Illustrations

[Group of prominent men, Bontoc pueblo]
[Sketch map of the Philippine Archipelago]
[Sketch map of northern Luzon]
[Sketch map of Bontoc culture area]
[Section of the last long climb from Cervantes to Bontoc]
[Tilud pass, east side]
[A glimpse of Igorot land]
[Ba-lu′-gan pueblo surrounded by rice sementeras]
[Pueblo of Sagada]
[The entrance to Bontoc pueblo]
[Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo]
[O-gang′-ga of Samoki pueblo]
[Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo]
[Bon-gao′ of Alap pueblo]
[Bo-da′-da of Samoki pueblo]
[U-dao′ of Bontoc pueblo]
[Young woman of Bontoc pueblo]
[Zag-tag′-an of Bontoc pueblo]
[Ka-nay′-u of Bontoc pueblo]
[Lang′-sa of Bontoc pueblo]
[Sĭt-li′-nĭn of Bontoc pueblo]
[Pĭt-ta′-pĭt of Bontoc pueblo]
[Girls of Bontoc pueblo]
[Blind woman of Bontoc pueblo]
[Blind Ta-u′-li of Samoki pueblo]
[Deformed feet of Bontoc men]
[Bontoc pueblo viewed from Samoki]
[Samoki pueblo viewed from Bontoc]
[Plat of Bontoc pueblo, showing ato divisions]
[Plat of section of a′-to Si-pa′-at]
[Pa-ba-fu′-nan of a′-to Fi′-lĭg]
[Fa′-wi of a′-to Si-pa′-at]
[Fa′-wi of a′-to Cho′-ko]
[O′-lâg]
[Bontoc dwelling, the fay′-ü]
[Timbers for a building seasoning in the mountains]
[Fay′-ü showing open door]
[Bontoc dwelling, the Kat-yu′-fong, a widow's house, showing pigpens which extend beneath it]
[“In the shade of the low, projecting roof”]
[“The mother who has come down with her babe on her back for an olla of water”]
[The baby tenders]
[Sam-kad′s' death chair]
[Pine coffins]
[The burial of Som-kad′]
[Bûg-ti′ with his wild-cock snare]
[Wire cock snare set, with lure cock in center]
[Wild-cat caught in the snare kok-o′-lâng]
[The bird snare Lĭng-ang′. (Snare set.) (Snare sprung.)]
[Trap fishing]
[Emptying the fish trap]
[Fisherman examining his ob-o′-fu]
[Rice sementeras at transplanting season]
[Banawi rice sementeras]
[A terrace wall]
[Women weeding a terrace wall at soil-turning season]
[Partial view of Bontoc irrigating works]
[The main dam, showing irrigation troughs beyond]
[River irrigation scheme]
[Irrigating ditch which feeds the troughs secured to the mountain side shown at the left]
[Turning the soil in a water-filed sementera, showing women transplanting rice]
[Mud-spattered soil turners]
[Soil turners tramping the turned soil smooth and soft]
[Bontoc camote beds]
[Men crossing the river with pig manure to fertilize the rice sementeras]
[Woman digging her final camote crop and working dead grass beneath the soil for fertilizer]
[The rice seed beds at transplanting time, with granaries immediately beyond]
[Women transplanting rice]
[The bird scarers, Ki′-lao, floating over a field of ripening rice]
[An outlook to guard against wild hogs]
[Harvesting the rice]
[Two harvesters]
[Camote harvest]
[Rice granaries]
[Bunches of palay curing on the roof of a dwelling]
[Granaries]
[Carrying home the camotes]
[Philippine carabaos]
[Bontoc pigpens]
[Cage in which fowls are shut at night]
[Hats and headband]
[(a) The bag pocket carried in front; (b) The rain hat]
[Cotton blankets woven by Igorot in the western part of the Bontoc area]
[Kambulo bark-fiber blankets]
[Woman spinning thread on her naked thigh]
[Lepanto Igorot woman weaving]
[Wooden “pig pails”]
[Gourd and wooden spoons]
[Samoki potters at the clay pit]
[Transporting clay from the pit to the pueblo]
[(a) Macerating the clays in a wooden mortar; (b) Beginning a pot]
[Shaping the rim of a pot]
[Expanding the bowl of a pot]
[Smoothing and finishing a sun-dried pot]
[Woman's large transportation basket and winnowing tray]
[Household baskets (sûg-fi′, fa-lo′-ko, ki′-ûg, ko′-lûg)]
[The traveling basket; so-called “head basket”]
[Bontoc shields]
[Bontoc shields]
[The Kalinga shields]
[Banawi shield, front and back]
[Bontoc war spears (fal-fĕg′)]
[Spears (fan′-kao and kay-yan′)]
[Bontoc battle-axes, with bajuco ferrules]
[Bontoc battle-axes, with steel ferrules]
[The Balbelasan or northern battle-ax]
[Agawa clay pipe maker]
[Agawa clay pipes. (Those in the lower row are finished.)]
[Finished Agawa clay pipes, with stems]
[Roll of beeswax and three wax pipe models]
[Metal pipe makers]
[Metal pipes. (The lower row shows poorly the “anito” pipe.)]
[Children paring camotes]
[Women threshing rice]
[Gourd for storing salt meats]
[Bamboo tube for carrying basi]
[Mayinit pueblo. (Long salt houses in the foreground.)]
[(a) Woman washing salt; (b) salt-incrusted rocks]
[Mayinit salt producer preparing salt cakes for baking]
[A cane-sugar mill]
[Methods of transportation]
[Man's transportation basket (ki-ma′-ta)]
[Woman's transportation baskets]
[Women burden bearers]
[(a) Tulubin men bringing home salt; (b) Samoki potters with ware]
[Mayinit women on the trail to Bontoc to sell palay]
[A ba′-si vender]
[Mak′-lan, a Bontoc warrior]
[Ko′-mĭs on war trail between Samoki and Tulubin]
[“Anito head” post in a Ko′-mĭs]
[The warrior's attack]
[Battle-axes]
[A head dance]
[Ceremonial rice threshing in Samoki pueblo during the celebration of a captured head]
[A fa′-wi, where skulls are kept]
[Soot-blackened human skulls from ato Sigichan]
[A beheaded human body on its way to burial]
[Burial of a beheaded man in Banawi]
[Man's headdress]
[An ear plug of sugar-cane leaves]
[Bead headdress]
[Woman's bustle-like girdle]
[Igorot woman, showing rolls of hair]
[The “switch” held in place by beads]
[A tattooed Bontoc man]
[Two well-done tattooes. (one man bears the jaw band and the other the cheek crosses.)]
[An elaborate tattoo]
[A simple tattoo]
[Bontoc woman's tattoo. (a) old; (b) new/Jenks]
[An elaborate Banawi tattoo]
[Tattoo of a Banawi woman]
[Gang′-sa, showing human-jaw handle]
[A dance, with contorting head-ax dancer in the center]
[A dance, with head-ax dancer at the right]
[The foundation of Lumawig's house in Bontoc]
[Sacred grove (Pa-pa-tay′ ad so-kok′)]