feet Buoy,	4 Fathoms.	Pettycur Pier in line with Eastern Brow of Inchkeith—Bearing N. by W. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Assembly Hall Spire just clear, West of Nelson’s Monument—Bearing W. ³⁄₄ S.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing N. by W. ³⁄₄ W.
NORTH CRAIG MAST BUOY.	12 Feet Mast Buoy, Chequered Red and White.	3¹⁄₄ Fathoms.	Nelson’s Monument in line with West Wing of Leith Baths—Bearing WSW. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Summit of East Lomond Hill in line with Big House Trees—Bearing N. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Carlin’s Nose in line with Centre of Mickery Stone—Bearing WNW.
WEST ROCK-HEAD, OFF DYSART, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy, Red.	3¹⁄₄ Fathoms.	Dysart Coal-Pit Chimney-Stack in line with Middle ofGable of Pan Hall House—Bearing N. ¹⁄₄ E.
			North End of Portbrae Church, Kirkcaldy, just clear of theEnd of Kirkcaldy Pier—Bearing WNW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing SW. by S.
			N.B.—The highest part of the Rock bearing N. ¹⁄₄ E. distant about one-half cable’s length from Buoy.
EAST ROCK-HEAD, OFF DYSART, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy, Black.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Wemyss Old Castle in line with Southern Houses of EastWemyss—Bearing NE. by E. ¹⁄₄ E.
			East Wing of Dysart Church in line with Town-HouseSteeple—Bearing NNW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Buoy on West Rock-Head—Bearing W. by N. ¹⁄₄ N.
			Inchkeith Lighthouse—Bearing SW. ¹⁄₂ S.
			N.B.—The highest part of Rock, bearing NW. ¹⁄₄ W., distant about two cables’ lengths.
EAST VOWS ROCK, BEACON, OFF ELIE.	Pyramid of Iron Pillars, with open Cylindric Cage on top, painted Red.	Rock Dry at Low Water.	Ruins on Chapelness—Bearing N. ³⁄₄ E.
			North End of Elie Pier—Bearing E. ³⁄₄ N.
			Extremity of Elieness—Bearing E. by S. ¹⁄₂ S.
			Isle of May Lighthouse—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₄ S.
			West Vows Rock—Bearing WNW. ¹⁄₂ N. distant ¹⁄₂ mile.
			Buoy on Thill Rock—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₈ S. distant two cables’ lengths.
THILL ROCK BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy, Black.	3³⁄₄ Fathoms.	West End of Millhouse Cottage in line with NorthEnd of Elie Pier—Bearing NE.
			Pettie Law in line with West Chimney-Stack of DavidOvenstone’s House—Bearing N. ³⁄₈ W.
			Ruin on Chapelness—Bearing NNW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Beacon on East Vows Rock—Bearing WNW. ¹⁄₈ N.
			N.B.—The Buoy lies about 35 fathoms to the SSE. of the highest part of the Rock.
SOUTH CARR BEACON.	Painted Red, with Cross at top.	Rock Dry at Low Water.	Cairn on Bass Rock—Bearing N. by E.
			Isle of May Lighthouse—Bearing NE.
			Dunbar Church Tower—Bearing SSE. ¹⁄₄ S.
			Oldham Farm-House Chimney-Stack—Bearing W. ¹⁄₄ N.
NORTH CARR BEACON.	Beacon of Stone, with Iron Frame and Ball.	Rock Dry at Low Water.	1¹⁄₄ Mile from Fifeness—Bearing from Isle of MayLight NNE. distant 6 Nautic Miles.

BEACONS AND BUOYS.
DISTRICT OF FRITHS OF MORAY, CROMARTY, INVERNESS, AND DORNOCH.

Name of Station.	Description of Mark.	Depth at Low Water of Spring Tides.	Magnetic Bearings of Marks and of Lines of Intersection Meeting at the Station.
COVESEA SKERRIES BEACON.	Pyramid of Iron Pillars, with open cylindric Cage, and a Cross, rising to the height of about 50 feet above High water.	Rock dry at Low water.	Covesea Skerries Lighthouse on the neighbouring land of Craighead—BearsWSW. ¹⁄₄ W. distant one mile.
LONGMAN POINT BEACON.	Cone of Iron Plates painted Black.	Beach Dry at Low water of Spring Tides.	End of Kessock South Pier—Bearing W. by N. ¹⁄₄ N.
			Craigtown Point—Bearing NW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Meiklemee, East End Buoy—Bearing E. ¹⁄₂ N.
			Bogbain House in line with Rigmore House—Bearing S. ³⁄₄ E.
			End of Longman Point—Bearing N. ¹⁄₄ W. distant 40 Fathoms.
MEIKLEMEE BANK BUOY. East End.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	12 Feet.	Park’s Farm-House in line with Rigmore House—Bearing SSW.
			Middle of space between the Houses of Scorguoy Farm-Yard in line with BlackMill Chimney—Bearing W. ¹⁄₄ S.
			Chanonry Point Lighthouse—Bearing ENE. ¹⁄₄ E.
MIDDLE BANK BUOY. East End.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	12 Feet.	Scorguoy Farm-Yard (South End), in line with Black Mill Chimney—BearingW. ¹⁄₂ S.
			Round Clump of Trees, North of Ley’s House,in line with Rigmore House—Bearing SW. ³⁄₄ S.
			Chanonry Point Lighthouse—Bearing ENE.
			Meiklemee Bank Buoy—Bearing W. ⁵⁄₈ S.
PETTY BANK BUOY. North or Outer Edge.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	12 Feet.	Dalcross Castle in line with Fishtown Farm-House—Bearing SE. ³⁄₄ S.
			Extremity of East Suter in line with Store-house,Chanonry Point—Bearing ENE. ³⁄₄ N.
			Munlochy Buoy—Bearing N.
MUNLOCHY BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	12 Feet.	West Wing of Avoch House, now in ruins, in line with the mostWestern slated House or Cottage in Avoch—Bearing N. ¹⁄₄ W.
			North End of Fort-George in line with ChanonryPoint—Bearing ENE. ¹⁄₄ E.
SKATE BANK BUOY. East End.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	12¹⁄₂ Feet.	The East Wing of Kincurdie House in line with Spireof Rosemarkie Kirk—Bearing NNE. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Flagstaff of Fort-George in line with the Outer Endof Chanonry Pier—Bearing ENE. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Dalcross Castle in line with Cottage on Sea-cliff—BearingS. ³⁄₄ E.
			Munlochy Buoy—Bearing WSW. ¹⁄₈ W.
CRAIGMEE OR FORT-GEORGE BANK BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	2¹⁄₄ Fathoms.	High Part, or West Brow of Altarlie Point, inline with Chanonry Point Lighthouse—Bearing SW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Patch of Trees at West End of Broomhill Wood,called Broomhill Bush, in line with Platcock House—Bearing WNW. ¹⁄₄ W.
RIFF BANK BUOY. West End.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	3²⁄₃ Fathoms.	Craighead Farm-House in line with the most Western of the ThreeBurns—Bearing N. by E. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Broomhill Bush (East End) in line with the Manse ofRosemarkie—Bearing W. ¹⁄₂ N.
			Chanonry Point Lighthouse—Bearing WSW. ³⁄₄ S.
RIFF BANK BUOY. Middle or North Angle.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Three remarkable Trees at North End ofCraigie Wood, in line with Rosemarkie Manse—Bearing W. ¹⁄₂ S.
			Gamekeeper’s House at End of Wood in line with Caveon Sea-shore, a little East of the Three Burns—Bearing NW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Chanonry Point Lighthouse—Bearing WSW. ¹⁄₂ S.
RIFF BANK BUOY. East End.	12 Feet Mast-Buoy. Black.	4¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Castle Craig Rock in line with Stack Rock at foot ofWest Suter—Bearing N. by E. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Store-House on Chanonry Point, shut in by the Northcorner of Fort-George, and in line with Lower part of South Browof Ord Hill—Bearing W. ³⁄₄ S.
			Towrie Lumb Wood in line with Craigie Wood (South End)—Bearing W.
WHITENNESS BEACON. (In preparation.)	—	—	—
NAVITY BANK BUOY. South Edge.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	2¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Trees at end of Navity Farm-House in line with EastBank or Cliff of Craighouse Burn—Bearing N. ³⁄₄ E.
			Extremity of Wood on Brow of EastSuter in line with Lower part of Brow of West Suter—Bearing NE. by E.
			Chanonry Point Lighthouse—Bearing SW. by W.
			Riff Bank Mast Buoy—Bearing SE. ⁵⁄₈ E.
NIGG SANDS BUOY. East End.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	2 Fathoms.	Cromarty Gaelic Kirk Steeple in line with East Wing ofHotel—Bearing S. ³⁄₄ E.
			Face of East Suter apparently on a line halfway betweenFerryhouse and Stable—Bearing SE. by E.
NIGG SANDS BUOY. West End.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	1²⁄₃ Fathoms.	Farm-House of Dalney in line with the Pigeon-houseEast of Ballintrade—Bearing NNE. ¹⁄₈ E.
			Extremity of West Suter in line with CromartyLighthouse—Bearing SE. ⁵⁄₈ E.
NEWHALL BANK BUOY. East End.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	2¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Priesthill Farm-House in line with Easternmost House inBallintrade—Bearing NNE. ³⁄₄ E.
			East Brow of West Suter in line with Cromarty GaelicKirk—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₈ S.
			Nigg Sands West Buoy—Bearing ENE. ³⁄₈ N.
THREE KINGS ROCKS BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy. Red.	7¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Eastern Trees upon Top of the High Land, being the most projecting andhighest part of Sea Cliff, West of Gilliam Burn, in line with theHighest Eastern part of Three Kings Rock—Bearing WNW. ¹⁄₄ N.
			Duke of Sutherland’s Monument in line with WestEnd of Long Storehouse in Shandwick—Bearing N. by E. ³⁄₈ E.
CULLODEN ROCK BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy. Black.	8³⁄₄ Fathoms.	Brucefield Farm-House in line with Tarbetness Lighthouse Flag-Staff—BearingWSW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Duke of Sutherland’s Monument in line with Lower Corner ofWood farthest West from Dunrobin Castle—Bearing NNW.
FAIRWAY BUOY OFF TAIN BAR.	12 Feet Mast Buoy. Red.	5 Fathoms.	West End of Bentavie Hill in line with TrenthamFarm-House—Bearing NNW. ⁷⁄₈ W.
			West Brow of East Suter in line with MeiklerennieFarm-House—Bearing SW. ³⁄₈ W.
			Tarbetness Lighthouse—Bearing SE. ³⁄₄ E.
TAIN BAR INNER BUOY. North Side.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	2¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Remarkable Hollow or Notch in High Land Eastof East Suter, in line with Lochslain Castle—Bearing SSW. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Lower West Brow of Cambusmore Hill in line with EastEnd of West Embo Wood—Bearing N. by W. ³⁄₄ W.
			Tarbetness Lighthouse—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₂ S.
			Fairway Buoy off Tain Bar—Bearing E. ³⁄₄ S.
TAIN BAR INNER BUOY. South Side.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	4²⁄₃ Fathoms.	Remarkable Hollow or Notch in High LandEast of East Suter in line with MeiklerennieFarmhouse—Bearing SSW. ³⁄₈ W.
			West End of East Embo Wood in line with EmboFarmhouse—Bearing N. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Fairway Buoy off Tain Bar—Bearing E. ¹⁄₄ N.
			Tain Bar Inner Buoy (North Side)—Bearing ENE. ³⁄₈ N.
			Dornoch Spire—Bearing NNW. ³⁄₄ W.

BEACONS AND BUOYS.
FRITH OF CLYDE DISTRICT.

Name of Station.	Description of Mark.	Depth at Low Water of Spring Tides.	Bearings of Marks and of Lines of Intersection Meeting at the Station.
FULLARTON ROCK BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy. Red.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Clump of Trees at East side of ClachlanFarm, just opening from the West Brow of Holy Island—Bearing N. by E.
			Standing Stone upon Kinross Point—Bearing W.
			Buoy moored upon ESE. Tail of Rock. The shallowest part of Rock has 8 Feet at Low water of Spring Tides.
ARRANMAN’S BARRELS ROCKS BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy. Red.	8¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	West End of Arranman’s Barrels Shoal—Bearing W. by N.
			North-East Extremity of Shoal—Bearing N. ¹⁄₂ E.
			Ballyshare House in line with the Lower East End of DunacreeinRock—Bearing NW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			The Buoy is moored abreast of the middle of the Shoal, and is distant from the Low water Rocks about half a cable’slength.
OTTERARD ROCK BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy. Black.	3³⁄₄ Fathoms.	Clump of Trees at BallaminichFarm-House in line with the lower part of the South-eastern Brow of Island Davaar—Bearing SW. ¹⁄₄ W.
			The remarkable Notch in distant Hill called Balavilan, in line with North End of GreenPatch on the rising ground in Field south of Long Dyke near Smerby Farm-House—Bearing WNW. ³⁄₄ N.
			Macrinnan’s Point—Bearing WSW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			The Buoy is moored upon ESE. Tail of Rock. The shallowest part of Rock at Low water of Springs has 12 Feet.
MILLBEG BANK BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	2 Fathoms.	Campbelton Town-House Spire in line with House in ruins on TrenchPoint—Bearing WNW.
			Crossbeg Farm-House in line with Lower part or Mouth of Porter’sGlen—Bearing N. ¹⁄₄ W.
CAMPBELTON HARBOUR OUTER BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Red.	2¹⁄₄ Fathoms.	West Corner of Gaelic Church in line with Trench Point—BearingW. by N. ¹⁄₄ N.
			West End of Baraskie Farm-House (dwelling-house) in line with Angle of Plantation,and also with the Corner of the Second Field to the South of the House—Bearing N. ³⁄₈ E.
CAMPBELTON HARBOUR INNER BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	1¹⁄₄ Fathoms.	Castle Hill Church in line with high water-mark on TrenchPoint—Bearing WNW. ¹⁄₄ W.
			North End of Higher Glenremisdil Farm-House in line with Cottage at East End ofHetly House—Bearing SW. ³⁄₄ S.
MILLMORE BEACON.	Pyramid of Iron Spars with Wire Ball on top.	Beach dry at Low water.	Campbelton North Pier-head—Bearing NW. by W.
			Macrinnan’s Point—Bearing ENE. ¹⁄₄ N.
TRENCH POINT BEACON.	Pyramid of Iron Spars with Wire Ball on top.	Beach dry at Low water.	Campbelton North Pier-head—Bearing NW. by W.
			Outer or Red Buoy (above described)—Bearing ESE. ¹⁄₄ E.
LAPPOCK BEACON.	Tower with Stone Ball on top, painted Red.	Rock dry at Low water.	Troon Harbour Light—Bearing S. by W. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Beacon on Lady Isle—Bearing SW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Extremity of Ardrossan Pier—Bearing NNW. ¹⁄₄ W.
BREAST ROCK BEACON.	Pyramid of Iron Pillars, with cylindric open Cage, painted Red.	Rock dry at Low water.	Turnberry Point—Bearing NE. by N. ¹⁄₈ E.
			Pladda Lighthouse—Bearing NNW.
			Ailsa Craig (Highest Point)—Bearing W.
LOCH RYAN INNER BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy. Red.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Mr Moore’s Pigeon-House in line with Angle of Plantation lying to the North ofCorsewall House—Bearing N. by W. ³⁄₈ W.
			East End of Cairn Ryan Hill Quarry, and East End of Plantation, at the foot ofthe same hill, in line with North Chimney of Mrs Begg’s Inn, Cairn RyanVillage—Bearing NE. ³⁄₄ N.
			North End of Stranraer Pier—Bearing SSW. ¹⁄₄ W.
BEACON ON THE SPIT OF SCAR POINT, OFF KIRKCOLM POINT, IN LOCH RYAN.	Cone of Iron Plates, painted Red.	Dry at Low water.	Loch Ryan Lighthouse—Bearing NNE. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Lochnoll Houses—Bearing SE. by E.
			Stranraer Pier End—Bearing SSW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Waukmill Houses—Bearing SW. by W.
			Corsewall House in line with The Scar off Kirkcolm Point—BearingNNW. ¹⁄₄ N.
LOCH RYAN OUTER BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy, Black.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Portincally Farm-House in line with the Brow of Clachan Head—BearingNNW. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Mr Charles M‘Donald’s House in line with the South End of GeneralWallace’s Porter’s Lodge—Bearing SE.
LAGGAN, OR EBBSTONE ROCK BEACON.	Pyramid of Iron Pillars, with cylindric Open Cage on top, painted Red.	Rock dry at Low water.	Corsewall Lighthouse—Bearing NE. by E.
			Ailsa Craig (Highest Point)—Bearing NE. ³⁄₄ N.
			Laggan Point—Bearing SSE. ¹⁄₂ E.

BEACONS AND BUOYS.
LOCH FYNE DISTRICT.

Name of Station.	Description of Mark.	Depth at Low Water of Spring Tides.	Magnetic Bearings of Marks and of Lines of Intersection Meeting at the Station.
OFF ARDLAMONT POINT OR BRADEICH ROCKS, ARGYLESHIRE, BUOY.	8 Feet Buoy. Red.	2³⁄₄ Fathoms.	South-West Extremity of West and EasternHills upon Ardlamont Point in line with Extremity ofPoint—Bearing NW. ³⁄₄ W.
			Highest Part of Bradeich Rocks—Bearing NNW. ¹⁄₂ W.
			South End of Inchmarnock Island—Bearing S. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Extremity of Land South of ArdlamontPoint—Bearing N. by W.
			The Buoy lies about 115 fathoms distant from High water-mark upon the Point, and about 45 fathoms from thehighest part of Bradeich Rocks.
			N.B.—There is a small Rock which dries at Low Spring Tides, about 10 or 12 fathoms outside of the highest main Rock.
SKERNA SCALLAIG ROCK, OFF ENTRANCE TO CRINAN CANAL, ARGYLESHIRE, BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy. Red.	2¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	South Wing of Sir John Ord’s Stables in line withNorth Extremity of Dunchoan Island—Bearing NE. by E.
			Silver Craig’s Point, Island More—Bearing SE. by S. ¹⁄₂ E.
			West Wing of Ardrishaig Hotel in line withLighthouse upon End of Ardrishaig Pier—Bearing N. ¹⁄₂ E.
			N.B.—The Buoy lies upon the South-West tail of the Shoal or Rock.
OTTER BANK BEACON, OFF ENTRANCE TO LOCH FYNE,ARGYLLSHIRE. (Building.)	Conical Iron Beacon. To be painted Black.	Gravel Beach. Dry at Low water.	Auchabolonabaith House (East Wing) in line with Centreof Cottage—Bearing N. by W. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Strathlachlan Hill in line with Schoolhouse Point—Bearing ENE.
			End of Liath Island—Bearing W. ¹⁄₄ S.
WEST OTTER BEACON, OFF CASTLE LACHLAN, LOCH FYNE, ARGYLESHIRE. (Building.)	Conical Iron Beacon. To be painted Black.	Gravel Beach. Dry at Low water.	End of Minard Point—Bearing SW. by W. ¹⁄₄ W.
			End of Chapel Island—Bearing ENE. ³⁄₄ E.
			Barneycarry Farmhouse in line with North-East Endof Hugh Island—Bearing SE. ¹⁄₄ E.

BEACONS AND BUOYS.
OBAN BAY, ARGYLESHIRE.

Name of Station.	Description of Mark.	Depth at Low Water of Spring Tides.	Magnetic Bearings of Marks and of Lines of Intersection Meeting at the Station.
SKERRAT ROCK. S. W. End.	10 Feet Buoy, with Fenders. Red.	Dry at Low-water of Spring Tides.	Centre of Oban Free Church Window in line withNorth-Eastern Chimney of Freemason’s Hall—Bearing SE. by E.
			Centre of Skerry Dhu or Black Rock (apparently in middle of Soundof Kerrera) in line with Ardincaple Point—Bearing WSW.
			Buoy on North-Eastern End of Skerrat Shoal—BearingNE. ¹⁄₂ E. distant 105 fathoms.
SKERRAT SHOAL, N. E. End.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	12 Feet at Low water of Spring Tides.	Oban Free Church Steeple in line with South Chimney Top ofSpring Well Cottage—Bearing SE.
			Ardincaple Point, a little West of the Western End of Skerry Dhu orBlack Rock—Bearing WSW.
			Buoy on Skerrat Rock—Bearing SW. ¹⁄₂ W. distant 105 fathoms.
N.B.—No Vessel should attempt to pass between those Buoys.

BEACONS AND BUOYS.
LINNHE LOCH DISTRICT, ARGYLESHIRE.

Name of Station.	Description of Mark.	Depth at Low Water of Spring Tides.	Magnetic Bearings of Marks and of Lines of Intersection Meeting at the Station.
CULCHENNA SPIT BUOY.	10 Feet Mast Buoy, with Red Ball.	4 Fathoms.	West End of Ardgour House in line with EastEnd of Hugh Boyd’s Cottage—Bearing N. ⁷⁄₈ E.
			John Cameron’s Cottage in line with End of CulchennaPoint—Bearing NE. ³⁄₄ E.
			Sallachan Point—Bearing NNW. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Chlavoulin Spit Buoy—Bearing N. ³⁄₄ E.
CHLAVOULIN SPIT BUOY.	7 Feet Buoy. Black.	2 Fathoms.	Centre of Ardgour House in line with Centreof Hugh Boyd’s Cottage—Bearing N. by E.
			East End of Second Wood from Corran Point inline with Barn at East End of Hugh Campbell’s Cottage (EasternHouse in Village of Chlavoulin)—Bearing NE. ³⁄₄ E.
			Corran Flat Buoy—Bearing ENE. ³⁄₄ E.
			End of Sallachan Point—Bearing W.
CORRAN FLAT BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	3³⁄₄ Fathoms.	West End of Brow of Sallachan Hill covered withWood in line with Donald M‘Lean’s House—Bearing NW. by W. ¹⁄₄ W.
			West Chimney-Stack of South Corran Ferry House in line withWhite Part of Rock near High Water Mark at theEnd of a Dyke—Bearing E. ³⁄₄ N.
			South Brow of Stroncrigan Hill in line with Endof Corran Cliff—Bearing NE. by E. ¹⁄₈ E.
CORRAN BANK, NORTH-WEST END, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	2³⁄₄ Fathoms.	Bunrie Point in line with High Water Mark on CorranPoint—Bearing S. by W. ¹⁄₂ W.
			Belfry of Corran Church—Bearing W. by N.
CORRAN BANK, SOUTH-EAST END, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	Culchenna Point and Kintallon Point, in line withEnd of Cliff of Corran Point—Bearing SW. by S. ¹⁄₈ W.
			Belfry of Corran Church—Bearing NW. by W. ⁵⁄₈ W.
			South Keil Farmhouse, in line with Arch of Bridge on Road—Bearing NNW.
			Corran Bank North Buoy—Bearing NNW.
LOCHYFLAT EAST BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Red.	2³⁄₄ Fathoms.	South End of Wood at Stroncrigan Point,just clear of Cambusnagaul Point—Bearing SW. by W. ³⁄₄ W.
			East End of Donald Cameron’s House in Corpach,in line with North End of Old Engine House—Bearing N. by W. ¹⁄₄ W.
			South End of Free Church in line with NorthEnd of Greyhouse, or Old Corpach House—Bearing N. ⁷⁄₈ E.
			Entrance of Caledonian Canal—Bearing N. by W. ¹⁄₂ W.
LOCHYFLAT MIDDLE BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Red.	3¹⁄₂ Fathoms.	East End of Henderson’s House or Croftin line with East End of Schoolhouse near CambusnagaulPoint—Bearing W. ¹⁄₂ S.
			Fish-house in line with End of DeargPoint—Bearing N. by W. ³⁄₄ W.
			Entrance of Caledonian Canal—Bearing N.
			North End of Wood at Banavie atSouth Side of Canal in line with Clump ofTrees at East End of John Cameron’s Cottage inKilcorpach—Bearing NE. by E. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Buoy on East End of Lochyflat—Bearing NE. ³⁄₄ N.
			M‘Lean’s Rock Buoy—Bearing NW. by N.
LOCHYFLAT WEST BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Red.	3 Fathoms.	Cameron’s Monument in line with End of DeargPoint—Bearing N. ¹⁄₄ E.
			North or Steep Face of Donnay Hill inline with South Wing of Old Castle of Inverlochy—Bearing E. ³⁄₈ S.
			Lochyflat Middle Buoy—Bearing NE.
			M‘Lean’s Rock Buoy—Bearing N. by E. ¹⁄₄ E.
			Fort-William Pier—Bearing SSW. ¹⁄₈ W.
MACLEAN’S ROCK, LOCHEILHEAD, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Black.	3³⁄₄ Fathoms.	Old Engine-House in line with High Water Mark on SouthEnd of Island Creiah—Bearing N. by E. ¹⁄₈ E.
			North Brow of Donnay Hill in line with Alan Kennedy’sBarn, Southmost House in Kilcorpach—Bearing E. ³⁄₄ S.
			Lochyflat West Buoy—Bearing S. by W. ¹⁄₄ W.
			Fort-William Pier—Bearing S. by W. ³⁄₄ W.
NEW ROCK, LOCHEILHEAD, BUOY.	6 Feet Buoy. Chequered Black and White.	3 Fathoms.	Cameron’s Monument in line with End of DeargPoint—Bearing N. ¹⁄₄ E.
			North End of Free Church in line with High WaterMark on East End of Island Creiah—Bearing NE. ³⁄₄ N.
			Centre of Donnay Hill in line with Alan Kennedy’sBarn—Bearing E. ⁷⁄₈ S.
			N.B.—Depth at Low Water of Spring Tides on Rock is 8 feet. The Buoy, moored in 3 fathoms, swings clear of the Rockon west side of it.

By order of the Board,

ALAN STEVENSON, Engineer.

Edinburgh, 1st January 1848.

---

NOTICE TO MARINERS.

The Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses have resolved to publish, on 1st January annually, for the use of Mariners, a Descriptive List of all the Lighthouses, Beacons, and Buoys under their charge, giving the characteristic appearance and correct bearings of each.

Mariners are particularly requested to notice, that they should NEVER PURCHASE any List EXCEPT THAT FOR THE YEAR CURRENT at the time of purchase. As changes may have taken place, no reliance can be placed on any List which has been published for a preceding year.

Publishers are particularly cautioned not to sell any List which has been published on a preceding year. Arrangements have been made with the Publishers of the Board, that all copies remaining on hand with any Publisher, at the close of any year, will be exchanged for the New Issue; and all Publishers are MOST PARTICULARLY REQUESTED not to retain on hand any copies of a past issue.

By Order of the Board,

ALEX. CUNINGHAM, Secretary.

Northern Lights Office,
Edinburgh, 1st January 1848.

}

APPENDIX, No. IX.
REPORT TO THE COMMISSIONERS OF NORTHERN LIGHTHOUSES, FOR THE YEAR 1846; WITH APPENDICES.
By Alexander Cuningham, W.S., Secretary to the Board.

The gross amount of Duties received from Shipping in the year to 31st December 1846, as per detailed State appended hereto ([No. I.], [p. 429]), is £46,001 : 11 : 2⁶⁄₈.

The Commission paid to Collectors in the same period is £2401 : 7 : 3⁴⁄₈, and Repayments of Duties erroneously charged, &c., £218 : 16 : 10²⁄₈, making the nett amount of Duties for the year £43,381 : 7 : 1, as also appears from State, [No. I.], [p. 429].

The nett amount of Duties in the year 1845 was					£52,391	8	4
While that received in 1846 is					43,381	7	1
Making a Deficiency in the year of					£9,010	1	3
Whereof—
Half-year to 30th June,	£2350	9	1
Ditto to 31st December,	6659	12	2
					£9,010	1	3

It is to be observed, however, that during the currency of this year, two reductions in the amount of Light-duties, resolved upon by the Board, have come into operation.

1. The first of these reductions was one halfpenny per ton (or one-half of the amount leviable by Statute) for the Bell Rock Light; one farthing per ton (or one-half of the amount leviable) for each of the Lights of Corsewell and Mull of Galloway; and one-eighth of a penny per ton (or one-fourth of the amount leviable) for Pladda Light. These reductions were in operation during the first half of the year 1846. They were estimated to produce a deficiency in the annual Revenue of £5160, which, for the half-year, gives £2580. The actual deficiency in the amount levied for the first half of 1846, over that levied in the corresponding period of the preceding year, was £2350 : 9 : 1, being still £230 under the estimated amount.

2. The Board came to the resolution of making such a further reduction as should, including the previous one, give an aggregate abatement to the Coasting Trade, for each of the Lighthouses, of 50 per cent., that is, the amount leviable for each of the Lights being, previous to the first reduction, one halfpenny per ton, was reduced for the Coasting Trade to one farthing per ton; the amount for the Bell Rock and Skerryvore Lights, being one penny, was reduced to one halfpenny per ton. This reduction commenced on the 1st day of July 1846, and has consequently been in operation during the last half of that year. It was estimated to produce a deficiency in the annual revenue of the Board of £14,394 : 14 : 5, which, for the half-year, gives £7197 : 9 : 2. The actual deficiency in the amount levied for the last half of 1846, over that levied in the corresponding period of the preceding year, was £6659 : 12 : 2, being £540 under the estimated amount.

It is also proper to observe, that while there is the above deficiency in Receipts of the year 1846, ascontrasted with 1845, of	£9010	1	3
There was a surplus Receipt of the year 1845, as contrasted with 1844, amounting to	6612	17	8
Making the Deficiency in 1846, as contrasted with theReceipts of 1844, upon which the calculations of the Board were founded, only	£2397	3	7

On the other hand, the greater reduction having been in operation only during half the year, a greater deficiency in the Revenue must be looked for in future years.

The Light-Duties in 1845 were contributed by 163,174 vessels in the Coasting Trade, giving an aggregate tonnage of 15,566,461, and by 45,612 vessels in Oversea Trade, giving an aggregate tonnage of 9,300,983.

The Light-Duties in 1846 have been contributed by 163,166 vessels in the Coasting Trade, giving an aggregate tonnage of 15,926,634, and by 50,324 vessels in the Oversea Trade, giving an aggregate tonnage of 9,577,478.

A contrast of these statements shews an increase in the Coasting Trade of 1846 in tonnage of 360,173, with eight fewer vessels; and in the Oversea Trade an increase of 4712 vessels, with a tonnage of 276,495.

These results (somewhat singular in their relative amounts) establish the important fact, that, though there is a deficiency in the revenue of the Board, it truly arises from the reductions in the Duties, and not from any reduction in the Shipping.

For the information of the Board, there will be found appended (p. 433) a statement shewing the progressive increase of tonnage during the last four years.

The amount of Duties received in the year 1846, as above, is					£46,001	11	2	⁶⁄₈
While the Ordinary Expenditure of the Board has been					32,063	6	3
Giving a Surplus Receipt for the year to meet Extraordinary Expenditure of (see[State, No. II.], [p. 432])					£13,938	4	11	⁶⁄₈
But the total Expenditure of the Board in the Year has been					£60,374	15	9	²⁄₈
From which if there be deducted the Gross Receipts, per [page 425],					47,895	8	8	⁶⁄₈
It gives a Balance superexpended beyond the surplus of the year of					£12,479	7	0	⁴⁄₈
The Balance on hand at 31st March 1846 was	£42,069	6	10
While that on hand at 31st March 1847 is	29,589	19	9	⁴⁄₈
Difference equal to superexpenditure,					£12,479	7	0	⁴⁄₈

There has been expended on the various Works in progress, prior to the year 1846 and in that year, as follows:—

	Prior to 1846.				In 1846.				Total.
Skerryvore Lighthouse Works	£93,576	10	0		£227	8	2		£93,803	18	2
Add Bo-Pheg Beacon	416	10	7		25	10	1		442	0	8
	£93,993	0	7		£252	18	3		£94,245	18	10
Covesea Lighthouse Works	9,523	17	6		1,109	5	4		10,633	2	10
Cromarty Ditto	2,895	18	8		342	9	3		3,238	7	11
Chanonry Ditto	2,832	16	1		405	7	8		3,238	3	9
Ardnamurchan Ditto	296	2	2		2,343	17	6		2,639	19	8
Laggan Spur Beacon	...	...			748	10	6		748	10	6
Island Glass New Buildings and Inclosures	3,064	15	3		1,797	3	5	¹⁄₂	4,861	18	8	¹⁄₂
Nosshead Lighthouse Works	...	...			1,467	6	1		1,467	6	1
Loch Ryan Ditto	...	...			829	12	9	¹⁄₂	829	12	9	¹⁄₂
Pentland Skerries New Works	...	...			3,135	17	5	¹⁄₂	3,135	17	5	¹⁄₂
Ditto Dioptric Light	...	...			2,037	11	4		2,037	11	4
Renewal of Fixed Lights	...	...			3,035	14	4		3,035	14	4
Buoys, &c.	...	...			1,549	14	11	¹⁄₂	1,549	14	11	¹⁄₂
Campbeltown Beacons	...	...			17	4	10		17	4	10
Lappock Beacon	...	...			8	12	5		8	12	5
Startpoint New Works	...	...			5	19	4		5	19	4
Elie or Vows Beacon	...	...			205	5	8		205	5	8
Whiteness Beacon	...	...			152	5	8		152	5	8
Longman’s Point Ditto	...	...			164	15	6		164	15	6
Loch Ryan Ditto	...	...			152	5	9		152	5	9
Brist Beacon	734	2	9		8	12	5		742	15	2
Mull of Kintyre Dykes and Road	586	14	4		647	17	9		1,234	12	1

There has been expended on the new Steamer “Pharos,” £18,977 : 6 : 7.

The Commissioners have purchased a House at Crail for £105 : 19 : 4 for the use of the Boatmen attending at the Isle of May.

The attention of the Commissioners is called to the circumstance that a complete change has been made this year in the mode of stating the Accounts. The Accounts are now, for the first time, concentrated in the Secretary’s department, and for every item entered in the subjoined [abstract], reference is now, and will hereafter, be made to a page of the Ledger containing a detailed account vouching the charge. Following out this arrangement, the account has been branched into three heads or divisions. The first head comprises the ordinary expenses of the Lighthouses. In this branch it has been thought right to state separately, under the head of the Isle of May, the interest on the debt to Government, being the balance of the price of the Island. The second head comprises the ordinary expenses of the Board, not in the first instance chargeable against any particular Lighthouse, but falling to be afterwards allocated in the final view of the Receipt and Expenditure of each Lighthouse. This branch is again subdivided so as to shew—

1.	The Expense of Collection.
2.	Repayments, &c. of Light-Duties overcharged.
3.	The Expense of the Establishment, including Salaries, Stationery, &c.
4.	The Shipping Establishment.
5.	Beacons and Buoys—ordinary maintenance.
6.	The Storehouse, Leith.
7.	Charities and Superannuations.
8.	Miscellaneous Payments.

The last division of the abstract comprises what is termed the extraordinary expenditure, that is, the expense of New Works and others not falling to be allocated upon the Lighthouses.

In effecting this change, various payments which appeared in the former abstracts will not now be found in the present, such as Rents and Feu-duties, which are now charged to the respective Lighthouses for which they are paid; the Storekeeper’s Salary, which is stated in the Storehouse Account; the Office-Keeper’s, in the Office Account, &c., and the Salaries of the Officers of the Board will be found under the head of Edinburgh Establishment.

ABSTRACT of the Receipts and Payments on Account of the Duties levied for the Northern Lighthouses for the year 1846.

RECEIPTS.
I.	Gross Amount of the Duties received for 1846,per [State, No. I.] [p. 429],											£46,001	11	2	⁶⁄₈
		Which has been received in the following proportions for each Lighthouse,as appears from [State, No. II.], [pp. 430]-[3],viz.:—
		1.	Inchkeith,					£2524	9	2	²⁄₈
		2.	Isle of May,					3825	8	5	⁴⁄₈
		3.	Bell Rock,					5342	15	5	⁴⁄₈
		4.	Girdleness,					2458	4	5	⁴⁄₈
		5.	Buchanness,					1880	1	3	⁴⁄₈
		6.	Kinnairdshead,					1744	11	3	⁴⁄₈
		7.	Tarbetness,					329	17	4	⁶⁄₈
		8.	Sumburghhead,					286	18	2	⁶⁄₈
		9.	Startpoint,					1154	5	4	²⁄₈
		10.	Pentland Skerries,					1370	10	5	⁶⁄₈
		11.	Dunnethead,					1311	1	10	²⁄₈
		12.	Capewrath,					1278	9	9
		13.	Island Glass,					679	1	10	⁶⁄₈
		14.	Barrahead,					1063	3	2	⁶⁄₈
		15.	Skerryvore,					2090	11	3	⁴⁄₈
		16.	Lismore,					239	11	4
		17.	Rhinns of Islay,					1414	5	8	⁶⁄₈
		18.	Mull of Kintyre,					1549	0	1
		19.	Pladda,					2762	14	3	⁷⁄₈
		20.	Corsewall,					2811	5	3	⁶⁄₈
		21.	Mull of Galloway,					2823	19	8	⁶⁄₈
		22.	Little Ross,					1187	7	9	⁴⁄₈
		23.	Point of Ayre,					1755	17	5	⁴⁄₈
		24.	Calf of Man (two Lights),					3839	2	11	²⁄₈
		25.	Covesea Skerries,					193	7	0
		26.	Cromarty,					27	14	11
		27.	Chanonry,					57	15	1
								£46,001	11	3	⁷⁄₈
		Deduct fractions short credited by Bankers,						0	0	1	¹⁄₈
			As above,					£46,001	11	2	⁶⁄₈
II.	Miscellaneous Receipts—
Folio in Ledger.
32 & 73			Rent of Stable behind the Office,					£18	0	0
73			Do. of Small Houses at Arbroath,					5	5	0
33			Proceeds sale of Regent Tender,					485	14	3
32			Composition of 1s. 6d. per pound from the Trustee on Andrew Greig’s BankruptEstate, on a claim of £340, 11s. 8d. and Expenses arising from an evasion of Light-dues,					27	0	9
30			Price of Lighter sold to Kirkcaldy Harbour Commissioners,					60	0	0
74			Do. do. to Leith Shipping Company,					45	0	0
40			Do. of Horse sold at Barrahead,					10	0	0
...			Do. of an Ass sold at Inchkeith,					0	9	6
149			Do. of Articles sold at Skerryvore,					126	5	10
73,75, & 315			Fines imposed on Light-keepers, received,					13	1	8
74			Sum received from the General Post-Office, for the maintenance of the HarbourLight at Portpatrick for the year 1845,					136	10	9
40 & 75			Interest received from the Royal Bank on money deposited,					966	9	9
		Sum,										1893	17	6
					Sums of Receipts carried toAbstract, [page 425],							£47,895	8	8	⁶⁄₈
PAYMENTS.
Folio in Ledger.		BRANCH I.—Ordinary Expenses of theBoard, being the Maintenance of the Lights for the year, viz:—
		1. Lighthouses—
326		1.	Inchkeith,									£583	5	10	¹⁄₂
327		2.	Isle of May,					£702	3	9
			Isle of May, Year’s Interest to Government,					250	0	0
												952	3	9
355		3.	Bell Rock,									989	1	3	¹⁄₄
329		4.	Girdleness,									548	18	1
330		5.	Buchanness,									623	5	3
331		6.	Kinnairdshead,									578	10	0	¹⁄₂
332		7.	Tarbetness,									574	11	11
333		8.	Sumburghhead,									597	5	3	³⁄₄
334		9.	Startpoint,									347	0	8
335		10.	Pentland Skerries (two Lights),									851	8	11
336		11.	Dunnethead,									470	19	7	¹⁄₂
337		12.	Capewrath,									587	6	11	¹⁄₄
338		13.	Island Glass,									515	2	10	¹⁄₄
339		14.	Barrahead,									594	3	10	¹⁄₂
357		15.	Skerryvore,									1122	0	7
340		16.	Lismore,									515	14	2	¹⁄₄
341		17.	Rhinns of Islay,									569	12	7	³⁄₄
342		18.	Mull of Kintyre,									554	17	10	¹⁄₂
343		19.	Pladda,									584	10	10
344		20.	Corsewall,									465	13	4
345		21.	Mull of Galloway,									517	0	5	¹⁄₂
346		22.	Little Ross,									516	18	6	¹⁄₄
347		23.	Point of Ayre,									409	1	4	¹⁄₂
348		24.	Calf of Man (High Tower),					£394	4	7
354		25.	Calf of Man (Low Tower),					419	14	10
												813	19	5
351		26.	Covesea Skerries,									419	16	8	¹⁄₂
358		27.	Cromarty,									339	17	3
353		28.	Chanonry,									284	7	1
350		29.	Loch Ryan,									176	5	7
							Sum,—Carried to Abstract, [p. 425],					£16,103	0	2	³⁄₄
		BRANCH II.—Ordinary Expenses falling to beallocated upon each Lighthouse—
		1. Expense of Collection—
			To paid Commission to Collectors, per [State, No. I.] [p. 429],									£2401	7	3	⁴⁄₈
			To paid Commission to Bankers,									115	3	7
												£2516	10	10	⁴⁄₈
		2. Repayments, &c., of Light-Duties overcharged,										218	16	10	²⁄₈
		3. Establishment in Edinburgh—
			Engineer, ³⁄₄ Salary at £900,	£675	0	0
			Engineer, ¹⁄₄ Salary at £1200,	300	0	0
								£975	0	0
			Secretary,					500	0	0
			Accountant, Salary to 8th July, when he died,					84	12	0
			Superintendent of Light-keepers, ³⁄₄ Salary at £145,	£108	15	0
			Superintendent of Light-keepers, ¹⁄₄ Salary at £210,	52	10	0
								161	5	0
			Foreman of Lightroom repairs, ³⁄₄ Salary at £110,	£82	10	0
			Foreman of Lightroom repairs, ¹⁄₄ Salary at £140,	35	0	0
								117	10	0
			Engineer’s Clerk, ¹⁄₄ Salary (formerly paid by Engineer),					32	10	0
			Examiner of Accounts, from 8th January to Candlemas,					17	2	6
			First Clerk in Secretary’s Department, ¹⁄₄ Salary,					25	0	0
			Second Clerk in Secretary’s Department, ¹⁄₄ Salary,					25	0	0
			Officer (now conjoined with Housekeeper), ¹⁄₄ Salary,					5	0	0
			Payments to two Clerks in Accountant’s Department, to cease at Whitsunday inconsequence of the appointments in Secretary’s Department,					174	6	0
			Interim Accountant, per minute of the Board, until Examiner of Accounts was appointed,					105	0	0
			Office, including Porter and House-Servants’ Wages, House Expenses, Taxes, Books for Library, &c.,					910	10	3	¹⁄₂
279												3132	15	9	¹⁄₂
		4. Shipping Establishment—
132			Pharos Steam-Vessel,					£3790	1	11	³⁄₄
133			Prince of Wales, Bell Rock Tender,					954	10	2
135			Francis, Skerryvore Tender,					920	17	6	¹⁄₂
137			Regent Tender (now sold),					259	3	7
												5924	13	3	³⁄₄
		5. Beacons and Buoys—Expenseof Ordinary Maintenance,										91	7	0
		6. Storehouse, Leith, including Storekeeper’s Salary,Taxes, Freight of Stores, &c., viz:—
			Salary, ³⁄₄,	£40	13	0
			Salary, ¹⁄₄, at £100 per annum,	25	0	0
								£65	13	0
			Expenses of House, Packing Stores, &c.,					145	9	7	¹⁄₄
184			Freight of Stores,					133	4	3	¹⁄₂
												344	6	10	³⁄₄
		7. Charities and Superannuationsto Retired Servants of the Board, viz.:—
		1.	Prior to the last Act of Parliament—
			William Tweedy, one year’s Annuity,					£20	0	0
			Mrs Leask, one year’s Annuity					10	0	0
			Hugh Rose, one year’s Annuity					20	0	0
			Jane Walker, one year’s Annuity (died March 13, 1847),					6	6	0
			Euphemia Poole, one year’s Annuity,					5	0	0
												61	6	0
		2.	Since last Act, viz.:
			Robert Stevenson, Esq., late Engineer,					£580	0	0
			Matthew Harvie, Light-keeper,					69	7	6
			John Bruce, late Officer,					13	0	0
			George Kirk, Light-keeper,					40	0	0
			John Watt, Light-keeper, (died Dec. 1846),					41	12	6
			William Heddle, Light-keeper,					17	15	0
			Robert Selkirk, Light-keeper, (died Jan. 1847),					20	16	4
			Andrew Adamson, Light-keeper,					47	0	0
			James Brown jun., Light-keeper,					29	11	8
			William Soutar, Light-keeper,					48	10	0
			John Murray, late Boatman, Isle of May,					18	6	8
			David Lyall, Light-keeper,					43	0	0
			Thomson Milne, Light-keeper,					64	1	0
			David Laughton, Light-keeper,					47	10	0
			Alexander Burnett, Light-keeper,					45	0	0
			James Wallace,					34	0	0
			John Miller (proportion till date of death),					11	12	0
			Mrs Duncan, late Housekeeper, three-quarters,					10	10	0
			John Scott, late Mate, Prince of Wales, quarter to Martinmas last,					22	10	8
			C. Cunningham, Esq., late Secretary, from 21st December to Candlemas,					45	7	3
												1249	9	11
		8. Miscellaneous Expenses not appropriated to any Particular Head,										2420	19	5
		Being—
		1.	For Educating Expectant Light-keepers, being their Travelling Charges and Subsistence,					£84	16	0
		2.	Travelling Expenses of the Board,					128	18	11
		3.	Travelling Expenses of Officers on the Business of the Board,					513	3	9
		4.	Half-yearly Dinner Bills, £69, 5s., and £86 : 2 : 6,					155	7	6
		5.	Advertising Reduction of Duties,					90	10	10
		6.	Printing Expenses, viz., New Tables, Notices, Circulars, &c.,	£173	5	7
			Printing Expenses, 500 vols. Collector’s Receipt Books, &c.,	146	19	6
			Printing Expenses, Annual List of Lighthouses, &c.,	207	10	10
			Printing Expenses, “Stevenson on Lenses,” and Expenses connected with Lenses,	31	1	5
								558	17	4
		7.	Making Oil Casks, and Cooperage of old do.					145	11	2
		8.	Postages and Carriage of Parcels,					120	18	10
		9.	Messrs Cuningham and Bell, W.S., Law-Agents, Account for Commissions to and Bonds by Collectors, &c.,					136	4	0
		10.	Messrs Spottiswoode and Robertson, Solicitors, London,					57	11	8
		11.	Gratuity to Lewis Proctor, an occasional Light-keeper, who met with a severe Accident bya fall from the Lighthouse at Kinnairdshead,					30	0	0
		12.	Medical Attendance on Keepers’ Families at Insulated Stations,					26	17	0
		13.	Paid for Nomination to Edinburgh Royal Lunatic Asylum for Keeper’s Wife at Chanonry Lighthouse,					12	10	0
		14.	Gratuities voted to aged Light-keepers to meet Insurances on their Lives,					38	7	1
		15.	Sundry small Sums due by Light-keepers, connected with Insurances on their Lives, and Stamps for Premiums,					37	2	8
		16.	R. W. Swinburne and Co., Newcastle, Plate-Glass,					32	1	6
		17.	Paid for Temporary Lanterns during Repairs of Lighthouses,					64	17	7
		18.	One Dozen Stamped Receipt-Books for Keepers’ Salaries, and Fees getting same Stamped in London,					7	1	0
		19.	Expenses incurred by Henry Banks, tailor, in visiting the different Lighthouses, and taking“measures” for Clothing the Keepers,					38	0	2
		20.	Periodicals furnished to the Keepers,					4	14	7
		21.	A Copper Buoy,					3	16	11
		22.	Repairs on Rankin Lighter,					5	2	4
		23.	Account connected with Skerryvore Lighters,					6	7	0
		24.	Models of Dioptric Light,					83	13	1
		25.	Freight to London, Leith, Edinburgh, and Glasgow Shipping Company,					3	1	5
		26.	Various small items for Lithographing, &c. &c.,					35	7	1
		Sum as on preceding page,						£2420	19	5
					Carry forward,							£15,960	6	0	²⁄₈
		Ordinary Expenses broughtforward,										£15,960	6	0	²⁄₈
		Which have been Allocated to each Lighthouse in the proportions following, as appears fromState, No. II., [pp. 430]-[3], viz.—
		1.	Inchkeith,					£577	15	9	²⁄₈
		2.	Isle of May,					941	8	6
		3.	Bell Rock,					977	17	9
		4.	Girdleness,					544	5	8
		5.	Buchanness,					617	4	1	⁶⁄₈
		6.	Kinnairdshead,					573	16	11	²⁄₈
		7.	Tarbetness,					569	18	1	²⁄₈
		8.	Sumburghhead,					591	11	8	⁴⁄₈
		9.	Startpoint,					345	4	4	⁴⁄₈
		10.	Pentland Skerries,					841	17	10	⁴⁄₈
		11.	Dunnethead,					467	8	4
		12.	Capewrath,					581	14	7	²⁄₈
		13.	Island Glass,					510	15	6	⁴⁄₈
		14.	Barrahead,					588	12	7
		15.	Skerryvore,					1108	19	1
		16.	Lismore,					511	15	4	⁴⁄₈
		17.	Rhinns of Islay,					564	19	6	⁶⁄₈
		18.	Mull of Kintyre,					550	3	10	⁶⁄₈
		19.	Pladda,					579	15	2	²⁄₈
		20.	Corsewall,					462	9	9	⁴⁄₈
		21.	Mull of Galloway,					512	14	11	⁴⁄₈
		22.	Little Ross,					512	14	11	²⁄₈
		23.	Point of Ayre,					406	6	4	⁴⁄₈
		24.	Calf of Man (two Lights),					805	8	7	⁴⁄₈
		25.	Covesea Skerries,					417	3	1	⁶⁄₈
		26.	Cromarty,					338	6	4	⁶⁄₈
		27.	Chanonry,					283	2	8	⁴⁄₈
		28.	Loch Ryan,					176	14	1
							As above,					15,960	6	0	²⁄₈
		BRANCH III.—Extraordinary Expenses not Allocated to eachLighthouse:—
189		To paid for new Steamer Pharos,										£7548	13	7
310		Expense of Harbour Light at Portpatrick,										129	17	4	¹⁄₄
182		Expense connected with Skerryvore Book,										199	18	0
33		To paid for House in Crail for use of Isle of May Boatmen, and Fees connected with Purchase,										105	19	4
												£7984	8	3	¹⁄₄
		Expense of New Works, viz.:—
150			Skerryvore,					£227	8	2
287			Bo Pheg Beacon,					25	10	1
284			Covesea,					1109	5	4
296			Cromarty,					342	9	3
298			Chanonry,					405	7	8
300			Ardnamurchan,					2343	17	6
314			Laggan Spur Beacon,					748	10	6
316			Island Glass,					1797	3	5	¹⁄₂
319			Nosshead,					1467	6	1
322			Loch Ryan,					829	12	9	¹⁄₂
121			Loch Ryan, Beacon,					152	5	9
324			Pentland Skerries new Works,					3135	17	5	¹⁄₂
145			Pentland Skerries Dioptric Light,					2037	11	4
308			Renewal of Fixed Lights,					3035	14	4
106			Campbeltown Beacons,					17	4	10
...			Lapock Beacon,					8	12	5
117			Startpoint New Works,					5	19	4
118			Elie or Vow’s Beacon,					205	5	8
119			Whiteness Beacon,					152	5	8
120			Longman’s Point Beacon,,					164	15	6
184			Brist Beacon,					8	12	5
306			Mull of Kintyre Dykes and Road,					647	17	9
286			Buoys,					1458	7	11	¹⁄₂
		Sum,										20,327	1	3
					Carried to Abstract below,							£28,311	9	6	¹⁄₄
ABSTRACT OF THE PRECEDING ACCOUNT.
		RECEIPTS:—
			Branch III.—Gross Amount of the Dutiesreceived for 1846, [p. 418],									£46,001	11	2	⁶⁄₈
			Branch III.—MiscellaneousReceipts, [p. 419],									1,893	17	6
												£47,895	8	8	⁶⁄₈
		PAYMENTS:—
			Branch III.—Ordinary Expenses, being theMaintenance of Lights, &c. [p. 420],					£16,103	0	2	³⁄₄
			Branch III.—OrdinaryExpenses, falling to be allocated upon each Lighthouse, [p. 424],					15,960	6	0	¹⁄₄
			Branch III.—Extraordinary Expenses notallocated to each Lighthouse, as above,					28,311	9	6	¹⁄₄
												60,374	15	9	²⁄₈
				Balance superexpended in 1846,								£12,479	7	0	⁴⁄₈
				Balance on hand at 31st March 1846,								42,069	6	10
				Balance on hand at 31st March 1847,								£29,589	19	9	¹⁄₂
		Whereof—
			In the Royal Bank,					£28,944	16	8
			In Secretary’s Account,					40	16	11
								£28,985	13	7
89			Balance due by Peter Grant, Superintendent, Nosshead,					203	10	2
157			Balance due by Master of Prince of Wales Tender,					35	3	4
161			Balance due by Steward of Pharos Steamer,					30	19	2
164			Balance due by Master of Francis, Skerryvore Tender,					2	12	5
166			Balance due by Superintendent of Light-keepers,					11	11	2
168			Balance due by Foreman of Light-room Repairs,					5	3	5
172			Balance due by Buoymaster,					5	1	6
176			Balance due by Store-keeper,					7	17	0
180			Balance due by Thomas Hope, Superintendent, Island Glass,					87	17	7	¹⁄₂
307			Balance due by Master of Pharos,					5	10	8
318			Balance due by James Scott, Superintendent, Pentland Skerries,					188	12	3
Folio in Small Ledger.
6		Sum due by Robert Selkirk’s Representatives, to be paid when Insurance money is received,						10	0	0
8		Balance due by Richard Cumming, Light-keeper,						2	13	0
9		Balance due by James Laughton, do.,						3	0	0
10		Balance due by William Kirk, do.,						4	14	6
					Equal to Balance,							29,589	19	9	¹⁄₂

Edinburgh, 5th May 1847.—Prepared and Reported by

(Signed) ALEX. CUNINGHAM, Secretary.

---

84 George Street,
Edinburgh, 25th May 1847.

In obedience to the Remit by the Honourable Board of Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses, I have carefully audited the Accounts of the Board for the year ending 31st March 1847; and I have to report, that the Accounts are clearly and accurately stated—that they are fully vouched—and that, in my humble opinion, the Report of the Secretary contains a very distinct statement of the Intromissions of the Board during the above period.

(Signed) KENNETH MACKENZIE, Accountant.

STATEMENTS ANNEXED TO THE SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1846.

No. I.—Account of Northern Light-Duties received in the Year 1846.

		Gross Receipts.				Commission to Collectors.				Repayments, &c.				Nett Duties Received.
1.	Aberdeen,	£2243	3	9	⁴⁄₈	£121	11	8	⁴⁄₈	£5	14	5		£2115	17	8
2.	Alloa,	402	6	1	⁴⁄₈	23	6	8		6	17	9		372	1	8	⁴⁄₈
3.	Arbroath,	254	2	11	⁶⁄₈	12	17	2	⁶⁄₈	3	17	7	²⁄₈	237	8	1	⁶⁄₈
4.	Ayr,	158	12	11		8	1	10		1	15	10		148	15	3
5.	Aberystwith,	6	17	6	⁴⁄₈	0	6	9	⁴⁄₈	0	1	0		6	9	9
6.	Arundel,	...				...				...				...
7.	Banff,	467	7	5		28	17	6		2	19	3		435	10	8
8.	Borrowstounness,	675	6	1	⁴⁄₈	48	11	9	⁴⁄₈	9	4	1		617	10	3
9.	Barnstaple,	1	7	2	⁴⁄₈	0	1	4	⁴⁄₈	...				1	5	10
10.	Beaumaris,	123	17	1	⁴⁄₈	6	12	7	⁴⁄₈	0	15	1		116	9	5
11.	Berwick,	121	0	8	⁴⁄₈	6	11	9	⁴⁄₈	0	1	8		114	7	3
12.	Bideford,	8	14	11		0	8	9		...				8	6	2
13.	Boston,	9	15	0	⁴⁄₈	0	10	7	⁴⁄₈	0	5	6		8	18	11
14.	Bridgewater,	12	0	7	⁷⁄₈	0	11	11	⁷⁄₈	0	2	10		11	5	10
15.	Bridlington,	26	1	3	⁴⁄₈	1	6	1		...				24	15	2	⁴⁄₈
16.	Bridport,	2	18	0	⁴⁄₈	0	2	10	⁴⁄₈	...				2	15	2
17.	Bristol,	124	12	7	²⁄₈	6	4	6	⁶⁄₈	0	14	0		117	14	0	⁴⁄₈
18.	Baltimore,	...				...				...				...
19.	Belfast,	2446	1	4	²⁄₈	125	6	4	²⁄₈	56	12	10		2264	2	2
20.	Campbeltown,	82	14	9	⁴⁄₈	5	2	1	⁴⁄₈	1	12	8		76	0	0
21.	Caernarvon,	25	13	10		1	7	7		0	8	0		23	18	3
22.	Cardiff,	110	19	7		5	11	0		...				105	8	7
23.	Cardigan,	1	7	11	⁴⁄₈	0	1	7	⁴⁄₈	...				1	6	4
24.	Carlisle,	84	0	3	²⁄₈	4	7	9	²⁄₈	0	10	5		79	2	1
25.	Chepstow,	0	14	11		0	0	9		...				0	14	2
26.	Chester,	158	4	5	¹⁄₈	8	1	5	³⁄₈	1	0	0		149	2	11	⁶⁄₈
27.	Chichester,	2	15	6	²⁄₈	0	3	9	²⁄₈	...				2	11	9
28.	Clay,	1	2	6		0	1	8	⁴⁄₈	...				1	0	9	⁴⁄₈
29.	Colchester,	...				...				...				...
30.	Cowes,	...				...				...				...
31.	Coleraine,	101	5	8	⁴⁄₈	5	1	7		...				96	4	1	⁴⁄₈
32.	Cork,	70	13	1		3	10	6		2	0	9		65	1	10
33.	Dunbar,	115	11	11		7	1	2		0	11	4		107	19	5
34.	Dundee,	2062	9	10		105	7	2		7	15	10		1949	6	10
35.	Dumfries,	351	10	6	⁴⁄₈	24	13	0	⁴⁄₈	2	10	8		324	6	10
36.	Dartmouth,	...				...				...				...
37.	Deal,	...				...				...				...
38.	Dover,	0	8	0	⁴⁄₈	0	0	5		...				0	7	7	⁴⁄₈
39.	Dublin,	2256	17	10		114	0	9		9	16	9		2133	0	4
40.	Drogheda,	149	8	2	⁴⁄₈	7	9	5		...				141	18	9	⁴⁄₈
41.	Dundalk,	120	6	6	⁴⁄₈	6	0	3	⁴⁄₈	0	6	8		113	19	7
42.	Exeter,	2	17	5	⁴⁄₈	0	3	0	⁴⁄₈	...				2	14	5
43.	Fisherrow,	219	0	8	⁶⁄₈	13	12	4	⁴⁄₈	0	15	3		204	13	1	²⁄₈
44.	Falmouth,	...				...				...				...
45.	Faversham,	...				...				...				...
46.	Fowey,	2	4	11		0	3	0	⁴⁄₈	...				2	1	10	⁴⁄₈
47.	Glasgow,	3599	16	10		182	14	4	⁴⁄₈	11	15	11	⁴⁄₈	3405	6	6
48.	Greenock,	2671	0	9		137	13	8		7	10	6		2525	16	7
49.	Grangemouth,	1251	12	5		62	11	6		2	16	10		1186	4	1
50.	Gainsborough,	5	19	8		0	6	9		...				5	12	11
51.	Gloucester,	61	12	11	²⁄₈	3	1	8	²⁄₈	0	2	0		58	9	3
52.	Goole,	31	2	4		1	12	2		...				29	10	2
53.	Grimsby,	64	11	3	⁴⁄₈	3	4	7		...				61	6	8	⁴⁄₈
54.	Gweek,	...				...				...				...
55.	Galway,	38	6	0		1	18	3	⁴⁄₈	0	6	0		36	1	8	⁴⁄₈
56.	Hartlepool,	153	4	0		7	13	2		...				145	10	10
57.	Harwich,	...				...				...				...
58.	Hull,	1532	8	2	⁴⁄₈	76	12	5	⁴⁄₈	0	10	0		1455	5	9
59.	Inverness,	920	17	1	²⁄₈	56	12	11	⁴⁄₈	7	1	11		857	2	2	⁶⁄₈
60.	Irvine,	915	10	10		63	8	11		3	8	8		848	13	3
61.	Ipswich,	17	5	0		0	17	3		0	2	0		16	5	9
62.	Isle of Man,	373	18	9	¹⁄₈	22	15	5	⁶⁄₈	1	13	9		349	9	6	³⁄₄
63.	Kirkcaldy,	745	5	5		42	16	2		1	16	2		700	13	1
64.	Kirkwall,	131	15	6	⁴⁄₈	7	9	0	⁴⁄₈	0	9	9		123	16	9
65.	Leith,	3224	7	3		161	4	4		17	14	2		3045	8	9
66.	Lerwick,	173	1	1		8	13	0		0	11	1		163	17	0
67.	Lancaster,	107	0	5	¹⁄₈	6	3	6	⁵⁄₈	0	18	8		99	18	2	⁴⁄₈
68.	Leigh,	...				...				...				...
69.	Liverpool,	6780	19	5		342	8	9		9	13	11		6428	16	9
70.	Llanelly,	8	12	3		0	11	9		...				8	0	6
71.	London,	1943	8	9	⁶⁄₈	97	3	4	⁶⁄₈	...				1846	5	5
72.	Lyme,	...				...				...				...
73.	Lynn,	79	7	7		4	15	2	⁴⁄₈	0	7	2		74	5	2	⁴⁄₈
74.	Limerick,	160	2	4	⁴⁄₈	8	3	2	⁴⁄₈	0	5	0		151	14	2
75.	Londonderry,	1058	2	4		53	6	6		...				1004	15	10
76.	Montrose,	357	13	2	²⁄₈	18	6	0	²⁄₈	0	10	3		338	16	11
77.	Maldon,	...				...				...				...
78.	Milford,	14	4	6	⁴⁄₈	0	19	7		...				13	4	11	⁴⁄₈
79.	Maryport,	87	17	1	⁴⁄₈	4	5	7		2	6	11	⁴⁄₈	81	4	7
80.	Newcastle-on-Tyne,	2118	16	8	⁴⁄₈	75	2	9		0	14	8		2042	19	3	⁴⁄₈
81.	Newhaven,	1	14	10		0	1	9		...				1	13	1
82.	Newport,	41	2	8		2	1	1	⁴⁄₈	...				39	1	6	⁴⁄₈
83.	Newry,	230	16	2		13	3	9		14	6	11		203	5	6
84.	Perth,	275	14	3		14	13	6	⁴⁄₈	0	19	10		260	0	10	⁴⁄₈
85.	Port-Glasgow,	496	8	6		24	16	3		0	15	7		470	16	8
86.	Padstow,	2	15	1	³⁄₈	0	2	8	³⁄₈	0	5	0		2	7	5
87.	Penzance,	1	6	10		0	1	4		...				1	5	6
88.	Plymouth,	25	4	9		1	6	2		0	1	0		23	17	7
89.	Poole,	0	11	6		0	0	7		...				0	10	11
90.	Portsmouth,	10	12	4	⁴⁄₈	0	10	6	⁴⁄₈	0	4	9		9	17	1
91.	Preston,	562	1	11		41	14	10		...				520	7	1
92.	Ramsgate,	...				...				...				...
93.	Rochester,	1	15	1		0	1	10		...				1	13	3
94.	Rye,	0	18	3	⁴⁄₈	0	0	10	⁴⁄₈	...				0	17	5
95.	Ross,	12	17	10		0	12	11		0	4	7		12	0	4
96.	Stranraer,	90	17	9		4	16	6		1	9	3		84	12	0
97.	Stornoway,	56	6	11	⁴⁄₈	2	16	2	⁴⁄₈	0	3	6		53	7	3
98.	Scarborough,	8	14	10	⁴⁄₈	0	8	8	⁴⁄₈	...				8	6	2
99.	Seilly,	...				...				...				...
100.	Shoreham,	0	19	6	⁷⁄₈	0	0	11	⁷⁄₈	...				0	18	7
101.	Southampton,	30	0	9		1	10	1		...				28	10	8
102.	St Ives,	3	9	9	¹⁄₈	0	5	2	¹⁄₈	0	0	1		3	4	6
103.	Stockton,	226	19	2		12	0	2	⁴⁄₈	5	11	0		209	7	11	⁴⁄₈
104.	Sunderland,	908	14	9	⁶⁄₈	47	1	4	⁶⁄₈	0	14	9		860	18	8
105.	Swansea,	28	4	9	⁶⁄₈	1	12	3		...				26	12	6
106.	Sligo,	355	0	4		19	15	10	⁶⁄₈	0	10	4		334	14	1	⁶⁄₈
107.	Truro,	0	11	0		0	0	9		...				0	10	3
108.	Tralee,	9	7	10	⁴⁄₈	0	9	4	²⁄₈	0	2	8		8	15	10	²⁄₈
109.	Wick,	356	17	9	⁴⁄₈	20	10	2	⁴⁄₈	4	9	1		331	18	6
110.	Wigton,	83	9	5		5	5	5		1	12	11		76	11	1
111.	Weymouth,	0	15	10	²⁄₈	0	0	9	²⁄₈	...				0	15	1
112.	Whitby,	31	5	10		1	11	4		...				29	14	6
113.	Whitehaven,	328	1	9		18	5	5		...				309	16	4
114.	Woodbridge,	3	18	9		0	3	11		...				3	14	10
115.	Waterford,	57	14	3	⁴⁄₈	2	17	10	⁴⁄₈	...				54	16	5
116.	Westport,	41	0	6	⁴⁄₈	2	1	0		...				38	19	6	⁴⁄₈
117.	Wexford,	32	19	2		1	12	11	⁶⁄₈	...				31	6	2	²⁄₈
118.	Yarmouth,	49	5	6		2	9	5		...				46	16	1
		£46,001	11	3	⁷⁄₈	£2401	7	3	⁴⁄₈	£218	16	10	²⁄₈	£43,381	7	2	¹⁄₈
	Deduct—Amount of fractions short credited by Bank,	0	0	1	¹⁄₈	...				...				0	0	1	¹⁄₈
		£46,001	11	2	⁶⁄₈	£2401	7	3	⁴⁄₈	£218	16	10	²⁄₈	£43,381	7	1
	Gross Receipts,									£46,001	11	2	⁶⁄₈
	Deduct—Commission,					£2401	7	3	⁴⁄₈
	Deduct—Repayments, &c.,					218	16	10	²⁄₈
										2620	4	1	⁶⁄₈
	Nett Duties received in year to 31st December 1846,													43,381	7	1

No. II.—State shewing the Gross Receipts on account of each of the Northern Lighthouses, the Number of Vessels, and amount of Tonnage passing them;—the Particular Expenses of the Lighthouses, and their Proportions of the General Expenses, embracing Commissions to, and Repayments by, the Collectors; Expenses of the Shipping Establishment, Salaries to Officers, Experiments, and other General Expenses; also the Ordinary Expenses of Beacons and Buoys, for the Year 1846.

No. of Vessels.		Tonnage.		LIGHTHOUSES.						Gross Receipts.				Surplus.				Deficiency.
Coasting.	Oversea.	Coasting.	Oversea.
15,872	2,664	1,238,057	294,546	1.	INCHKEITH,	...				£2524	9	2	²⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£583	5	10	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	577	15	9	²⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1161	1	7	⁶⁄₈
						Balance,								£1363	7	6	⁴⁄₈
20,101	3,349	1,843,210	383,516	2.	ISLE OF MAY,	£3676	18	11
					Add for Leading Light,	148	9	6	⁴⁄₈
										£3825	8	5	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£952	3	9
					Share of General Expense,	941	8	6
					Total Expenditure,					1893	12	3
						Balance,								1931	16	2	⁴⁄₈
14,610	4,485	1,299,875	632,328	3.	BELL ROCK,	...				£5342	15	5	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£989	1	3	²⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	977	17	9
					Total Expenditure,					1966	19	0	²⁄₈
						Balance,								3375	16	5	²⁄₈
7,915	3,978	788,947	587,977	4.	GIRDLENESS,	...				£2458	4	5	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£548	18	1
					Share of General Expense,	544	5	8
					Total Expenditure,					1093	3	9
						Balance,								1365	0	8	⁴⁄₈
5,293	4,012	419,988	590,453	5.	BUCHANNESS,	...				£1880	1	3	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£623	5	3
					Share of General Expense,	617	4	1	⁶⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1240	9	4	⁶⁄₈
						Balance,								639	11	10	⁶⁄₈
4,829	2,819	390,166	546,856	6.	KINNAIRDSHEAD,	...				£1744	11	3	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£578	10	0	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	573	16	11	²⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1152	6	11	⁶⁄₈
						Balance,								592	4	6	⁶⁄₈
2,256	273	191,345	18,282	7.	TARBETNESS,	...				£329	17	4	⁶⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£574	11	11
					Share of General Expense,	569	18	1	²⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1144	10	0	²⁄₈
						Balance,								...				£814	12	7	⁴⁄₈
279	644	32,149	113,598	8.	SUMBURGHHEAD,	...				£286	18	2	⁶⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£597	5	3	⁶⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	591	11	8	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1188	17	0	²⁄₈
						Balance,								...				£901	18	9	⁴⁄₈
307	2,326	33,710	528,647	9.	STARTPOINT,	...				£1154	5	4	²⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£347	0	8
					Share of General Expense,	345	4	4	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					692	5	0	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								462	0	3	⁶⁄₈
2,434	2,430	181,284	525,582	10.	PENTLAND SKERRIES,	...				£1370	10	5	⁶⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£851	8	11
					Share of General Expense,	841	17	10	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1693	6	9	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								...				322	16	3	⁶⁄₈
1,911	2,267	139,379	524,685	11.	DUNNETHEAD,	...				£1311	1	10	²⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£470	19	7	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	467	8	4
					Total Expenditure,					938	7	11	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								372	13	10	⁶⁄₈
1,700	2,231	131,138	517,333	12.	CAPEWRATH,	...				£1278	9	9
					Particular Expense,	£587	6	11	²⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	581	14	7	²⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1169	1	6	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								109	8	2	⁴⁄₈
1,734	1,153	137,060	226,941	13.	ISLAND GLASS,	...				£679	1	10	⁶⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£515	2	10	²⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	510	15	6	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1025	18	4	⁶⁄₈
						Balance,								...				346	16	6
669	1,821	9,517	466,010	14.	BARRAHEAD,	...				£1063	3	2	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£594	3	10	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	588	12	7
					Total Expenditure,					1182	16	5	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								...				119	13	2	⁶⁄₈
555	1,788	52,541	461,313	15.	SKERRYVORE,	...				£2090	11	3	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£1122	0	7
					Share of General Expense,	1108	19	1
					Total Expenditure,					2239	19	8
						Balance,								...				140	8	4	⁴⁄₈
2,430	34	159,719	4,436	16.	LISMORE,	...				£239	11	4
					Particular Expense,	£515	14	2	²⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	511	15	4	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1027	9	6	⁶⁄₈
						Balance,								...				787	18	2	⁶⁄₈
3,152	1,550	385,786	382,841	17.	RHINNS OF ISLAY,	...				£1414	5	8	⁶⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£569	12	7	⁶⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	564	19	6	⁶⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1134	12	2	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								279	13	6	²⁄₈
5,023	1,440	509,914	357,682	18.	MULL OF KINTYRE,	...				£1549	0	1
					Particular Expense,	£554	17	10	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	550	3	10	⁶⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1105	1	9	²⁄₈
						Balance,								443	18	3	⁶⁄₈
12,372	1,937	1,403,359	450,849	19.	PLADDA,	...				£2762	14	3	⁷⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£584	10	10
					Share of General Expense,	579	15	2	²⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1164	6	0	²⁄₈
						Balance,								1598	8	3	⁵⁄₈
12,453	2,776	1,407,921	645,447	20.	CORSEWALL,	...				£2811	5	3	⁶⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£465	13	4
					Share of General Expense,	462	9	9	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					928	3	1	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								1883	2	2	²⁄₈
12,884	2,458	1,648,915	531,056	21.	MULL OF GALLOWAY,	...				£2823	19	8	⁶⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£517	0	5	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	512	14	11	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1029	15	5
						Balance,								1794	4	3	⁶⁄₈
9,195	98	729,918	17,431	22.	LITTLE ROSS,	...				£1187	7	9	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£516	18	6	²⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	512	14	11	²⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1029	13	5	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								157	14	4
9,733	1,034	843,235	209,237	23.	POINT OF AYRE,	...				£1755	17	5	⁴⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£409	1	4	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	406	6	4	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					815	7	9
						Balance,								940	9	8	⁴⁄₈
13,867	2,559	1,769,475	546,244	24.	CALF OF MAN (2 Lights),	...				£3839	2	11	²⁄₈
					Particular Expense,	£813	19	5
					Share of General Expense,	805	8	7	⁴⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					1619	8	0	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								2219	14	10	⁶⁄₈
1,592	198	130,026	14,288	25.	COVESEA SKERRIES,[*]	...				£193	7	0
					Particular Expense,	£419	16	8	⁴⁄₈
					Share of General Expense,	417	3	1	⁶⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					836	19	10	²⁄₈
						Balance,								...				643	12	10	²⁄₈
				26.	CROMARTY,[*]	...				£27	14	11
					Particular Expense,	£339	17	3
					Share of General Expense,	338	6	4	⁶⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					678	3	7	⁶⁄₈
						Balance,								...				650	8	8	⁶⁄₈
				27.	CHANONRY,[*]	...				£57	15	1
					Particular Expense,	£284	7	1
					Share of General Expense,	283	2	8	⁶⁄₈
					Total Expenditure,					567	9	9	⁴⁄₈
						Balance,								...				509	14	8	⁴⁄₈
				28.	LOCH RYAN,[*]	...
					Particular Expense,	£176	5	7
					Share of General Expense,	176	14	1
					Total Expenditure,					...				...				352	19	8
				*	Note.—Covesea Skerries, Cromarty, andChanonry, were not lighted till the 15th May, to which is owing the small amount of their Revenue; andLoch Ryan was not lighted till the 3d of March subsequent to the period embraced in thisState.
163,166	50,324	15,926,634	9,577,478		Total,	...				...				£19,529	5	1	¹⁄₈	£5591	0	0	²⁄₈
RECONCILEMENT.
The Surplus amounts as above to																		£19,529	5	1	¹⁄₈
And the Deficiency to																		5,591	0	0	²⁄₈
				Actual Surplus,														£13,938	5	0	⁷⁄₈
		Deduct—Fractions short—credited by Bank, &c.,																0	0	1	¹⁄₈
				Surplus, as per [p. 415],														£13,938	4	11	⁶⁄₈
		Add—The Receipts derived from other sources besides Light-duties,per [p. 419],																1,893	17	6
																		£15,832	2	5	⁶⁄₈
But there has been expended, besides the amount allocated to the different Lighthouses above,as per [p. 425],																		28,311	9	6	²⁄₈
				Amount superexpended, per [p. 425],														£12,479	7	0	⁴⁄₈

Note.—The General Expenses in the above State are allocated to each Lighthouse in the same proportions as the Particular Expenses. The expense of Beacons and Buoys is equally divided by the number of Lighthouses, and the same amount allocated to each Lighthouse.

No. III.—Statement shewing the Increase in Tonnage during the Years 1843-44-45-46, over 1842.

				Coasting.	Oversea.	Total.
The amount of the Tonnage in 1842 was				11,620,172	6,738,433	18,358,605
The amount of the Tonnage in 1843 was				12,190,745	7,194,932	19,385,677
	Increase in 1843 over 1842			570,573	456,499	1,027,072
	Coasting.	Oversea.	Total.
The amount of Tonnage in 1843 was	12,190,745	7,194,932	19,385,677
The amount of Tonnage in 1844 was	13,425,614	7,737,617	21,163,231
Increase in 1844 over 1843				1,234,869	542,685	1,777,554
	Increase in 1844 over 1842			1,805,442	999,184	2,804,626
	Coasting.	Oversea.	Total.
The amount of Tonnage in 1844 was	13,425,614	7,737,617	21,163,231
The amount of Tonnage in 1845 was	15,566,461	9,300,983	24,867,444
Increase in 1845 over 1844				2,140,847	1,563,366	3,704,213
	Increase in 1845 over 1842			3,946,289	2,562,550	6,508,839
	Coasting.	Oversea.	Total.
The amount of Tonnage in 1845 was	15,566,461	9,300,983	24,867,444
The amount of Tonnage in 1846 was	15,926,634	9,577,478	25,504,112
Increase in 1846 over 1845				360,173	276,495	636,668
	Increase in 1846 over 1842			4,306,462	2,839,045	7,145,507

---

APPENDIX, No. X.
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE LIGHT-KEEPERS IN THE SERVICE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF NORTHERN LIGHTHOUSES.

1. The Lamps shall be kept burning bright and clear every night from sunset to sunrise; and in order that the greatest degree of light may be maintained throughout the night, the Wicks must be trimmed every four hours, or oftener if necessary; and the Keeper who has the first watch shall take care to turn the oil-valves so as to let the oil flow into the Burner a sufficient time before lighting.

2. The Light-keepers shall keep a regular and constant Watch in the Light-room throughout the night. The First Watch shall begin at sunset. The Light-keepers are to take the watches alternately, in such manner that he who has the first watch one night, shall have the second watch next night. The length or duration of the watch shall not, in ordinary cases, exceed four hours; but during the period between the months of October and March, both inclusive, the first watch shall change at eight o’clock. The watches shall at all times be so arranged as to have a shift at midnight.

3. At stations where there is only one Light-room, the daily duty shall be laid out in two departments, and the Light-keepers shall change from one department to the other every Saturday night.

4. First Department.—The Light-keeper who has this department, shall immediately after the morning Watch, polish or otherwise cleanse the Reflectors or Refractors till they are brought into a proper state of brilliancy; he shall also thoroughly cleanse the lamps, and carefully dust the Chandelier. He shall supply the Burners with cotton, the Lamps with oil, and shall have every thing connected with the Apparatus in a state of readiness for lighting in the evening.

5. Second Department.—The Light-keeper who has this department shall cleanse the glass of the Lantern, lamp-glasses, copper and brass work and utensils, the walls, floors, and balcony of the Light-room, and the apparatus and machinery therewith connected; together with the Tower stair, passage, doors, and windows, from the Light-room to the Oil cellar.

6. For the more effectual cleansing of the glass of the Lantern, and management of the Lamps at the time of lighting, both Light-keepers shall be upon watch throughout the first hour of the first watch every night, during the winter period, between the first day of October and last day of March, when they shall jointly do the duty of the Light-room during that hour. These changes to and from the double watch shall be intimated by the Keepers in the Monthly Returns for October and April.

7. At those stations where there are two Light-rooms, each Light-keeper shall perform the entire duty of both departments in that Light-room to which he may be especially appointed. But after the first hour of the first Watch, the Light-keeper who has charge of this watch shall perform the whole duty of trimming and attending the Lights of both Light-rooms till the expiry of his watch; and in like manner, his successor on the watch shall perform the whole duty of both Light-rooms during his watch.

8. The Light-keeper on duty shall on no pretence whatever, during his watch, leave the Light-room and balcony, or the passage leading from one Light-room to another, at stations where there are two Lights. Bells are provided at each Light-room to enable the Light-keeper on duty to summon the absent Light-keeper; and if at any time the Light-keeper on duty shall think the presence or assistance of the Light-keeper not on duty is necessary, he shall call him by ringing his bell, which should be immediately answered by the return signal, and the Keeper so called, should repair to the Light-room without delay. In like manner, when the watches come to be changed, the bell shall be rung to call the Light-keeper next in turn. After which the Light-keeper on duty shall, at his peril, remain on guard till he is relieved by the Light-keeper in person who has the next watch.

9. Should the bell of the Light-keeper whose turn it is to mount guard, happen to be in an unserviceable state, the other house-bell shall be used, and some of the inmates of that house shall call the Light-keeper not on duty, so as by all means to avoid leaving the Light-room without a constant watch during the night.

10. The Principal Light-keeper is held responsible for the safety and good order of the Stores, Utensils, and apparatus of what kind soever, and for every thing being put to its proper use, and kept in its proper place. He shall take care that none of the stores or materials are wasted, and shall observe the strictest economy, and the most careful management, yet so as to maintain in every respect the best possible light.

11. The Principal Light-keeper shall daily serve out the allowance of Oil and other Stores for the use of the Light-room. The oil is to be measured by the Assistant, at the sight of the Principal Light-keeper.

12. The Light-keepers shall keep a daily Journal of the quantity of Oil expended, the routine of their duty, and the state of the Weather, embodying any other remarks that may occur. These shall be written in the Journal-Books to be kept at each station for the purpose, at the periods of the day when they occur, as they must on no account be trusted to memory. On the first day of each month they shall make up and transmit to the Engineer a return, which shall be an accurate copy of the Journal for the preceding month.

13. The Light-keepers are also required to take notice of any Shipwreck which shall happen within the district of the Lighthouse, and to enter an account thereof, according to the prescribed form, in a Book furnished to each Station for this purpose; and in such account he shall state whether the Light was seen by any one on board the shipwrecked Vessel and recognised by them, and how long it was seen before the vessel struck. A copy of this entry shall form the Shipwreck Return, to be forthwith forwarded to the Engineer.

14. A book containing a Note of the Vessels passing each Lighthouse daily shall be kept; and an annual Schedule, shewing the number of vessels in each month, shall be sent to the Engineer in the month of January.

15. The Monthly and Shipwreck Returns are to be written by the Assistant, and the accompanying letters by the Principal Light-keeper. The whole shall be carefully compared and signed by both Light-keepers, as directed by the printed form, and despatched by post to the Engineer as soon as possible.

16. For the purpose of keeping up the practical knowledge of the “Occasional Keeper,” he shall be annually called in by the Principal Light-keeper to do duty for a fortnight in the month of January; and the same shall be stated in the Monthly Letter.

17. The Principal Light-keeper is held responsible for the regularity of the Watches throughout the night, for the cleanliness and good order of the Reflecting or Refracting Apparatus, Machinery, and Utensils, and for the due performance of the whole duty of the Light-room or Light-rooms, as the case may be, whether performed by him personally, or by the Assistant.

18. The Principal Light-keeper is also held responsible for the good order and condition of the Household Furniture belonging to the Lighthouse Board, as well in his own as in the Assistant’s house. This duty extends also to the cleanliness of the several apartments, passages, stairs, roofs, water-cisterns, store-rooms, work-shops, privies, ash-pits of the dwelling-houses, offices, court, and immediate access to the Lighthouse.

19. The Light-keepers shall endeavour to keep in good order and repair the Dykes enclosing the Lighthouse grounds, the Landing-places, and Roads leading from thence to the Lighthouse and the Drains therewith connected, together with all other things placed under their charge.

20. When stores of any kind are to be landed for the use of the Lighthouse, the Light-keepers shall attend and give their assistance. The Principal Light-keeper must, upon these occasions, satisfy himself, as far as possible, of the quantity and condition of the stores received, which must be duly entered in the Store-book and Monthly Return-book.

21. The Light-keepers are to make a Report of the quality of the Stores, in the Monthly Return for March annually, or earlier should circumstances render this necessary; and this Report must proceed upon special trial of the several Cisterns of Oil and of the other Stores in detail, both at the time of receiving them and after the experience of the winter months.

22. At all stations where Peat Fuel is in use, there must be such a quantity of Peats provided, that the Stock of the former year shall be a sufficient supply to the end of the current year.

23. Should the supply of any of the Lighthouse Stores at any time appear to the Principal Light-keeper to be getting short, so as thereby to endanger the regular appearance of the Light, he shall immediately intimate the same to the Engineer, and he must be guided by prudence in reducing the stated number of Burners until a supply be received.

24. The Light-keepers are prohibited from carrying on any trade or business whatever. They are also prohibited from having any boarders or lodgers in their dwelling-houses, and from keeping dogs at the Lighthouse establishments.

25. The Light-keepers are also directed to take care that no smuggled goods are harboured or concealed in any way in or about the Lighthouse premises or grounds.

26. The Light-keepers have permission to go from home to draw their salaries, and also to attend church. The Assistant Light-keeper, on all occasions of leave of absence, must consult the Principal Light-keeper as to the proper time for such leave, and obtain his consent; in like manner, the Principal Light-keeper shall duly intimate his intention of going from home to the Assistant Light-keeper;—it being expressly ordered that only one Light-keeper shall be absent from the Lighthouse at one and the same time.

27. While the Principal Light-keeper is absent, or is incapacitated for duty by sickness, the full charge of the Light-room duty and of the premises shall devolve upon the Assistant, who shall in that case have access to the keys of the Light-room stores, and be held responsible in all respects as the Principal Light-keeper; and in the case of the incapacity of either Light-keeper, the assistance of the Occasional Light-keeper shall be immediately called in, and notice of the same given to the Engineer. Notice of any such occurrences to be taken in the Monthly Return, or by special letter to the Engineer, should circumstances render this necessary.

28. The Light-keepers are required to be sober and industrious, cleanly in their persons and linens, and orderly in their families. They must conduct themselves with civility to strangers, by shewing the premises, at such hours as do not interfere with the proper duties of their office; it being expressly understood, that strangers shall not be admitted into the Light-room after sunset. But no money or other gratuity shall be taken from strangers on any pretence whatever.

29. The Light-keepers are to appear in their Uniform-dress when any of the Commissioners or Principal Officers visit a station, and also on Sunday;—on which day, at noon, the weather permitting, the Lighthouse flag shall be hoisted by the Assistant Light-keeper, or in his absence by the Principal Light-keeper, when it shall remain displayed until sunset.

30. These Instructions are to be read in the Light-room by the Principal Light-keeper, in the hearing of his Assistant, on the term days, before drawing his salary; and notice thereof taken in the Monthly Returns.

31. In the event of any neglect occurring in the performance of any part of the duties required from a Light-keeper, the offending party shall, jointly with the other Light-keeper or Light-keepers at the station, send immediate notice of the circumstance to the Engineer; and in the event of one party refusing or neglecting to concur in giving this intimation, the others (whether Principals or Assistants) shall proceed to give the notice in their own names.

32. The breach of any of the foregoing Rules and Instructions shall subject the Light-keepers to dismissal, or to such other punishment as the nature of the offence may require.

33. It is recommended that the Principal Light-keeper, or other Principal Officer at the respective Lighthouses for the time being, shall, every Sunday, perform the service pointed out for the inmates, by reading a portion of the Scriptures, and any other religious book furnished by the Board, and the Prayer composed for their use by the Rev. Dr Brunton, one of the Ministers of Edinburgh, or other Prayers in any work furnished by the Board. For this purpose, the Principal Light-keeper shall invite the families to assemble at noon in the Visiting Officer’s room.

34. The Light-keepers are to observe that the above general Regulations are without prejudice to any more special Instructions which may be made applicable to any particular Lighthouse, or to such orders as may from time to time be issued by the Engineer.

Alan Stevenson, Engineer
for Northern Lighthouses.

Northern Lights Office, Edinburgh,
16th June 1847.

Edinburgh, 16th June 1847.

The Commissioners having considered the preceding Rules and Instructions, approve of the same, direct them to be substituted for those now in use, appoint them to be signed by the Engineer, and copies of them and of this Minute to be issued to the present Light-keepers; direct a copy to be delivered in future to each Light-keeper at the time of his appointment, that they may understand that they are placed under the department and superintendence of the Engineer, who is held responsible for the strict observance of the Rules and Instructions, and for their general good conduct; that the Engineer has power, in case of neglect or disobedience, instantly to suspend and remove any of the Light-keepers, and to report the case to the Commissioners, by whom it will be considered, and the offending party subjected to dismissal, or such other punishment as the offence may merit. In case of a punishment less than dismissal, that circumstance, as well as the general conduct of the Light-keeper, will always be taken into consideration when any application may be made for superannuated allowance.

Extracted from the Minutes by
Alex. Cuningham, Sec.

EDINBURGH:
PRINTED BY NEILL AND COMPANY, OLD FISHMARKET.

PLATE I

Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

CHART
Shewing the Situation of the
SKERRYVORE LIGHTHOUSE

Stevensons Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse

PLATE II.

Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston Edinburgh.

CHART
of the POSITION of the
SKERRYVORE ROCKS
& FOULGROUND
from a Survey made for the
COMMISSIONERS OF NORTHERN LIGHT HOUSES
JAMES RITSON SURVEYOR
1846.

Stevenson’s Account of the Skerryvore Lighthouse.

PLATE

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

James Andrews, Del^t. William Miller, Sculp^t.

PLAN of SKERRYVORE ROCK
AT LOW WATER OF SPRING TIDES.
Shewing the site of the Lighthouse Tower, Barracks, Cranes, fresh Water Tanks, Railway &c.

N^o. III.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

James Andrews, Del^t. William Miller, Sculp^t.

PLAN of SKERRYVORE ROCK
AT HIGH WATER OF SPRING TIDES.

PLATE IV.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

James Andrews, Del^t. G. Aikman Sc

CURVES FOR LIGHTHOUSE TOWERS

PARABOLA CONCHOID LOGARITHMIC HYPERBOLA

W. & A. K. Johnston Sculp^t.

MARINE DYNAMOMETER, SMALL SIZE, LENGTH 18 INCHES.

PLATE V.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

Walter Ferrier Del^t. G. Aikman Sculp^t.

TEMPORARY BARRACK.

Barrack Room for Workmen
Engineer & Foreman’s Apartments
Kitchen & Provision Store
Store for Coals &c.

PLATE VI.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

Walter Ferrier Del^t. G. Aikman Scupl^t.

Elevation
Fig. 1

TEMPORARY BARRACK.
TOP FIXTURES.

Plan
Fig. 2

PLATE VII.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

James Andrews, Del^t. William Miller, Sculp^t.

ELEVATION.

PLATE VIII.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

James Andrews, Del^t. William Miller, Sculp^t.

SECTION.

84^th. Course 94^th. Course

32^d. Course 28^th. Course

1^st. Course 19^th. Course

PLATE IX.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

G. H. Slight Del^t. W. H. Lizars Sculp^t.

BALANCE CRANE USED AT SKERRYVORE.

Elevation

Plan

Section shewing Rollers

Plan of Rollers

Plan of Pedestal & Frame Circle

End view of Crane

PLATE X.

Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston, Edinburgh.

PLAN
of ESTABLISHMENT at
HYNISH, ISLAND OF TYREE.
SHEWING THE
PIER, DOCK, RESERVOIR, LIGHTKEEPERS AND SEAMENS HOUSES &c.

NOTE

The Soundings are marked in a fractional form thus ³²⁄₂₀ in which the figures in the place of the Numerator indicate the depth at high water of spring tides and those in the place of the Denominator the depth at low water of spring tides, the rise of tide being 12 feet.

Stevensons account of the Skerryvore Light House

PLATE XI.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

Walter Ferrier, Del^t. William Miller, Sculp^t.

HYNISH DOCK.

Elevation.

Section across Gates.

SINGLE BOOM

PLATE XII

J. L. Kerr, del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

ANNULAR LENS OF FIRST ORDER
SCALE 1¹⁄₈^th.. FULL SIZE

PLAN

SECTION THROUGH A.B.

TABLE OF ELEMENTS OF LENS
IN MILLIMÈTRES

No	RADIUS OF PERIPHERY	RADIUS OF CURVATURE	CO-ORDINATES TO CENTRES OF CURVATURE
			x	y
1	140.00	483.50	454.79	00.00
2	208.15	543.60	488.55	13.08
3	262.40	598.62	513.38	31.72
4	309.20	659.77	540.71	57.00
5	350.50	719.84	565.27	84.86
6	387.44	779.48	588.00	114.93
7	422.23	846.45	614.35	151.50
8	456.23	911.30	636.90	189.55
9	490.00	980.30	660.11	250.17
10	523.33	1057.70	683.41	280.60
11	553.33	1136.01	712.79	328.00

PLATE XIII

G. H. Slight Del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

REVOLVING
DIOPTRIC APPARATUS
FIRST ORDER.
ONE TWENTIETH OF FULL SIZE.

PLATE XIV.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

G. Aikman, Sculp^t.

REVOLVING DIOPTRIC LIGHT OF THE FIRST ORDER.

Plan

PLATE XV.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

G. Aikman, Sculp^t.

FIXED DIOPTRIC LIGHT OF THE FIRST ORDER.

Vertical Section.

PLATE. XVI.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

J. Andrews Del^t. W. H. Lizars Sculp^t.

1^st.
ORDER of LIGHTS.

CONCAVE MIRRORS.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

FIXED
CATADIOPTRIC LIGHT
OF 1^st. ORDER
ONE NINETEENTH OF FULL SIZE

PLATE XVII.

REFERENCES.

A B C. CATADIOPTRIC ZONES.
D E F. COMPOUND DIOPTRIC BELT WITH DIAGONAL JOINTS C N M.
A′ B′ C′. LOWER CATADIOPTRIC ZONES ONE DIVISION BEING LEFT OUT FOR FREE ACCESS TO THE LAMP.
F. FOCUS WITH FLAME OF LAMP.

REFERENCES.

X X X. DIAGONAL SUPPORTS FOR THE UPPER CATADIOPTRIC ZONES.
H H. SERVICE TABLE ON WHICH THE LAMP RESTS & WHERE THE KEEPER STANDS TO TRIM THE BURNER.
R R. DIAGONAL FRAME FOR CARRYING THE APPARATUS.

James Andrews, Del^t. William Miller, Sc.

PLATE XVIII.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

G. H. Slight Del^t. W. H. Lizars Sculp^t.

1^st.
ORDER of LIGHTS.

FIXED
CATADIOPTRIC
APPARATUS.

PLATE XIX.

Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

CATADIOPTRIC APPARATUS.

FOURTH ORDER

PLATE XX

Walter H. Ferrier, del^t. Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

MECHANICAL LAMP
for
DIOPTRIC LIGHTS
of
FIRST ORDER.

A WICK HOLDERS
B GLASS HOLDER
C SCREW TO RACK D FOR RAISING WICK
D RACK FOR D^o.
E PIPE SUPPLYING OIL TO WICKS
F COLLAR SUPPORTING BURNERS
G DRIP CUP
H RETURN PIPE FOR OIL OVERFLOWING BURNER
I VALVE BOX
J CRANK RODS FOR WORKING LEATHER VALVES
K HINGE OF LID
L LID OF CISTERN
M OIL CISTERN
N SUCTION PIPE
O WINDING ARBOUR FOR MACHINE
P BOX FOR MACHINERY
Q SCREW FOR ADJUSTING LEVEL OF BURNER
R SERVICE TABLE
S COUPLING SCREW FOR OIL TUBE
T UNIVERSAL JOINTS FOR CONNECTING ROD
U CRANE FOR EMPTYING CISTERN
V CONNECTING ROD FOR CRANKS

PLATE XXI

Walter H. Ferrier, del^t. Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

MECHANICAL LAMP.
ENLARGED VIEWS
OF OIL PUMPS.

ELEVATION

J SUPPORTS OF BURNER
P CRANK RODS FOR LEATHER VALVES
M N SUPPORTS FOR CRANK RODS
L COUPLING
T UNIVERSAL JOINT

P CONNECTING ROD FOR CRANKS
S SUCTION PIPE
O SQUARE TRAY FOR OVERFLOWING OIL
Q LID OF OIL CISTERN
I OIL TUBE

PLANS AND SECTIONS IN REFERENCE TO OPPOSITE PLATE.

SECTION ON LINE A. B.

SECTION OF DISCHARGING CHEST E.

PLAN OF VALVES AT F. F. AND H. H.

PLAN AND SECTION OF PLATE K.

PLAN OF UPPER SIDE OF PUMP CHAMBER AT F. F.

SECTION ON LINE C. D.

PLAN OF LOWER SIDE OF PUMP CHAMBER AT H. H.

PLATE XXII

Walter H. Ferrier, del^t. Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston, Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

MECHANICAL LAMP
ENLARGED VIEWS
OF OIL PUMPS.

ELEVATION

FRONT VIEW OF LEATHER PISTONS AND LEVERS WORKING INTO PUMP

J SUPPORTS OF BURNER
P CRANK RODS FOR LEATHER VALVES
M N SUPPORTS FOR CRANK RODS
L COUPLING
T UNIVERSAL JOINT

R CONNECTING ROD FOR CRANKS
S SUCTION PIPE
O SQUARE TRAY FOR OVERFLOWING OIL
Q LID OF OIL CISTERN
I OIL TUBE

PLAN

PLATE XXIII

Walter H. Ferrier Del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

CLOCKWORK MOVEMENT OF MECHANICAL LAMP

PLAN OF CLOCKWORK

SIDE VIEW OF CLOCKWORK

PLATE XXIV

James Andrews, del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

CLOCKWORK MOVEMENT AND BURNER OF MECHANICAL LAMP

SECTION OF BURNERS

ELEVATION OF WICKHOLDER
ELEVATION OF INNER TUBE OF GLASS GALLERY

PLAN OF BURNERS

PLAN OF THE LOWER SIDE OF BURNERS SHEWING THE HANDLES OF THE RACKS FOR ELEVATING THE WICKS

A. UNIVERSAL JOINT OF PUMP ROD
B. REGULATOR
C. CHAIN BARREL
D. CHAIN
E. DRIVING WHEEL
F. BEVEL WHEELS FOR HORIZONTAL MOTION
G. WHEEL WITH COGS FOR LIFTING BELL-HAMMER
H. HAMMER FOR STRIKING ALARUM BELL
I. ALARUM BELL WHICH REPEATS WHILE THE PUMP IS WORKING
K. ENDLESS SCREW ON AXIS OF REGULATOR
L. WINDING ARBOUR

END VIEW OF CLOCKWORK

PLATE XXV.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

G. Aikman, Sculp^t.

FLAME
FOR 1^st. ORDER OF
DIOPTRIC LIGHTS
at full size.

GLASS CHIMNEY

PLANE OF FOCUS

GLASS HOLDER

PLATE XXVI

James Andrews Del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

LANTERN
1^ST. ORDER OF LIGHTS.

PARAPET WALL

ENLARGED SECTION OF CORNICE

ELEVATION & SIDE VIEW OF UPPER PARTS OF ASTRAGALS

ELEVATION & PLAN OF HORIZONTAL PARTS OF ASTRAGALS

ELEVATION & SIDE VIEW OF LOWER PARTS OF ASTRAGALS

ENLARGED SECTIONS OF ASTRAGALS

ENLARGED SECTION OF SOLE PLATE & ASTRAGAL

PLATE XXVII.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

James Andrews, Del^t. William Miller, Sculp^t.

ARDNAMURCHAN LIGHTHOUSE.

PLATE XXVIII.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

H. G. Slight del^t. G. Aikman Sculp^t.

ARDNAMURCHAN LIGHTHOUSE.

PLAN

PLATE XXIX

James Andrews Del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

DIMENSIONS

	Ft.In.
Length between the perpendiculars	80·0
Breadth moulded	20·6
Do. extreme	21·0
Depth in hold	10·8

Burthen in Tons 158⁹⁄₉₄

FLOATING LIGHT VESSEL
Reduced from Drawings in possession of Honb^le. Corporation of Trinity House Deptford Strond.

MIDSHIP SECTION

PLATE XXX

G. H. Slight Del^t. Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

ELEVATION OF COVESEA SKERRIES BEACON.

N. B. The Letters refer to those in [Plate XXXI.]

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

PLATE XXXI

G. H. Slight. Del^t. Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

COVESEA SKERRIES BEACON

Plan on c d

Plan on a b

Section showing connection of cage with main Pillars

Plan on e f

Section showing connection of Pillars

Section showing attachment of Pillars
to the Sole plates and its connection with Rocks by Bats

Connecting Plate

Plan on g h

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

PLATE XXXII

James Andrews Del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse

STONE BEACON

ELEVATION

PLAN OF COURSE AT E E

SECTION

IRON BEACON

ELEVATION

PLAN OF BOTTOM PLATES

SECTION

PLATE XXXIII

James Andrews Del^t. Eng^d. by W. & A. K. Johnston Edin^r.

Stevenson’s Account of Skerryvore Lighthouse.

BUOYS

MAST BUOY

CAN BUOY

NUN BUOY
FOR WRECKS

CASK BUOY

SPHERICAL BUOY

NELSON BUOY
RIVER RIBBLE

FAIRWAY BUOY
RIVER TAY

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